King K. Holmes

King Kennard Holmes (born September 1, 1937 in Ramsey County, Minnesota) is an American physician, microbiologist, epidemiologist, and medical school professor. He is an internationally recognized expert on sexually transmitted diseases, especially HIV/AIDS.^[1]

Education and career[]

Holmes graduated in 1955 from White Bear Senior High in White Bear Township, Ramsey County, Minnesota^[2] and in 1959 with a bachelor's degree from Harvard College (the undergraduate college of Harvard University). He received in 1963 his M.D. from Cornell University Medical College (now named Weill Cornell Medicine) and in 1967 his Ph.D. in microbiology from the University of Hawaii. Since 1969 he has been a faculty member at the University of Washington,^[3] where in 2006 he was appointed to the William H. Foege Chair of Global Health.^[4] He is the author or co-author of over 550 articles.^[3]

Holmes pioneered the modern era of STI prevention and control. The older field was classified as "venereology," and included five classical venereal diseases. He conceptually shifted the field from one that was focused on these five infectious diseases to a wide variety of infections that cause serious complications, can disseminate throughout the body, and shared a sexual mode of transmission. ...
Holmes and his colleagues discovered the microbial etiologies of over 15 different disease syndromes and helped define the role of STIs in complications of sexual assault, and in hepatitis and anal and genital cancers. He developed and evaluated clinical criteria and diagnostic tests to recognize most of these syndromes and new pathogens.^[4]

In 2013 Holmes received both the Canada Gairdner Global Health Award^[3] and the IDSA's Alexander Fleming Award for lifetime achievement.^[5][6]

Selected publications[]

Articles[]

