LGBT athletes in the Olympic and Paralympic Games

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) athletes have competed in the Olympic and Paralympic Games, either openly, or having come out some time afterward. Relatively few LGBT athletes have competed openly during the Olympics. Out of the 104 openly gay and lesbian participants in the Summer Olympics as of 2012, 53% have won a medal. Cyd Zeigler, Jr., founder of the LGBT athletics website Outsports, reasoned that this could be the result of the relieved focus and lack of "burden" an athlete would have after coming out, that "high-level athletes" are more likely to feel secure in coming out as their careers have been established, or their performance was mere coincidence and had no correlation with their sexual orientation at all.[1]

Marc Naimark of the Federation of Gay Games called "the lack of openly gay athletes" a symptom, not the problem, of the Olympic Games.[2] He said the International Olympic Committee should pressure countries to repeal anti-gay laws the same way it once excluded South Africa for its apartheid system of racial segregation, and "more recently, succeeded in getting all competing nations to include female athletes on their teams in London".[2]

In 2014, after that year's Winter Olympics were held in Russia — a country that had recently banned the distribution of "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships" among minors, the IOC amended its host city contracts for the 2022 Winter Olympics to include an anti-discrimination provision based on Principle 6 of the Olympic Charter (which itself includes sexual orientation).[3]

Alongside the Olympics, international multi-sport events have also been organized specifically for LGBT athletes, including the Gay Games and World OutGames.

By year[]

1928 Summer Olympics[]

1932 Summer Olympics[]

1936 Summer Olympics[]

1956 Summer Olympics[]

1964 Summer Olympics[]

  • Ewa Klobukowska (Poland, track & field)[4][9]
  • Marion Lay (Canada, swimming)[4][9]
  • Ondrej Nepela (Czechoslovakia, figure skating)[7][10][9]

1968 Summer Olympics[]

1972 Summer Olympics[]

1976 Summer Olympics[]

1980 Summer Olympics[]

1984 Summer Olympics[]

1988 Summer Olympics[]

1992 Summer Olympics[]

1996 Summer Olympics[]

1998 Winter Olympics[]

2000 Summer Olympics[]

2002 Winter Olympics[]

2004 Summer Olympics[]

2006 Winter Olympics[]

2008 Summer Olympics[]

In the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, only 15 athletes out of the 10,708 participants were openly gay, lesbian or bisexual, including:

Of them only two, including Matthew Mitcham (who also won a gold medal, making him the first openly gay Olympic champion), were male.[4][21][5][6][8][15] Mitcham gained media coverage in Australia as reporters thought he was the first Australian to compete in the Olympics as an openly gay person at the time. However, Mathew Helm, the Australian diver who won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the men's 10m platform, had publicly announced he was gay before the Olympics began.[22][23] Other notable gay Australian Olympians include Ji Wallace, who competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics[4][6] and won a silver medal in the inaugural trampoline event; however, he came out after the Games.[24]

2010 Winter Olympics[]

Of the 2,566 athletes who participated in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, only six athletes, all women, were openly lesbian or bisexual:[25]

2012 Summer Olympics[]

In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, 23 athletes out of the 10,768 participants were openly gay, lesbian or bisexual:

LOCOG was the first organizing committee in Olympic history to include a commitment to diversity in its bid.[9] The organizers publicly supported pro-LGBT concerns during the lead-up to the Games, such as during Pride London 2010, when special pins featuring the Games' emblem and a rainbow flag were sold as part of a wider range celebrating various aspects of diversity. LOCOG chief executive Paul Deighton stated that its vision was "as bold as it is simple – to use the power of the Games to inspire change. We want to reach out to all parts of the community and connect them with London 2012".[33]

A slightly larger number of LGBT athletes competed in London, with 23 out of more than 10,000 competitors, and only three gay men.[2] Outsports co-founder Jim Buzinski considered it to be an "absurdly low number", and considered that in comparison to the arts, politics or business worlds, "sports is still the final closet in society".[2]

2012 Summer Paralympics[]

At least two out athletes competed in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London.[34][35][36][37]

2014 Winter Olympics[]

In the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, seven openly gay women competed:[44]

Russia's stance on LGBT rights were a major concern during the lead-up to these Games; in 2012, an attempt to obtain a Pride House was struck down by the Russian Ministry of Justice, which refused to approve the registration of the NGO set up to organize the Pride House. The ban was upheld by Krasnodar Krai Judge Svetlana Mordovina on the basis of the Pride House inciting "propaganda of non-traditional sexual orientation which can undermine the security of the Russian society and the state, provoke social-religious hatred, which is the feature of the extremist character of the activity", and in June 2013, Russia became the subject of international criticism after it passed a federal "gay propaganda law", which made it a criminal offence to distribute materials classified as "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships" among minors.[45][46][47]

