Les Misérables (musical)

Les Misérables
Music	Claude-Michel Schönberg
Lyrics	Alain Boublil Jean-Marc Natel
Book	Alain Boublil Claude-Michel Schönberg
Basis	Les Misérables by Victor Hugo
Premiere	24 September 1980: Palais des Sports, Paris
Productions	Multiple global productions since 1980
Awards	Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical Tony Award for Best Original Score Laurence Olivier Award for Most Popular Show Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music Helpmann Award for Best Musical

Les Misérables (/leɪ ˌmɪzəˈrɑːb(lə)/; French pronunciation: ​[le mizeʁabl(ə)]), colloquially known as Les Mis or Les Miz (/leɪ ˈmɪz/), is a sung-through musical adaptation of Victor Hugo's 1862 novel of the same name, by Claude-Michel Schönberg (music), Alain Boublil and Jean-Marc Natel (original French lyrics), and Herbert Kretzmer (English lyrics). The original French musical premiered in Paris in 1980 with direction by Robert Hossein. Its English-language adaptation by producer Cameron Mackintosh has been running in London since October 1985, making it the longest-running musical in the West End and the second longest-running musical in the world after the original Off-Broadway run of The Fantasticks.

Set in early 19th-century France, Les Misérables is the story of Jean Valjean, a French peasant, and his desire for redemption, released in 1815 after serving nineteen years in jail for stealing a loaf of bread for his sister's starving child. Valjean decides to break his parole and start his life anew after a bishop inspires him with a tremendous act of mercy, but a police inspector named Javert refuses to let him escape justice and pursues him for most of the play. Along the way, Valjean and a slew of characters are swept into the June 1832 Rebellion in France, where a group of young idealists attempt to overthrow the government at a street barricade in Paris.

Background[]

Les Misérables was originally released as a French-language concept album,^[1] and the first musical-stage adaptation of Les Misérables was presented at the Palais des Sports in 1980.^[2] However, the production closed after three months due to the expiry of the booking contract.^{[citation needed]}

In 1983, about six months after producer Cameron Mackintosh had opened Cats on Broadway, he received a copy of the French concept album from director Peter Farago. Farago had been impressed by the work and asked Mackintosh to produce an English-language version of the show. Initially reluctant, Mackintosh eventually agreed. Mackintosh, in conjunction with the Royal Shakespeare Company, assembled a production team to adapt the French musical for a British audience. After two years in development, the English-language version opened in London on 8 October 1985, by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Barbican Centre, then the London home of the RSC. The success of the West End musical led to a Broadway production.

Critical reception and milestones[]

Les Misérables, today, has received widespread critical acclaim, and audiences have often cited it as one of the greatest musicals ever.^[3][4][5] However, this was not always the case. Initially, critical reviews for Les Misérables were negative. At the opening of the London production, The Sunday Telegraph's Francis King described the musical as "a lurid Victorian melodrama produced with Victorian lavishness" and Michael Ratcliffe of The Observer considered the show "a witless and synthetic entertainment", while literary scholars condemned the project for converting classic literature into a musical.^[6][7] Public opinion differed: the box office received record orders. The three-month engagement sold out, and reviews improved. The original London production ran from October 1985 to July 2019, playing over 13,000 performances and making it the second longest-running musical in the world after The Fantasticks,^[8] the second longest-running West End show after The Mousetrap,^[9] and the longest-running musical in the West End.^[10] On 3 October 2010, the show celebrated its 25th anniversary with three productions running in London: the original production at the Queen's Theatre; the 25th Anniversary touring production at the Barbican Centre; and the 25th Anniversary concert at London's O2 Arena.^[10]

The Broadway production opened 12 March 1987 and ran until 18 May 2003, closing after 6,680 performances. At the time of its closing, it was the second-longest running musical in broadway history.^[11] As of 2019, it remains the sixth longest-running Broadway show.^[12] The show was nominated for 12 Tony Awards, at that time a record number, of which it won eight, including Best Musical and Best Original Score.

