Larry Laudan

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Larry Laudan
Born (1941-10-16) 16 October 1941 (age 80)
Austin, Texas
NationalityUnited States
EducationUniversity of Kansas (B.A. Physics, 1962)
Princeton University (Ph.D. Philosophy, 1965)
EraContemporary philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolPragmatism
InstitutionsUniversity of Pittsburgh, Virginia Tech, University of Hawaii, University of Texas Law School, UNAM
Main interests
Philosophy of science, epistemology
Notable ideas
Reticulationist model of scientific rationality centered around the concept of research traditions[1]
Pessimistic induction
Criticism of positivism, realism, and relativism
Influences
Influenced

Larry Laudan (/ˈlaʊdən/;[5] born 1941) is an American philosopher of science and epistemologist. He has strongly criticized the traditions of positivism, realism, and relativism, and he has defended a view of science as a privileged and progressive institution against popular challenges. Laudan's philosophical view of "research traditions" is seen as an important alternative to Imre Lakatos's "research programs."[6]

Life and career[]

Laudan took his PhD in Philosophy at Princeton University, and then taught at University College London and, for many years, at the University of Pittsburgh. Subsequently, he taught at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, University of Hawaii and the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Laudan is retired, though in recent years has lectured at the University of Texas, Austin.[7] His more recent work has been on legal epistemology. He is the husband of food historian Rachel Laudan.

In 1990, while Chair of Philosophy at the University of Hawaii, Laudan was critical of fellow professor Haunani-Kay Trask, over a debate in the local newspapers regarding her claims about white supremacy and the colonisation of Hawaii.[8] Laudan "demanded" to a Vice President of the University that Trask be reprimanded for her published comments.[9] Later on, the Philosophy Department that Laudan chaired issued a public "Statement on Racism in Academe" condemning Dr. Trask's remarks.[10]

In October 2021, following Dr. Trask’s death, the University of Mānoa philosophy department recognized that the accusations of racism that Laudan (among others) made against Haunani-Kay Trask were entirely baseless, and “apologize[d] sincerely for the attacks [Dr. Trask] suffered from philosophers at Mānoa in the past.”[11][12][13][14] The University of Mānoa philosophy department addressed its apology not only to Dr. Trask but also the “wider community of Kānaka ʻŌiwi faculty and students” because Laudan’s accusations against Dr. Trask “left lasting wounds among Native Hawaiian faculty and students.”[15] The philosophy department recognized that its members “had a moral obligation to reach out” and apologize for the actions of its past members, such as Laudan.[16] The department’s apology read, in part, that,

“Professor Trask’s work has been crucial in foregrounding the systemic injustices that have plagued the practice of our discipline. We should have listened to her when she tried to teach us that these injustices had their roots in the history and power dynamics of colonial oppression both within the University of Hawaiʻi and outside of it. That is a history the Department of Philosophy is prepared to study and confront. Also, it understands the need to bring down barriers preventing Indigenous research from receiving academic recognition… We acknowledge that our apology is long overdue and regret we did not convey it to Professor Trask in person while there was time. We are aware that our shortcomings have also affected the wider community of Kānaka ʻŌiwi faculty and students. This apology is therefore also addressed to them.”[17]

Philosophical work[]

Laudan's most influential book is Progress and Its Problems (1977), in which he charges philosophers of science with paying lip service to the view that "science is fundamentally a problem-solving activity" without taking seriously the view's implications for the history of science and its philosophy, and without questioning certain issues in the historiography and methodology of science. Against empiricism, which is represented by Karl Popper, and "revolutionism," represented by Thomas Kuhn, Laudan maintained in Progress and Its Problems that science is an evolving process that accumulates more empirically validated evidence while solving conceptual anomalies at the same time. Mere evidence collecting or empirical confirmation does not constitute the true mechanism of scientific advancement; conceptual resolution and comparison of the solutions of anomalies provided by various theories form an indispensable part of the evolution of science.