2016 Summer Olympics[]

In the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, a record 68 athletes out of the 10,444 participants were openly gay, lesbian or bisexual, nearly double the LGBT athletes who took part in the 2012 Summer Olympics.[48][49][15] There were no openly transgender athletes, but Rolling Stone magazine reported that two transgender athletes would compete in Rio, based on anonymous details in IOC papers.[50] 51 women and 18 men - who are now openly LGBT - competed in this Olympiade (some came out afterwards) :

One other LGBT athlete was known to compete at the time, but did not wish to be identified due to still being in the closet. The Games also featured the first same-sex married couple to compete, Helen and Kate Richardson-Walsh, British field hockey players.[54][14][11][15][18]

2016 Summer Paralympics[]

At least 12 out athletes participated in the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, with 10 coming home with medals.[55][43]

In addition, there were two coaches who are openly LGBT, with the U.S. women's wheelchair basketball head coach, Stephanie Wheeler and her assistant coach, Amy Spangler.

2018 Winter Olympics[]

16 out athletes — twelve women and four men — participated in the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea:[27] It marked the first time in the history of the Winter Olympics that male athletes competed who were openly gay; Canadian figure skater Eric Radford became the first out gay male athlete ever to win a Winter Olympic gold medal,[63][11][29][27][10][8] while figure skater Adam Rippon became the first American out gay male athlete ever to win a Winter Olympic medal,[11][63][29][27][10][8] both in Team Figure Skating. Radford later also won Bronze in Pairs Figure Skating. A fifth male athlete, Guillaume Cizeron, came out after the event.

2018 Winter Paralympics[]

Cindy Ouellet, the only LGBT athlete at 2018 Paralympic games

At least one openly LGBT athlete competed in the 2018 Winter Paralympics in PyeongChang.

  • Cindy Ouellet (Canada, Paralympic 5 km sitting cross-country skiing)[40][65][59][39]

2020 Summer Olympics[]

The 2020 Summer Olympics, delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, were held in summer 2021. According to Outsports, the Tokyo Olympics had at least 185 publicly out LGBTQ athletes, a record number with more out athletes than all of the past Summer and Winter Olympics combined.[13] The 2020 Summer Olympics featured its first transgender athletes, namely Laurel Hubbard, a transgender woman for New Zealand weightlifting;[30][5][32] and Quinn, who is transgender and nonbinary and uses they/them pronouns and competed with Canada's women's soccer team.[30][5][32][19] Quinn also won a gold medal, making them the first openly transgender Olympic champion.[66][5] Alana Smith is non-binary and uses they/them/theirs pronouns and competed on Team USA's women's skateboarding team.[67][30][32] , who is a transgender woman, was selected as an alternate for USA women's BMX freestyle team.[68]

2020 Summer Paralympics[]

The 2020 Summer Paralympics, delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, was held in summer 2021. According to Outsports, at least 36 athletes who competed are openly LGBTQ. At least three athletes who competed are nonbinary or neutral, namely Robyn Lambird of Australia,[42][40] of the United States, and Maria "Maz" Strong of Australia.[40][42]

Pride House[]

Pride Houses are a dedicated temporary location designed to play host to LGBT athletes, volunteers and visitors attending the Olympics, Paralympics or other international sporting event in the host city. The first attempt to organize a Pride house was for the 1992 Barcelona Olympics.[9] The first was organized for the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics.[92] During the 2010 Winter Olympics, the Vancouver and Whistler Pride Houses served as venues for LGBT sportspeople, coaches, visitors and their friends, families and supporters, and became the first Pride Houses at an Olympics.[92][93] Although both Pride Houses offered information and support services to LGBT athletes and attendees, the Whistler location in Pan Pacific Village Centre had a "celebratory theme", while the Vancouver venue emphasised education about Vancouver's LGBT community and, for non-Canadian athletes, information about immigration to and asylum in Canada, including "legal resources" from Egale Canada and the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (IGLA).[93][94]

An attempt to obtain a Pride House at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia was struck down by the Ministry of Justice, which refused to approve the registration of the NGO set up to organize the Pride House. The ban was upheld by Krasnodar Krai Judge on the basis of the Pride House inciting "propaganda of non-traditional sexual orientation which can undermine the security of the Russian society and the state, provoke social-religious hatred, which is the feature of the extremist character of the activity".[95]