Subsequently, numerous tours and international and regional productions have been staged, as well as concert and broadcast productions. Several recordings have also been made. A Broadway revival opened in 2006 at the Broadhurst Theatre and closed in 2008, and a second Broadway revival opened in 2014 at the Imperial Theatre and closed in September 2016. The show was placed first in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of Britain's "Number One Essential Musicals" in 2005, receiving more than forty percent of the votes.^[13] A film version directed by Tom Hooper was released at the end of 2012 to generally positive reviews as well as numerous awards nominations, winning three Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards and four British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA).

Emblem[]

The musical's emblem is a picture of the waif Cosette sweeping the Thénardiers' inn (which occurs in the musical during "Castle on a Cloud"). It is usually cropped to a head-and-shoulders portrait, superimposed on the French flag. The image is based on an etching by Gustave Brion, which in turn was based on the drawing by Émile Bayard. Bayard's drawing appeared in several of the novel's earliest French-language editions.

Synopsis[]

Prologue[]

In 1815 in France, a chain gang of prisoners work at hard labor ("Prologue: Work Song"). After 19 years in prison (five for stealing bread for his sister's starving son and her family, and the rest for trying to escape), Jean Valjean, "prisoner 24601,” is released on parole by the prison guard Javert. By law, Valjean must display a yellow ticket of leave, which identifies him as an ex-convict ("On Parole").

As a convict, Valjean is shunned wherever he goes and cannot find regular work with decent wages or lodging, but the Bishop of Digne offers him food and shelter. Desperate and embittered, Valjean steals the Bishop's silver, angering a farmer and other merchants as he flees. He is captured by the police, but rather than turn him in, the Bishop lies and tells the police that the silver was a gift, giving Valjean a pair of silver candlesticks in addition. The Bishop tells Valjean that he must use the silver "to become an honest man" and that he has "bought (Valjean's) soul for God" ("Valjean Arrested, Valjean Forgiven"). Humbled by the Bishop's kindness, Valjean resolves to redeem his sins ("Valjean's Soliloquy/What Have I Done?") and tears up his yellow ticket, breaking his parole but giving himself a chance to start a new life free from the stigma of his criminal past.

Act 1[]

Eight years later, in 1823, Valjean has assumed a new identity as Monsieur Madeleine, a wealthy factory owner and mayor of Montreuil-sur-Mer. Fantine is a single mother working in his factory, trying to support her daughter Cosette, who is being raised by an innkeeper and his wife while Fantine labours in the city. Unbeknownst to Valjean, the factory foreman lusts after Fantine, and when she rejects his advances, he takes it out on the other workers, who resent her for it. One day, a coworker steals a letter about Cosette from Fantine, revealing to the other workers that Fantine has a child. A fight breaks out, and the foreman and other workers use the incident as a pretence to fire Fantine ("At the End of the Day"). Fantine reflects on her broken dreams and about Cosette's father, who abandoned them both ("I Dreamed a Dream"). Desperate for money, she sells her locket and hair, finally becoming a prostitute ("Lovely Ladies"), and attracts local sailors. When she fights back against an abusive customer, Bamatabois, Javert, now a police inspector stationed in Montreuil-sur-Mer, arrives to arrest her. Valjean, passing by the scene, pities Fantine, and when he realises she once worked for him and that she blames him for her misfortune, he is guilt-stricken. He orders Javert to release her and takes her to a hospital ("Fantine's Arrest").