• Handsfield, H. Hunter; Lipman, Timothy O.; Harnisch, James P.; Tronca, Evelyn; Holmes, King K. (1974). "Asymptomatic Gonorrhea in Men". New England Journal of Medicine. 290 (3): 117–123. doi:10.1056/nejm197401172900301. PMID 4202519.
• Holmes, King K.; Handsfield, H. Hunter; Wang, San Pin; Wentworth, Berttina B.; Turck, Marvin; Anderson, Joanne B.; Alexander, E. Russell (1975). "Etiology of Nongonococcal Urethritis". New England Journal of Medicine. 292 (23): 1199–1205. doi:10.1056/NEJM197506052922301. PMID 165407.
• Eschenbach, David A.; Buchanan, Thomas M.; Pollock, Helen M.; Forsyth, Patricia S.; Alexander, E. Russell; Lin, Juey-Shin; Wang, San-pin; Wentworth, Berttina B.; McCormack, William M.; Holmes, King K. (1975). "Polymicrobial Etiology of Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 293 (4): 166–171. doi:10.1056/NEJM197507242930403. PMID 806017.
• Pheifer, Terrence A.; Forsyth, Patricia S.; Durfee, Marcia A.; Pollock, Helen M.; Holmes, King K. (1978). "Nonspecific Vaginitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 298 (26): 1429–1434. doi:10.1056/NEJM197806292982601. PMID 306577. S2CID 43048455.
• Stamm, Walter E.; Wagner, Kenneth F.; Amsel, Richard; Alexander, E. Russell; Turck, Marvin; Counts, George W.; Holmes, King K. (1980). "Causes of the Acute Urethral Syndrome in Women". New England Journal of Medicine. 303 (8): 409–415. doi:10.1056/nejm198008213030801. PMID 6993946.
• Spiegel, Carol A.; Amsel, Richard; Eschenbach, David; Schoenknecht, Fritz; Holmes, King K. (1980). "Anaerobic Bacteria in Nonspecific Vaginitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 303 (11): 601–607. doi:10.1056/NEJM198009113031102. PMID 6967562.
• Stamm, Walter E.; Counts, George W.; Running, Katherine R.; Fihn, Stephen; Turck, Marvin; Holmes, King K. (1982). "Diagnosis of Coliform Infection in Acutely Dysuric Women". New England Journal of Medicine. 307 (8): 463–468. doi:10.1056/NEJM198208193070802. PMID 7099208.
• Martin, David H.; Koutsky, L.; Eschenbach, D. A.; Daling, J. R.; Alexander, E. R.; Benedetti, J. K.; Holmes, K. K. (1982). "Prematurity and Perinatal Mortality in Pregnancies Complicated by Maternal Chlamydia trachomatis Infections". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 247 (11): 1585–1588. doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03320360035027. PMID 7062461.
• Amsel, Richard; Totten, Patricia A.; Spiegel, Carol A.; Chen, Kirk C.S.; Eschenbach, David; Holmes, King K. (1983). "Nonspecific vaginitis". The American Journal of Medicine. 74 (1): 14–22. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9. PMID 6600371.
• Spiegel, C. A.; Amsel, R.; Holmes, K. K. (1983). "Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by direct gram stain of vaginal fluid". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 18 (1): 170–177. doi:10.1128/jcm.18.1.170-177.1983. PMC 270763. PMID 6193137.
• Gravett, Michael G.; Nelson, H. P.; Derouen, T.; Critchlow, C.; Eschenbach, D. A.; Holmes, K. K. (1986). "Independent Associations of Bacterial Vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis Infection with Adverse Pregnancy Outcome". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 256 (14): 1899–2703. doi:10.1001/jama.1986.03380140069024. PMID 3761496.
• Gravett, Michael G.; Hummel, Deborah; Eschenbach, David A.; Holmes, King K. (1986). "Preterm Labor Associated with Subclinical Amniotic Fluid Infection and with Bacterial Vaginosis". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 67 (2): 229–237. doi:10.1097/00006250-198602000-00013. PMID 3003634.
• Eschenbach, David A.; Hillier, Sharon; Critchlow, Cathy; Stevens, Claire; Derouen, Timothy; Holmes, King K. (1988). "Diagnosis and clinical manifestations of bacterial vaginosis". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 158 (4): 819–828. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(88)90078-6. PMID 3259075.
• Hillier, Sharon L.; Martius, Joachim; Krohn, Marijane; Kiviat, Nancy; Holmes, K.K.; Eschenbach, David A. (1988). "A Case–Control Study of Chorioamnionic Infection and Histologic Chorioamnionitis in Prematurity". New England Journal of Medicine. 319 (15): 972–978. doi:10.1056/NEJM198810133191503. PMID 3262199.
• Koutsky, L. A.; Galloway, D. A.; Holmes, K. K. (1988). "Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection". Epidemiologic Reviews. 10: 122–163. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036020. PMID 2852116.
• Martius, J.; Krohn, M. A.; Hillier, S. L.; Stamm, W. E.; Holmes, K. K.; Eschenbach, D. A. (1988). "Relationships of vaginal Lactobacillus species, cervical Chlamydia trachomatis, and bacterial vaginosis to preterm birth". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 71 (1): 89–95. PMID 3336545.
• Eschenbach, D. A.; Davick, P. R.; Williams, B. L.; Klebanoff, S. J.; Young-Smith, K.; Critchlow, C. M.; Holmes, K. K. (1989). "Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in normal women and women with bacterial vaginosis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 27 (2): 251–256. doi:10.1128/jcm.27.2.251-256.1989. PMC 267286. PMID 2915019.
• Wølner-Hanssen, Pål; Krieger, J. N.; Stevens, C. E.; Kiviat, N. B.; Koutsky, L.; Critchlow, C.; Derouen, T.; Hillier, S.; Holmes, K. K. (1989). "Clinical Manifestations of Vaginal Trichomoniasis". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 261 (4): 571–576. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420040109029. PMID 2783346.
• Jenny, Carole; Hooton, Thomas M.; Bowers, Ann; Copass, Michael K.; Krieger, John N.; Hillier, Sharon L.; Kiviat, Nancy; Corey, Lawrence; Stamm, Walter E.; Holmes, King K. (1990). "Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Victims of Rape". New England Journal of Medicine. 322 (11): 713–716. doi:10.1056/NEJM199003153221101. PMID 2155389.
• Koutsky, Laura A.; Holmes, King K.; Critchlow, Cathy W.; Stevens, Claire E.; Paavonen, Jorma; Beckmann, Anna Marie; Derouen, Timothy A.; Galloway, Denise A.; Vernon, Debra; Kiviat, Nancy B. (1992). "A Cohort Study of the Risk of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2 or 3 in Relation to Papillomavirus Infection". New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (18): 1272–1278. doi:10.1056/NEJM199210293271804. PMID 1328880.
• Scholes, Delia; Stergachis, Andy; Heidrich, Fred E.; Andrilla, Holly; Holmes, King K.; Stamm, Walter E. (1996). "Prevention of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease by Screening for Cervical Chlamydial Infection". New England Journal of Medicine. 334 (21): 1362–1366. doi:10.1056/nejm199605233342103. PMID 8614421.
• Eckert, L.; Hawes, S. E.; Stevens, C. E.; Koutsky, L. A.; Eschenbach, D. A.; Holmes, K. K. (1998). "Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 92 (5): 757–765. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00264-6. PMID 9794664. S2CID 44262831.
• Cohen, Craig R.; Manhart, Lisa E.; Bukusi, Elizabeth A.; Astete, Sabina; Brunham, Robert C.; Holmes, King K.; Sinei, Samuel K.; Bwayo, Job J.; Totten, Patricia A. (2002). "Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis". The Lancet. 359 (9308): 765–766. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07848-0. PMID 11888591. S2CID 36191700.
• Golden, Matthew R.; Marra, Christina M.; Holmes, King K. (2003). "Update on Syphilis". JAMA. 290 (11): 1510–1514. doi:10.1001/jama.290.11.1510. PMID 13129993. 2003
• Manhart, Lisa E.; Critchlow, Cathy W.; Holmes, King K.; Dutro, Susan M.; Eschenbach, David A.; Stevens, Claire E.; Totten, Patricia A. (2003). "Mucopurulent Cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 187 (4): 650–657. doi:10.1086/367992. PMID 12599082.
• "Chapter 17. Sexually transmitted infections by Sevgi O. Aral, Mead Over, Lisa Manhart, and King K. Holmes". Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries edited by D. T. Jamison, J. G. Breman, A. R. Measham, et al. (2nd ed.). 2006.
• Winer, Rachel L.; Hughes, James P.; Feng, Qinghua; O'Reilly, Sandra; Kiviat, Nancy B.; Holmes, King K.; Koutsky, Laura A. (2006). "Condom Use and the Risk of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Young Women". New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (25): 2645–2654. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa053284. PMID 16790697. 2006
• Peeling, R. W.; Holmes, K. K.; Mabey, D.; Ronald, A. (2006). "Rapid tests for sexually transmitted infections (STIs): The way forward". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 82: v1–v6. doi:10.1136/sti.2006.024265. PMC 2563912. PMID 17151023.
• Manhart, Lisa E.; Holmes, King K.; Hughes, James P.; Houston, Laura S.; Totten, Patricia A. (2007). "Mycoplasma genitalium Among Young Adults in the United States: An Emerging Sexually Transmitted Infection". American Journal of Public Health. 97 (6): 1118–1125. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.074062. PMC 1874220. PMID 17463380.
• Drain, Paul K.; Primack, Aron; Hunt, D Dan; Fawzi, Wafaie W.; Holmes, King K.; Gardner, Pierce (2007). "Global Health in Medical Education: A Call for More Training and Opportunities". Academic Medicine. 82 (3): 226–230. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3180305cf9. PMID 17327707. S2CID 9033883.
• Kaplan, J. E.; Benson, C.; Holmes, K. K.; Brooks, J. T.; Pau, A.; Masur, H.; Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC); National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2009). "Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports. 58 (RR-4): 1–207, quiz CE1-4. PMID 19357635.
• Masur, H.; Brooks, J. T.; Benson, C. A.; Holmes, K. K.; Pau, A. K.; Kaplan, J. E.; National Institutes of Health; Centers for Disease Control Prevention; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2014). "Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Updated Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 58 (9): 1308–1311. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu094. PMC 3982842. PMID 24585567.
• Zielke, Ryszard A.; Wierzbicki, Igor H.; Baarda, Benjamin I.; Gafken, Philip R.; Soge, Olusegun O.; Holmes, King K.; Jerse, Ann E.; Unemo, Magnus; Sikora, Aleksandra E. (2016). "Proteomics-driven Antigen Discovery for Development of Vaccines Against Gonorrhea". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 15 (7): 2338–2355. doi:10.1074/mcp.M116.058800. PMC 4937508. PMID 27141096.
• Celum, Connie; Barnabas, Ruanne; Cohen, Myron S.; Collier, Ann; El-Sadr, Wafaa; Holmes, King K.; Johnston, Christine; Piot, Peter (2020). "Covid-19, Ebola, and HIV — Leveraging Lessons to Maximize Impact". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (19): e106. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2022269. PMID 33027565. S2CID 222217165.