As it became clear that no Pride House could take place in Sochi, a number of leading LGBT sports organisations got together to promote the idea of cities elsewhere hosting their own Pride Houses during the Sochi Olympics. Pride House Toronto, which is to be the largest Pride House ever and due to be held during the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, was already very advanced with its plans for a series of events during the Sochi Olympics highlighting the anti-LGBT laws and LGBT rights in general. In addition to Pride House Toronto, a group led by Pride Sports UK will host other Pride Houses of which Manchester will be the largest. Vancouver (Whistler), Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, Chicago, Cleveland, Toronto, Montreal, Philadelphia, Glasgow, Manchester, London, Copenhagen, Paris, Brussels, Utrecht, Amsterdam, Wellington, São Paulo, and Brasilia have also expressed interest.[96][97]

LGBT-oriented multi-sport events[]

Alongside the Olympics, several major multi-sport athletics competitions have been organized with a specific focus on LGBT athletes, such as the Gay Games and World OutGames. The Gay Games were first held in 1982 as the Gay Olympics; as the brainchild of former Olympian Tom Waddell,[5][6][7][8][9] its goals were to promote the spirit of inclusion and participation, as well as to promote the pursuit of personal growth. The 1994 edition in New York City (which marked the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots) surpassed the size of the 1992 Summer Olympics with 10,864 athletes, in comparison to Barcelona's 9,356.[9][98] Similarly, in Europe, the European Gay and Lesbian Sport Federation organizes the EuroGames.

The World Outgames, as organized by the Gay and Lesbian International Sport Association, were first held in 2006 following a dispute between the Federation of Gay Games and the organizing committee of the 2006 Gay Games, which were initially awarded to Montreal (the 2006 Gay Games would instead be held in Chicago). With over 8,000 participants, the inaugural World OutGames were the largest international sporting event to be held in Montreal since the 1976 Summer Olympics.[99]

The Gay Games were founded by former Olympian Tom Waddell[5][6][7][8][9] and originally went from 28th Aug- 5th Sep 1982. Hosted in San Francisco. The Gay Games have continued with the next being planned for 12–19 November 2022 in Hong kong.[100]

Hong Kong this will be the first time the games have been to Asia[101]

During the 1976 Winter Games in Innsbruck athletes such as John Curry from Great Britain were outed before the closing ceremony.[7][11][10][8][9]

History of LGBT Athletes in the Olympic Games[]

According to the LGBTI Olympic historian Tony Scupham-Bilton, at least 170 LGBTI athletes have competed as Olympians, dating back to at least 1928. That's when a young German runner named Otto Peltzer took the track for Germany.[4][5][6][7][8][9] “Otto the Strange,” as he was known, was one of the athletic glories of the Weimar Republic, setting both national and world middle-distance track records in the 1920s. Despite his success, he failed to medal in either the ’28 or ’32 Games. The take over of the Nazi Party caused a crackdown on Gay athletes, and while there had been anti-gay law's in Germany for 60 years they were never fully enforced until the Nazi's took over. Peltzer was arrested and convicted on charges that he fornicated with young runners. Stella Walsh[9] was scrutinized for her gender while competing at the games after being accused that she was a man posing as a woman. Athlete's who have been accused of competing as the wrong gender have been subject to invasive physical examinations.

Members of the LGBT community have been competing at the games for years. Lesbians make up the largest portion of known LGBT athletes including some of the greatest of all time. Babe Didrikson Zaharias who was a professional golfer was named the AP Top Woman Athlete of the Century as she also brought back two gold medals and a silver in track and field at the 1932 Olympic Games.[7][4][102][9]

List of LGBT Olympians[]

The following is a list of LGBT sportspeople who have competed at the Olympics. This includes athletes who competed while not being publicly known as LGBT at that time. Medals won are in parentheses.