Soon afterwards, Valjean rescues a man, Fauchelevent, who is pinned by a runaway cart ("The Runaway Cart"). Javert, who has up until now not recognised Valjean, though he has pursued him as a fugitive all these years, witnesses the incident and becomes suspicious, remembering the incredible strength Valjean displayed in the work camp. However, it turns out a man who looks like Valjean has been arrested, and is about to go to trial for breaking parole. The real Valjean realises that this case of mistaken identity could free him forever, but he is not willing to see an innocent man go to prison in his place. He confesses his identity to the court ("Who Am I? (The Trial)"). At the hospital, a delirious Fantine dreams of Cosette. Valjean promises to find Cosette and protect her ("Come to Me (Fantine's Death)"). Relieved, Fantine succumbs to her illness and dies. Javert arrives to take Valjean back into custody, but Valjean asks Javert for time to fetch Cosette. Javert refuses, insisting that a criminal like Valjean can never change for the better. They struggle, but Valjean overpowers Javert and escapes ("The Confrontation").

In Montfermeil, the duplicitous innkeepers, the Thénardiers, use Cosette as a servant and treat her cruelly while extorting money from Fantine by claiming that Cosette is regularly and seriously ill, as well as demanding money to feed and clothe Cosette, all the while indulging their own daughter, Éponine. Cosette dreams of a life with a mother where she is not forced to work and is treated lovingly ("Castle on a Cloud"). The Thénardiers cheat their customers, stealing their possessions and setting high prices for low-quality service, and live a life of criminal depravity ("Master of the House"). Valjean meets Cosette while she's on an errand drawing water and offers the Thénardiers payment to adopt her ("The Bargain"). The Thénardiers feign concern for Cosette, claiming that they love her like a daughter and that she is in fragile health, and bargain with Valjean, who pays them 1,500 francs in the end. Valjean and Cosette leave for Paris ("The Waltz of Treachery").

Nine years later, in 1832, Paris is in upheaval because of the impending death of General Lamarque, the only man in the government who shows mercy to the poor. Among those mingling in the streets are the student revolutionaries Marius Pontmercy and Enjolras, who contemplate the effect Lamarque's death will have on the poor and desperate in Paris; the Thénardiers, who have since lost their inn and now run a street gang which consists of thugs Brujon, Babet, Claquesous, and Montparnasse; the Thénardiers’ daughter Éponine, who is now grown and has fallen in love with her best friend, Marius (who is oblivious of her affections); and the streetwise young urchin Gavroche, the eldest son, but raised to be the only son, of the Thénardiers, who knows everything that happens in the slums ("Look Down"). The Thénardiers prepare to con some charitable visitors, who turn out to be Valjean and Cosette, who has grown into a beautiful young woman. While the gang bamboozles her father, Cosette runs into Marius, and the pair fall in love at first sight. Thénardier suddenly recognises Valjean, but before they can finish the robbery, Javert, now an inspector stationed in Paris, comes to the rescue ("The Robbery"). Valjean and Cosette escape, and only later (when Thénardier tips him off) does Javert suspect who they were. Javert makes a vow to the stars – which represent his belief in a just and ordered universe where suffering is a punishment for sin – that he will find Valjean and recapture him ("Stars"). Meanwhile, Marius persuades Éponine to help him find Cosette ("Éponine's Errand").

At a small café, Enjolras exhorts a group of idealistic students to prepare for revolution. Marius interrupts the serious atmosphere by fantasising about his new-found love, much to the amusement of his compatriots, particularly the wine-loving Grantaire ("The ABC Café/Red and Black"). When Gavroche brings the news of General Lamarque's death, the students realise that they can use the public's dismay to incite their revolution, and that their time has come ("Do You Hear the People Sing?"). At Valjean's house, Cosette thinks about her chance meeting with Marius. She confronts Valjean about the secrets he keeps about his and her own past ("Rue Plumet/In My Life"). Éponine leads Marius to Cosette's garden. He and Cosette meet again and confess their mutual love, while a heartbroken Éponine watches them through the garden gate and laments that Marius has fallen in love with another ("A Heart Full of Love"). Thénardier and his gang arrive, intending to rob Valjean's house, but Éponine stops them by screaming a warning ("The Attack on Rue Plumet"). The scream alerts Valjean, who believes that the intruder was Javert. He tells Cosette that it's time once again for them to go on the run, and starts planning for them to flee France altogether.

