Lacertidae

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Lacertids
Temporal range: Ypresian–Recent
Jaszczurka-Lacerta agilis.jpg
Sand lizard (Lacerta agilis)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Superfamily: Lacertoidea
Family: Lacertidae
Oppel, 1811
Type species
Lacerta agilis
Subgroups

See text

Terminology and scalation of lacertids

The Lacertidae are the family of the wall lizards, true lizards, or sometimes simply lacertas, which are native to Europe, Africa, and Asia. It is a diverse family with at least 300 species in 39 genera. They represent the dominant group of reptiles found in Europe. The group includes the genus Lacerta (genus), which contains some of the most commonly seen lizard species in Europe.

Habitat[]

The European and Mediterranean species of lacertids live mainly in forest and scrub habitats.[1] Eremias and Ophisops species replace these in the grassland and desert habitats of Asia. African species usually live in rocky, arid areas. Holaspis species are among the few arboreal lacertids, and its two species, Holaspis guentheri and Holaspis laevis, are gliders (although apparently poor ones), using their broad tail and flattened body as an aerofoil.[2]

Description[]

Lacertids are small or medium-sized lizards. Most species are less than 9 cm long, excluding the tail, although the largest living species, Gallotia stehlini, reaches 46 cm, and some extinct forms were larger still. They are primarily insectivorous.[1] An exception is Meroles anchietae, one of the few wall lizards that regularly eat seeds – an appropriate food for a lizard of the harsh Namib Desert.

Lacertids are remarkably similar in form, with slender bodies and long tails, but have highly varied patterns and colours, even within the same species. Their scales are large on the head, which often also has osteoderms, small and granular on the back, and rectangular on the underside. Most species are sexually dimorphic, with the males and females having different patterns.[1]

At least eight species from the Caucasus are parthenogenetic,[3][4] and three species give birth to live young, including the viviparous lizard, Zootoca vivipara.[1]

Evolutionary history[]

Lacertids are suspected to have originated in Europe, due to their earliest fossils being found in the region, alongside those of their sister group, the extinct Eolacertidae.[5] Fossils possibly attributable to lacertids are known from the Paleocene of France and Belgium, though the oldest definitive lacertid is known from the early Eocene (Ypresian) of Mutigny, France in the Paris Basin.[6] Lacertids dispersed into Asia by the early Oligocene.[7] The timing of the colonisation of Africa is uncertain, ranging from the Eocene to the Miocene.[8]

Classification[]

The classification into subfamilies and tribes below follows one presented by Arnold et al., 2007, based on their phylogenetic analysis.[9]

Family Lacertidae

  • Subfamily Gallotiinae
  • Subfamily Lacertinae
    • Tribe Eremiadini
    • Tribe Lacertini
      • Genus Algyroides (4 species)
      • Genus Anatololacerta (4 species)
      • Genus Apathya (2 species)
      • Genus Archaeolacerta (1 species)
      • Genus Atlantolacerta (1 species)
      • Genus Dalmatolacerta (1 species)
      • Genus Darevskia (34 species)
      • Genus Dinarolacerta (2 species)
      • Genus Hellenolacerta (1 species)
      • Genus Iberolacerta (8 species)
      • Genus Iranolacerta (2 species)
      • Genus Lacerta (10 species)
      • Genus Omanosaura (2 species)
      • Genus Parvilacerta (2 species)
      • Genus Phoenicolacerta (4 species)
      • Genus Podarcis (25 species)
      • Genus Scelarcis (1 species)
      • Genus Takydromus (24 species)
      • Genus Teira (1 species)
      • Genus Timon (6 species)
      • Genus Vhembelacerta (1 species)
      • Genus Zootoca (1 species)

The latest extensive phylogenetic lacertid tree was made by Baeckens et al. in 2015.[10]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 163–165. ISBN 978-0-12-178560-4.
  2. ^ Zug, George R. (2001). Herpetology : an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles. Laurie J. Vitt, Janalee P. Caldwell (2nd ed.). San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-782622-X. OCLC 47145828.
  3. ^ Darevskii IS. 1967. Rock lizards of the Caucasus: systematics, ecology and phylogenesis of the polymorphic groups of Caucasian rock lizards of the subgenus Archaeolacerta. Nauka: Leningrad [in Russian: English translation published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi, 1978].
  4. ^ Tarkhnishvili DN (2012) Evolutionary History, Habitats, Diversification, and Speciation in Caucasian Rock Lizards. In: Advances in Zoology Research, Volume 2 (ed. Jenkins OP), Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge (NY), p.79-120
  5. ^ Čerňanský, Andrej; Smith, Krister T. (2017-05-24). "Eolacertidae: a new extinct clade of lizards from the Palaeogene; with comments on the origin of the dominant European reptile group – Lacertidae". Historical Biology. 30 (7): 994–1014. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1327530. ISSN 0891-2963.
  6. ^ Čerňanský, Andrej; Augé, Marc Louis; Phelizon, Alain (2020-01-02). "Dawn of Lacertids (Squamata, Lacertidae): New Finds from the Upper Paleocene and the Lower Eocene". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (1): e1768539. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1768539. ISSN 0272-4634.
  7. ^ Čerňanský, Andrej; Augé, Marc Louis (2019-12-12). "The Oligocene and Miocene fossil lizards (Reptilia, Squamata) of Central Mongolia". Geodiversitas. 41 (1): 811. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a24. ISSN 1280-9659.
  8. ^ Tamar, Karin; Carranza, Salvador; Sindaco, Roberto; Moravec, Jiří; Trape, Jean-François; Meiri, Shai (October 2016). "Out of Africa: Phylogeny and biogeography of the widespread genus Acanthodactylus (Reptilia: Lacertidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 103: 6–18. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.003. ISSN 1055-7903.
  9. ^ Arnold, E. Nicholas; Arribas, Oscar; Carranza, Salvador (2007). Systematics of the Palaearctic and Oriental lizard tribe Lacertini (Squamata: Lacertidae: Lacertinae), with descriptions of eight new genera (PDF). Zootaxa. 1430. pp. 1–86. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1430.1.1. ISBN 978-1-86977-097-6. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  10. ^ Baeckens, Simon (January 2015). "Chemical signalling in lizards: an interspecific comparison of femoral pore numbers in Lacertidae". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 114: 44–57. doi:10.1111/bij.12414.

External links[]

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