See also[]

  • Homosexuality in football
  • Homosexuality in sports
  • List of LGBT sportspeople
  • Principle 6 campaign
  • Sex verification in sports
  • Transgender people in sports

References[]

  1. ^ "Are Gay Olympians Just Better Athletes? The Medal Count Says 'Yes'". SB Nation. Vox Media. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  2. ^ a b c d "Gay Olympic Athletes Still Scarce At London 2012 Games". Associated Press. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  3. ^ Gibson, Owen (2014-09-25). "Olympic anti-discrimination clause introduced after Sochi gay rights row". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr Zeigler, Cyd (July 26, 2012). "Over 100 out LGBT Athletes Have Competed in the Summer Olympics". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd Cooper, Alex. "A Brief History of LGBTQ+ Olympians". Advocate. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Castile, Eliza (August 4, 2016). "10 LGBTQ Olympians From History". Bustle. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Scupham-Bilton, Tony (July 27, 2016). "First gay Olympian in History Competed in 1928". Outsports. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Sayler, Zoe (February 9, 2018). "A Brief History of Openly Gay Olympians". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq "The History of LGBT Participation in the Olympics" (PDF). Gaygames.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw "A Comprehensive List of LGBT Winter Olympians". Advocate. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak "Important Moments In The History Of LGBT Olympians". IN Magazine. February 16, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Zeigler, Cyd (February 19, 2020). "Robert Dover was the first out gay Olympic athlete, in 1988". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx Outsports (2021-07-12). "At least 185 out LGBTQ athletes at Tokyo Olympics, a record by far". Outsports. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Trezza, Joe (August 5, 2016). "Rio Olympics 2016: Meet 9 Out LGBTQ Athletes Representing Their Countries at the Games". Mic. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl Williams, Jon (August 5, 2016). "Meet the record number of out LGBT Olympians competing in the 2016 Rio games". PinkNews. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Williams, Ken (August 2, 2012). "LGBT Watch at the Olympics: First Medal is Won by an LGBT Athlete". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  17. ^ a b c d e Lowe, Devin (June 12, 2018). "These LGBTQ Athletes in the Olympic Movement Embrace Both Their Competitive and Personal Identities with Pride". Team USA. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj "37 Out Women Athletes of the Rio Olympics Who Make Us Proud". Pride. August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Avery, Dan (August 8, 2021). "'Team LGBTQ' Earns 32 Medals at Tokyo Olympics". NBC. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h Zeigler, Cyd (July 6, 2021). "Partners Edward Gal and Hans Peter Minderhoud will Compete on Same Olympic Team in Tokyo". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  21. ^ "In Beijing Olympics, only 10 openly gay athletes". Outsports. SB Nation. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  22. ^ Halloran, Jessica (24 May 2008), "Out, proud and ready to go for gold", Sydney Morning Herald, retrieved 18 August 2008
  23. ^ "Perfect 10 - Matt Helm", DNA, no. 83, archived from the original on 30 December 2014, retrieved 4 October 2008
  24. ^ Lane, Daniel (10 June 2007), "Ji talking: on highs, lows and a super new move", Sydney Morning Herald, retrieved 18 August 2008
  25. ^ Ken Williams. "Gay Olympians: Few are out and proud | San Diego Gay and Lesbian News". Sdgln.com. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  26. ^ a b c "Julie Chu Skated a Path for Asian American Women in Ice Hockey". United States Olympic & Paralympic Museum. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar "2018 Olympics will have a record 15 out LGBTQ athletes". Outsports. February 14, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  28. ^ a b Zeigler, Cyd (July 8, 2015). "How this gay Olympic ski jumper did the impossible". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Belam, Martin (February 14, 2018). "The LGBT Athletes Making History at the 2018 Winter Olympics". The Guardian. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Yu, Yi-Jin. "22 LGBTQ Athletes to Cheer at the Tokyo Olympics". Today. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Stump, Scott (July 8, 2021). "Sue Bird Explains how Fiancee Megan Rapinoe Helped Her Publicly Come Out". Today. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Andrew, Scottie (July 28, 2021). "There may be more Olympians who identify as LGBTQ than ever before. But there are limits to inclusion". CNN. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  33. ^ "London 2012 Olympics to sell special 'gay' pin badges". Pink News. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  34. ^ Avery, Dan (2012-08-23). "Gay At The Games: Meet The Out Paralympians". www.queerty.com. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  35. ^ Buzinski, Jim (2012-07-24). "2012 Summer Olympics: 21 Openly Gay And Lesbian Athletes In London". SBNation.com. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  36. ^ "Speck of gold: Meet the openly gay Olympians". Gay Star News. 2012-07-20. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  37. ^ Briggs, Simon (2012-08-09). "London 2012 Olympics: gay role models in short supply". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  38. ^ a b c d e "Meet the Openly Gay Paralympians". Gay Star News. August 27, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "At Least 10 Out LGBT Athletes Competing at the Paralympics in Rio". Huffpost. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar "At Least 32 Out LGBTQ Paralymicians are Competing in Tokyo, by far a record". Outsports. August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  41. ^ a b c d Ollie Williams and Olivia Yasukawa. "Lee Pearson: Out of two closets, into Paralympic glory". CNN. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Tokyo Paralympic Games Welcomes Record Number of LGBTQ Athletes". NBC News. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Zeigler, Cyd (September 13, 2016). "Already three individual medals for out LGBT Paralympians in Rio". Outsports. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  44. ^ "7 out LGBT Winter Olympians in Sochi". Outsports. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  45. ^ "Judge bans Sochi 2014 gay Pride House claiming it would offend "public morality"". Inside the Games. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  46. ^ Greene, Andy (2014-01-22). "Elton John Blasts Russia: 'Vicious Homophobia Has Been Legitimized'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  47. ^ "The Facts on LGBT Rights in Russia". Global Council for Equality. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  48. ^ Outsports (2016-07-11). "Record 56 out LGBT athletes at Rio Olympics". Outsports. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  49. ^ Crockett, Zachary (2016-08-05). "More women will compete in Rio 2016 than in any other Olympics". Vox. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  50. ^ Steele, Lauren (August 2, 2016). "Chris Mosier on Making History as First Trans Member of Team USA". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i Brocchetto, Marilla (August 11, 2016). "Olympics: Record number of LGBT Athletes at Rio 2016". CNN. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  52. ^ a b c d e f Reimer, Alex (August 6, 2021). "Where are the out male Olympians?". Outsports. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h i Zeigler, Cyd (July 22, 2021). "These are the 6 out LGBTQ flag bearer in the Tokyo Olympics Opening Ceremony". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  54. ^ Bagri, Neha Thirani. "Rio Olympics 2016: In an Olympics historic first, a married same-sex couple will compete in the Rio games". Quartz. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  55. ^ Outsports (2016-09-06). "At least 12 LGBT athletes at Paralympics in Rio". Outsports. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g Ferrendi, Brittany (September 7, 2016). "Meet USA's Openly LGBT Paralympians". South Florida Gay News. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  57. ^ "How Megan Giglia Turned Stroke Tragedy into Paralympic Gold". BBC. September 9, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  58. ^ Zeigler, Cyd (2016-09-07). "Out Team USA Paralympic flagbearer Allison Jones". Outsports. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  59. ^ a b c Zeigler, Cyd (2018-03-10). "At least one out LGBTQ Paralympian is competing in Pyeongchang". Outsports. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  60. ^ Davies, Gareth A. (2016-09-06). "Rio Paralympics to see first ever openly gay person carrying GB flag at a Games opening ceremony". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
  61. ^ a b c d "Jewish Athletes in Tokyo, and When They Compete". Intermountain Jewish News. July 8, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  62. ^ a b c Zeigler, Cyd (August 23, 2021). "2 Out LGBTQ Flag Bearers March at the Paralympics Opening Ceremony". Outsports. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  63. ^ a b c d e f Sadler, Emily (February 12, 2018). "Canada's Eric Radford, USA's Adam Rippon make important Olympic history". Sports Net. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  64. ^ Junes, Timothy (February 9, 2018). "BELGIAN BULLET SOPHIE VERCRUYSSEN DERDE BELGISCHE OUT ATLEET OP OLYMPISCHE WINTERSPELEN". Zizo (in Dutch). Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  65. ^ a b Zeigler, Cyd (2018-03-18). "Cindy Ouellet completes her first Winter Paralympics". Outsports. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  66. ^ Janus, Andrea (August 2, 2021). "Canada's Quinn to become 1st openly transgender, non-binary athlete to win Olympic medal". Canadian Broadcasting Corperation. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
  67. ^ a b c Schultz, Ken (July 8, 2021). "Meet Out Skateboarders Alana Smith and Alexis Sablone, who Bring a Rainbow to U.S. Olympic Team". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  68. ^ a b Adams, Emily. "Weightlifter Laurel Hubbard qualifies for Olympics, makes history as openly transgender athlete". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