On the eve of the 1832 Paris Uprising, Valjean prepares to go into exile; Cosette and Marius part in despair; Enjolras encourages all of Paris to join the revolution; the other students prepare for battle; Éponine acknowledges despairingly that Marius will never love her; Marius is conflicted whether to follow Cosette or join the uprising; Javert reveals his plans to spy on the students; and the Thénardiers scheme to profit off the coming violence. Marius decides to stand with his friends, and all anticipate what the dawn will bring ("One Day More").^[10][14]

Act II[]

As the students build a barricade to serve as their rally point, Javert, disguised as a rebel, volunteers to "spy" on the government troops. Marius discovers that Éponine has disguised herself as a boy to join the rebels and, wanting to keep his best friend safe from the impending violence, he sends her to deliver a farewell letter to Cosette. ("Building the Barricade (Upon These Stones)") Valjean intercepts the letter and learns about Marius and Cosette's romance. Éponine walks the streets of Paris alone, imagining that Marius is there with her, but laments that her love for Marius will never be reciprocated ("On My Own").

The French army arrives at the barricade and demands that the students surrender ("At the Barricade"). Though Javert tells the students that the government will not attack that night ("Javert's Arrival"), Gavroche recognises him and quickly exposes him as a spy, and the students detain him ("Little People"). Their plan is to spark a general uprising with their act of defiance, hoping that all the people of Paris will side with them and overwhelm the army. Éponine returns to find Marius but is shot by the soldiers crossing the barricade. As Marius holds her, she assures him that she feels no pain and reveals her love for him before dying in his arms ("A Little Fall of Rain"). The students mourn this first loss of life at the barricades and resolve to fight in her name. Enjolras attempts to comfort Marius, who is devastated and heartbroken over the death of his best friend. Valjean arrives at the barricade, crossing the government lines, disguised as a soldier ("Night of Anguish"), hoping that he might somehow protect Marius in the coming battle for Cosette's sake. The rebels are suspicious of him at first, but when the army attacks, Valjean saves Enjolras by shooting at a sniper and scaring him off, and they accept him as one of them. In return, he asks Enjolras to allow him to be the one to execute the imprisoned Javert, which Enjolras grants. But as soon as Valjean and Javert are alone, Valjean frees Javert. Javert warns Valjean that he will not give up his pursuit and rejects what he perceives as a bargain for Valjean's freedom. Valjean says there are no conditions to his release, and holds no grudges toward Javert for doing his duty ("The First Attack").

The students settle down for the night and reminisce about the past while also expressing anxiety about the battle to come. Enjolras tells the other students to stay awake in case the enemy strikes unexpectedly in the night, but he tells Marius to get some sleep, knowing Marius is still much too devastated over losing Éponine to stay awake. Grantaire gets angry and asks the students if they fear to die. Marius wonders if Cosette will remember him if he does ("Drink with Me"). As Marius sleeps, Valjean prays to God to protect Marius, even if the cost for Marius' safety is his own life ("Bring Him Home"). As dawn approaches, Enjolras realises that the people of Paris have not risen up with them, but resolves to fight on in spite of the impossible odds ("Dawn of Anguish"). Their resolve is fired even further when the army kills Gavroche, who snuck out to collect ammunition from bodies on the other side of the barricade ("The Second Attack (Death of Gavroche)"). The army gives a final warning, but the rebels fight to the last man with Enjolras exhorting "Let others rise to take our place, until the Earth is free!". Everyone at the barricade is killed except Valjean and a gravely wounded Marius, who escape into the sewers ("The Final Battle"). Javert returns to the barricade, searching for Valjean amongst the bodies, and finds the open sewer grating.

