Iron Gates Mesolithic

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This article is about a Mesolithic culture of the Balkans. For for Iron Age cultures of Romania and Serbia, see Iron Age Balkans.
Iron Gates Mesolithic
Lepenski vir Praroditeljka (Foremother, cca 7000 BCE).jpg
Alternative names
  • Iron Gates culture
  • Lepenski Vir culture
Geographical rangeIron Gates, Danube Valley
PeriodMesolithic
Dates11,000–3500 BCE
Type siteLepenski Vir
Preceded byEpigravettian
Followed byFirst Temperate Neolithic

The Iron Gates Mesolithic is a Mesolithic archaeological culture, dating to between 11,000 and 6,000 years BCE, in the Iron Gates region of the Danube River, in modern Romania and Serbia.

Major sites within this archaeological complex include Lepenski Vir. Despite a foraging economy, stages at this site dated at c. 6300–6000 BCE have been described as "the first city in Europe",[1][2][3] due to its permanency, organisation, as well as the sophistication of its architecture and construction techniques.[4][5] Lepenski Vir consists of one large settlement with around 10 satellite villages. Numerous piscine sculptures and peculiar architecture have been found at the site.

The people who inhabited the Iron Gates area during this period of time have been surmised, through archaeological discoveries, to have lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, living off food they gather from land or from the Danube River.[6][7] Varying burial practices have also been observed by these people.[8]

Genetics[]

A February 2018 study published in Nature included an analysis of a large number of individuals from the Iron Gates Mesolithic dating from 9500 BC to 5000 BC. They were most closely related to Western European hunter-gatherers, but with some additional affinity toward Eastern European hunter-gatherers and Anatolian Neolithic farmers. Their most common maternal haplogroup was U5, typical of European hunter-gatherers, but they also carried haplogroups U4, K1, and a single case of H13. Their paternal haplogroups were I and R, which predominated in other European hunter-gatherers as well. Where a finer classification was possible, the R was specifically R1b1a-L754 (not belonging to subclade R1b1a1a-P297), and the I belonged to I2a-L460. [9]

See also[]

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ Jovanović, Jelena; Power, Robert C.; de Becdelièvre, Camille; Goude, Gwenaëlle; Stefanović, Sofija (2021-01-01). "Microbotanical evidence for the spread of cereal use during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Southeastern Europe (Danube Gorges): Data from dental calculus analysis". Journal of Archaeological Science. 125: 105288. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105288. ISSN 0305-4403.
  2. ^ Bonsall, C.; Cook, G. T.; Hedges, R. E. M.; Higham, T. F. G.; Pickard, C.; Radovanović, I. (2004/ed). "Radiocarbon and Stable Isotope Evidence of Dietary Change from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages in the Iron Gates: New Results from Lepenski Vir". Radiocarbon. 46 (1): 293–300. doi:10.1017/S0033822200039606. ISSN 0033-8222. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Pavlović, 20 August 2017, p. 20.
  4. ^ Pavlović, 23 August 2017.
  5. ^ Rusu, 2011.
  6. ^ Radovanovic, Ivana (2006). "Further notes on Mesolithic-Neolithic contacts in the Iron Gates Region and the Central Balkans". Documenta Praehistorica. 33: 107–124 – via Academia.
  7. ^ Dinu, Alexandru (2010). "Mesolithic fish and fisherman of the Lower Danube (Iron Gates)". Documenta Praehistorica. 37: 299–310 – via ResearchGate.
  8. ^ Bonsall, Clive; Boroneant, Adina (2011). "Burial Practices in the Iron Gates Mesolithic". Homines, Funera, Astra: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Funerary Anthrbopology: 45–56 – via Academia.
  9. ^ Mathieson 2018.

Bibliography[]


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