Books[]

• Hobson, Derek; Holmes, King K., eds. (1977). Nongonococcal urethritis and related infections. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology.
• Holmes, King K., ed. (1990). AIDS Dx/Rx. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070296787.
• Wasserheit, Judith N.; Aral, Sevgi O.; Holmes, King K., eds. (1991). "Research issues in human behavior and sexually transmitted diseases in the AIDS era". Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology; associate editor, Penelope J. Hitchcock {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Holmes, King K.; Sparling, P. Frederick; Stamm, Walter E.; Piot, Peter; Wasserheit, Judith N.; Corey, Lawrence; Cohen, Myron S., eds. (22 November 2007). Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Fourth Edition. ISBN 9780071593113.^[7]
• Morse, Stephen A.; Ballard, Ronald C.; Holmes, King K.; Moreland, Adele A., eds. (17 September 2010). Atlas of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS E-Book (4th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780702047640.
• Germain, Adrienne; Holmes, King K.; Piot, Peter; Wasserheit, Judith, eds. (29 June 2013). Reproductive Tract Infections: Global Impact and Priorities for Women's Reproductive Health. Springer. ISBN 9781489906915.
• Holmes, King K.; Bertozzi, Stefano; Bloom, Barry R.; Jha, Prabhat, eds. (2017). Major Infectious Diseases. Disease Control Priorities, vol. 6 (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: World Bank. ISBN 9781464805240; with a foreword by Peter Piot{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  • Major Infectious Diseases. Disease Control Priorities, vol. 6. World Bank Publications. 6 November 2017. ISBN 9781464805257; e-book{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

References[]