Valjean carries Marius through the sewers but collapses in exhaustion. While he is unconscious, Thénardier, who has been looting bodies, comes upon them and takes a ring from the unconscious Marius, but flees when Valjean (whom he again recognises) regains consciousness ("Dog Eats Dog"). When Valjean carries Marius to the sewer's exit, he finds Javert waiting for him. Valjean begs Javert for one hour to bring Marius to a doctor, and Javert reluctantly agrees. Javert finds himself unable to reconcile Valjean's merciful acts with his conception of Valjean as an irredeemable criminal. Refusing to compromise his principles but no longer able to hold them sacred, he finds himself torn between his beliefs about God and his desire to adhere to the law. He is unable to reconcile and commits suicide by throwing himself into the Seine ("Javert's Suicide").

In the wake of the failed revolution, women mourn the deaths of the students ("Turning"). Marius, wounded but alive, despairs at the death of his friends and sees that their sacrifice was for nothing ("Empty Chairs at Empty Tables"). As he wonders who saved his own life, Cosette comforts him, and they reaffirm their blossoming romance. Valjean realises that Cosette will not need him as a caretaker once she's married and gives them his blessing ("Every Day"). Valjean confesses to Marius that he is an escaped convict and must go away because his presence endangers Cosette ("Valjean's Confession"), making Marius promise never to tell Cosette. A few months later, Marius and Cosette marry ("Wedding Chorale"). The Thénardiers crash the reception disguised as nobility and attempt to blackmail Marius, telling him that Valjean is a murderer and that Thénardier saw him carrying a corpse in the sewers after the barricades fell. When Thénardier shows him the ring he stole as proof, Marius realises that it was Valjean who saved his life. The newlyweds leave to find Valjean (in some productions, Marius pauses to give Thénardier a punch in the face). The Thénardiers are not discouraged, instead gloating that their craven practicality has saved their lives time and time again ("Beggars at the Feast").

At a convent, Valjean awaits his death, having nothing left to live for. The spirit of Fantine appears to him and tells him that he has been forgiven and will soon be with God. Cosette and Marius arrive to find Valjean near death. Valjean thanks God for letting him live long enough to see Cosette again, and Marius thanks him for saving his life ("Valjean's Death"). Valjean gives Cosette a letter confessing his troubled past and the truth about her mother. As he dies, the spirits of Fantine and Éponine guide him to Heaven reminding him that "to love another person is to see the face of God". They are joined by the spirits of those who died at the barricades, who sing that in the next world, God lays low all tyranny and frees all oppressed people from their shackles ("Do You Hear The People Sing? (Reprise/Finale)").^[14]

Musical numbers[]

Act I

#	Song	Performer(s)
1	"Prologue: Work Song"	Chain Gang, Javert, Jean Valjean
2	"Prologue: On Parole"	Jean Valjean, Farmer, Labourer, Innkeeper's Wife, Innkeeper, Bishop of Digne
3	"Prologue: Valjean Arrested, Valjean Forgiven"	Constables, Bishop of Digne
4	"Prologue: Soliloquy/What Have I Done?"	Jean Valjean
5	"At the End of the Day"	Fantine, Foreman, Factory Girl, Jean Valjean, Factory Workers, Ensemble
6	"I Dreamed a Dream"	Fantine
7	"Lovely Ladies"	Fantine, Sailors, Whores, Old Woman, Crone, Pimp, Ensemble
8	"Fantine's Arrest"	Bamatabois, Fantine, Javert and Jean Valjean
9	"'The Runaway Cart"	Fauchevelant, Javert, Jean Valjean, Ensemble
10	"Who Am I?"	Jean Valjean
11	"Come to Me"	Fantine and Jean Valjean
12	"The Confrontation"	Javert and Jean Valjean
13	"Castle on a Cloud"	Young Cosette, Madame Thénardier
14	"Master of the House"	Thénardier, Madame Thénardier, Ensemble
15	"The Well Scene"	Jean Valjean and Young Cosette
16	"The Bargain / The Waltz of Treachery"	Jean Valjean, Thénardier, Madame Thénardier, Cosette
17	"Look Down"	Gavroche, Old Woman, Prostitute, Pimp, Enjolras, Marius, Company
18	"The Robbery"	Thénardier, Madame Thénardier, Marius, Éponine, Jean Valjean
19	"Javert's Intervention"	Javert, Thénardier
20	"Stars"	Javert
21	"Éponine's Errand"	Éponine and Marius
22	"Red and Black"	Enjolras, Marius, Grantaire, Combeferre, Feuilly, Courfeyrac, Joly, Lesgles, Prouvaire, Gavroche
23	"Do You Hear the People Sing?"	Enjolras, Combeferre, Courfeyrac, Feuilly, Ensemble
24	"In My Life"	Cosette, Jean Valjean, Marius and Éponine
25	"A Heart Full of Love"	Marius, Cosette and Éponine
26	"The Attack on Rue Plumet"	Thénardier, Brujon, Babet, Claquesous, Montparnasse, Éponine, Marius, Jean Valjean and Cosette
27	"One Day More"	Jean Valjean, Marius, Cosette, Éponine, Enjolras, Javert, Thénardier, Madame Thénardier and Company