Laudan is particularly well known for his pessimistic induction argument against the claim that the cumulative success of science shows that science must truly describe reality. Laudan famously argued in his 1981 article "A Confutation of Convergent Realism"[18] that "the history of science furnishes vast evidence of empirically successful theories that were later rejected; from subsequent perspectives, their unobservable terms were judged not to refer and thus, they cannot be regarded as true or even approximately true."[19]

In Beyond Positivism and Relativism, Laudan wrote that "the aim of science is to secure theories with a high problem-solving effectiveness" and that scientific progress is possible when empirical data is diminished. "Indeed, on this model, it is possible that a change from an empirically well-supported theory to a less well-supported one could be progressive, provided that the latter resolved significant conceptual difficulties confronting the former."[20] Finally, the better theory solves more conceptual problems while minimizing empirical anomalies.

Laudan has also written on risk management and the subject of terrorism. He has argued that "moral outrage and compassion are the proper responses to terrorism, but fear for oneself and one's life is not. The risk that the average American will be a victim of terrorism is extremely remote."[21] He wrote The Book of Risks in 1996 which details the relative risks of various accidents.

Selected writings[]

  • 1977. Progress and Its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth,[22] ISBN 978-0-520-03721-2
  • 1981. Science and Hypothesis
  • 1983. The Demise of the Demarcation Problem[23]
  • 1984. Science and Values: The Aims of Science and Their Role in Scientific Debate, ISBN 978-0-520-05743-2
  • 1990. Science and Relativism: Dialogues on the Philosophy of Science, ISBN 978-0-226-46949-2
  • 1995. The Book of Risks
  • 1996. Beyond Positivism and Relativism, ISBN 978-0-8133-2469-2[24]
  • 1997. Danger Ahead
  • 2006. Truth, Error and Criminal Law: An Essay in Legal Epistemology
  • 2016. The Law's Flaws: Rethinking Trials and Errors?

References[]

  1. ^ Historicist Theories of Scientific Rationality (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
  2. ^ Laudan 1977, p. 125.
  3. ^ Laudan 1984, p. 83.
  4. ^ James T. Cushing, Philosophical Concepts in Physics: The Historical Relation between Philosophy and Scientific Theories, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 377.
  5. ^ Laudan on Convergent Epistemic Realism
  6. ^ Peter Godfrey-Smith, Theory and Reality, 2003, University of Chicago, ISBN 0-226-30062-5, pp.102-121.
  7. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-06-03. Retrieved 2015-06-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ 2005643. "Carter Trask Files". Issuu. Retrieved 2021-03-15.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ 60- Haunani-Kay Trask Delivers Powerful Speech at the University of Hawaii, archived from the original on 2020-11-03, retrieved 2021-03-15
  10. ^ Series 5: Box 4A1(2):71, Jon Van Dyke Collection, The Archival Collections at the University of Hawaiʻi School of Law Library
  11. ^ https://hilo.hawaii.edu/depts/philosophy/news/
  12. ^ https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2021/10/22/philosophy-deptartment-apologizes-to-late-professor-trask/
  13. ^ https://kawaiola.news/nuhou/university-of-hawaii-public-apology-to-dr-trask/
  14. ^ https://bigislandgazette.com/uh-philosophy-department-apologizes-to-late-professor-haunani-kay-trask/
  15. ^ https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2021/10/22/philosophy-deptartment-apologizes-to-late-professor-trask/
  16. ^ https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2021/10/22/philosophy-deptartment-apologizes-to-late-professor-trask/
  17. ^ https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2021/10/22/philosophy-deptartment-apologizes-to-late-professor-trask/
  18. ^ https://courses.cs.sfu.ca/2015fa-phil-880-g1/pages/laudan/view
  19. ^ "Scientific Realism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2017.
  20. ^ Laudan, Beyond Positivism and Relativism, Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1996, pp.77-87.
  21. ^ Laudan, "Should We Be Afraid?", in The Challenge of Terrorism: A Historical Reader.
  22. ^ Gutting, Gary (March 1980). "Review of Progress and Its Problems by Larry Laudan". Erkenntnis. 15 (1): 91–103. JSTOR 20010687.
  23. ^ R S Cohen and L Laudan, Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis, Essays in Honor of Adolf Grünbaum, D Reidel Publishing Company, 1983, pp. 111-127. Also available at [1]
  24. ^ Bonk, Thomas (1997). "Review of Beyond Positivism and Relativism by Larry Laudan". Erkenntnis. 47 (3): 415–417. doi:10.1023/A:1005393922419. JSTOR 20012815. S2CID 169809938.

External links[]

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