  69. ^ "Sanne de Laat, chi e la fidanzata (arciera) di Lucilla Boari bronzo a Tokyo". Il Gazzettino (in Italian). July 30, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  70. ^ a b c Buzinski, Jim (June 21, 2021). "6 French Athletes, including 3 Current Olympians, Come Out for Pride Month". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  71. ^ Zeigler, Cyd (August 6, 2021). "Olympic Marathoner Aoife Cooke is Out and Representing Ireland in Tokyo". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  72. ^ WEbb, Karleigh (July 5, 2021). "India's Dutee Chand Sprints to Second Straight Olympics, Out and Determined". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  73. ^ Buzinski, Jim (June 1, 2021). "New Zealand's first Olympic diver in 37 years is out and proudly gay". Outsports. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  74. ^ Weldon, Shelby (August 27, 2020). "Lesbian Skateboarder Annie Guglia Ready for Olympic Debut". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  75. ^ "ג'ודאית הישראלית הראשונה במשקל פתוח בדרך לטוקיו". מקור ראשון (in Hebrew). June 15, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  76. ^ Webb, Karleigh (June 21, 2021). "Trans weightlifter Laurel Hubbard Selected for New Zealand Olympic Team". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  77. ^ Pasquini, Maria (August 9, 2021). "USWNT's Kristie Mewis and Australia's Sam Kerr Confirm Romance After Sharing Sweet Moment in Tokyo". People. Yahoo Sports. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  78. ^ Zeigler, Cyd (June 14, 2021). "Kayla Miracle is the first out LGBTQ Olympic Wrestler, and she's headed to Tokyo". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  79. ^ Davidson, Neil (June 23, 2021). "Canadian Women's Soccer Team Roster Revealed for Tokyo Games". CBC. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  80. ^ Zeigler, Cyd (June 24, 2021). "Emma Tqigg will Compete in Her 4th Olympic Games, but her 1st as an out Athelete". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  81. ^ "Turks Rally Around Olympics Volleyball Star Attacked Over Sexuality". Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  82. ^ "Brazil Comcludes National Trials for Tokyo 2020". World Para Swimming. June 8, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  83. ^ "Hear My Voice: Edenia Garcia Talks Being an LGBTQIA+ Woman with a Disability". International Paralympic Committee. June 30, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  84. ^ a b Reimer, Alex (August 11, 2021). "These 2 Paralympians Started Dating During Covid. Now They're Heading to Tokyo". Outsports. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  85. ^ Burns, Brielle (August 10, 2021). "'Disabled People are hot.' Robyn Lambird Would Like to Clear Up Some of Your Assumptions". MamaMia. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  86. ^ "Sport Week: Ones to Watch for Sitting Volleyball". Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. July 2, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  87. ^ Shriver-Truong, Kristina (July 7, 2021). "US Paralympic Team Roster: Athletes Qualified for the 2021 Games". Our Community Now. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  88. ^ Elliot, Ed (June 25, 2021). "Rowing Star Lauren Rowles Aims to be the Gay and Disabled Role Model She Lacked". Independent. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  89. ^ Houston, Michael (July 27, 2021). "Britain Select Three Reigning Champions for Tokyo 2020 Paralympics Rowing Team". Inside the Games. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  90. ^ Webb, Karleigh (August 16, 2021). "Out Para Rowing Champion Moran Samuel Named Flag Bearer for Israel in Tokyo". Outsports. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  91. ^ Williams-Jent, Ryan (July 16, 2021). "LGBTQ St. Pete Cyclist Joins Team USA for Paralymics". Watermark. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  92. ^ a b Hainsworth, Jeremy (17 February 2010). "Museum launches Champion Human Rights campaign". Xtra!. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  93. ^ a b Mitsui, Evan (14 February 2010). "Pride House: Safe haven at the Games". CBC.ca. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  94. ^ "Pride House to host gay athletes". Vancouver Courier. 23 October 2009. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  95. ^ Andy Harley (15 March 2012). "Judge bans Winter Olympics gay Pride House". Gay Star News.
  96. ^ "Nearly 30 Remote Pride Houses already registered for Olympic and Paralympic Games period". Pride House International. 2013-10-17. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  97. ^ "Remote Pride Houses – Get Involved and Support Russian LGBTQs During Sochi". Pride House International. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  98. ^ "Cologne gears up to play and party as host to Gay Games | Germany | DW.DE | 31.07.2010". Dw-world.de. 2014-01-15. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  99. ^ Atkinson, Michael (2008-12-30). Battleground: Sports. ABC-CLIO. p. 169. ISBN 9780313087875. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  100. ^ "Federation of Gay Games - Home". gaygames.org. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  101. ^ "Federation of Gay Games - Gay Games History". gaygames.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  102. ^ Zeigler, Cyd (2014-01-22). "A People's History of LGBTI Olympians". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  103. ^ Zeigler, Cyd (July 9, 2017). "Paralympic medalist from Singapore comes out as gay". . Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  104. ^ "Homophobia in sports still pervasive in Canada, new study shows". CBC News. May 9, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2021.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""