Act II

#	Song	Performer(s)
28	"Building the Barricade"	Enjolras, Javert, Grantaire, Students, Marius, Éponine
29	"On My Own"	Éponine
30	"At the Barricade"	Enjolras, Marius, Grantaire, Students, and Army Officer
31	"Javert's Arrival"	Javert and Enjolras
32	"Little People"	Gavroche, Enjolras, Javert
33	"A Little Fall of Rain"	Éponine and Marius
34	"Night of Anguish"	Enjolras and Students
35	"First Attack"	Enjolras, Jean Valjean, Javert, Students
36	"Drink with Me"	Feuilly, Prouvaire, Joly, Grantaire, Marius, Company
37	"Bring Him Home"	Jean Valjean
38	"Dawn of Anguish"	Enjolras
39	"The Second Attack (Death of Gavroche)"	Enjolras, Marius, Jean Valjean, Gavroche, Students
40	"The Final Battle"	Army Officer, Enjolras, Company
41	"The Sewers / Dog Eats Dog"	Thénardier
42	"Javert's Soliloquy"	Javert
43	"Turning"	Women of Paris
44	"Empty Chairs at Empty Tables"	Marius
45	"Every Day / A Heart Full of Love (Reprise)"	Cosette, Marius and Jean Valjean
46	"Valjean's Confession"	Marius and Jean Valjean
47	"Wedding Chorale / Beggars at the Feast"	Marius, Thénardier, Madame Thénardier, Company
48	"Epilogue: Valjean's Death"	Jean Valjean, Fantine, Cosette, Marius and Éponine
49	"Epilogue / Finale"	Full Company

Instrumentation[]

The standard orchestration for the 2009 U.K. tour of Les Misérables consisted of:

Characters[]

Characters in order of appearance

Character[16]	Voice[17][page needed]	Description
Jean Valjean	dramatic tenor G#2-B4 (D5 optional)	Prisoner 24601. After being released from imprisonment for serving nineteen years (five for stealing a loaf of bread and fourteen for multiple escape attempts), he breaks parole and, after receiving mercy from Bishop Myriel, turns his life around to live for God, showing the effects of God's grace that bring a corrupt man into virtuous and selfless living. He changes his identity, becoming the wealthy mayor of a small town. He later adopts Cosette, the only daughter of Fantine. At the end of the musical, he eventually dies and the spirit of Fantine thanks him for raising her child.
Javert	bass-baritone F2-F♯4	Respects the law above all else and relentlessly pursues Valjean, hoping to bring the escaped convict to justice. He firmly believes in the justice of the law, and has no room for mercy. In the end he commits suicide, broken by the mercy he experiences from Valjean.
The Bishop of Digne	bass A2-E4	Shelters Valjean after his release from jail and gives him gifts of silver and absolution. His acts of kindness move Valjean to surrender his ways to God, escaping the label of "criminal" and living in a new identity.
The Factory Foreman	bass D3-D4	Foreman of Valjean's jet bead factory in Montreuil-sur-Mer which employs Fantine and other workers. The Foreman fires Fantine from the factory when she persists in resisting his overt sexual advances and because it is discovered that she is the mother of an illegitimate child (Cosette) living elsewhere.
The Factory Girl	soprano F4-E♭5	Mistress to the Factory Foreman. She intercepts a letter that the Thénardiers have sent to Fantine which exposes her as the mother of an illegitimate child, and the Factory Girl shows it to the Foreman, goading him into firing her.
Fantine	lyric mezzo-soprano D3-E♭5	An impoverished factory worker who loses her job and, as a result, turns to prostitution in order to continue paying the Thénardiers to care for her illegitimate daughter, Cosette. As Fantine dies of consumption, she asks Valjean to look after her child. Ultimately she appears as a spirit and escorts the dying Valjean to Heaven.
Crone	soprano	Also called "The Locket Crone", this character is the woman who talks Fantine into selling her precious locket for much less than it is worth.
Old Woman	contralto E4-D5	Affectionately called "The Hair Hag" in many of the original US companies, the Old Woman is the character who talks Fantine into selling her hair before Fantine becomes a prostitute.
Bamatabois	baritone or tenor	An upper-class "fop" who tries to buy Fantine's services. He treats her abusively so she refuses him. When Javert enters the scene, Bamatabois tries to cover the fact that he was soliciting a prostitute by having her arrested for attacking him unprovoked.
Fauchelevent	baritone or tenor	In a role reduced from the novel, he appears only in the Cart Crash scene, where he is trapped under the cart and rescued by Valjean. He is an elderly man who has fallen upon hard times.
Champmathieu	silent	A man who is arrested and on trial because he is believed to be Jean Valjean. Valjean, still under the name Madeleine, confesses his true identity at the trial in order to save the man.
Young Cosette	treble	The eight-year-old daughter of Fantine. Cosette is in the care of the Thénardiers who are paid by Fantine to take care of her child. Unknown to Fantine, the Thénardiers force Cosette to work, and they use Fantine's money for their own needs.
Madame Thénardier	contralto G♯3-E5	Thénardier's unscrupulous wife, who abuses Cosette but dotes on her own daughter, Éponine. She is fully complicit in most of her husband's crimes and schemes.
Young Éponine	silent	The pampered daughter of the Thénardiers. She grows up with Cosette and is unkind to her.
Thénardier	comic baritone G♯2-G4	A second-rate thief, Thénardier runs a small inn where he continually bilks his customers. He and his family later travel to Paris, where he sets up as the leader of a gang of street thugs and con men. An eternal survivor, Thénardier is above nothing and below everything.
Gavroche	boy soprano A2-G4 (OR A3-G5)	A streetwise urchin who knows everyone and everything that happens in the slums of Paris. He joins up with the revolutionaries, and later dies on the barricade attempting to recover ammunition from fallen soldiers.
Enjolras	baritone or tenor A2-A♭4 (B♭4 optional)	The leader of the student revolutionaries and a friend of Marius. He is Idealistic, although his plan is doomed to failure.
Marius	tenor A2-A♭4	A student revolutionary, is friends with Éponine, but falls in love with Cosette, and she with him. He is later rescued from the barricades by Valjean, who ultimately gives Marius and Cosette his blessing, allowing them to be married.
Éponine	mezzo-soprano F3-E5	Daughter of the Thénardiers, Éponine, now a ragged street waif and a thief like her father, secretly loves Marius. Although it causes her great anguish, she helps him locate Cosette and later delivers a message he sends her from the barricade. She is killed while returning to the barricades to see Marius. In the end she appears as a spirit alongside Fantine and they guide the dying Valjean to Heaven.
Brujon	baritone or tenor	A brutish and cowardly, but dissatisfied, member of Thénardier's Gang. Brujon's role in the musical expands to cover Gueulemer.
Babet	baritone or tenor	A foreboding member of Thénardier's Gang.
Claquesous	baritone or tenor	A member of Thénardier's Gang. Quiet and masked, expert at evading the police, Claquesous might in fact be working for the law.
Montparnasse	baritone or tenor	A young member of Thénardier's Gang, Montparnasse is a handsome man who appears to be close to Éponine. He is usually portrayed as well-dressed, as he is in the book.
Cosette	soprano B♭3-C6	Cosette, the daughter of Fantine, has grown up to become a beautiful young woman of culture and privilege under Valjean's adoptive and loving fatherly care and protection. She falls in love with Marius, and he returns her equally strong and pure romantic feelings. She marries him at the end of the musical.
Friends of the ABC	baritones and tenors A2-G4	Student revolutionaries who lead a revolution and die in the process, the Friends of the ABC become martyrs for the rights of citizens. (See Members listed below)
Combeferre	baritone A2-G4	Combeferre is the philosopher of the ABC group. Enjolras' second-in-command. He is described as the guide of the Friends of the ABC.
Feuilly	baritone or tenor A2-A4	Feuilly is the only member of the Friends of the ABC who is not a student; he is a workingman. An optimist who stands as a sort of ambassador for the "outside", while the rest of the men stand for France. He loves Poland very much.
Courfeyrac	tenor A2-G4	Friendly and open, Courfeyrac introduces Marius to the ABC society in the novel. He always has many mistresses, and is described as the centre of the Friends of the ABC, always giving off warmth.
Joly	tenor A2-G4	A medical student and a hypochondriac; best friends with Lesgles.
Grantaire	baritone A2-G4	Grantaire is a member of the Friends of the ABC. Though he admires Enjolras, Grantaire often opposes Enjolras' fierce determination and occasionally acts as a voice of reason. In many performances, Grantaire is very close to Gavroche and attempts to act as his protector. Grantaire is a drunkard and is often tipsy throughout the musical, carrying a bottle of wine wherever he goes. He has no interest in the revolution, and is there because his friends are. He asks of them before the final battle whether they believe their deaths will accomplish anything.
Prouvaire	baritone or tenor A2-G4	Prouvaire, a poet, is the youngest student member of the Friends. Jean Prouvaire has the honor of waving the giant red flag during "One Day More" at the end of Act One.
Lesgles	baritone or tenor A2-G4	Best friends with Joly. A very unlucky man, but also a very happy one.
Army Officer/Loud Hailer	baritone or tenor C4-G4	A voice from offstage, he demands the surrender of the student revolutionaries before the army attacks, telling them that the people of Paris have not answered their call for help.

Casts[]

Original casts[]

Character	French Album Concept 1980	Original French Cast 1980	Original West End Cast 1985	Original Broadway Cast 1987	Original U.S. Tour 1987	Original U.K. Tour 1992	1st Broadway Revival 2006	2nd Broadway Revival 2014
Jean Valjean	Maurice Barrier		Colm Wilkinson		William Solo	Jeff Leyton	Alexander Gemignani	Ramin Karimloo
Javert	Jacques Mercier	Jean Vallée	Roger Allam	Terrence Mann	Herndon Lackey	Philip Quast	Norm Lewis	Will Swenson
Fantine	Rose Laurens		Patti LuPone	Randy Graff	Diane Fratantoni	Ria Jones	Daphne Rubin-Vega	Caissie Levy
Thénardier	Yvan Dautin		Alun Armstrong	Leo Burmester	Tom Robbins	Tony Timberlake	Gary Beach	Cliff Saunders
Mme. Thénardier	Marie-France Roussel		Susan Jane Tanner	Jennifer Butt	Victoria Clark	Louise Plowright	Jenny Galloway	Keala Settle
Cosette	Fabienne Guyon		Rebecca Caine	Judy Kuhn	Tamara Jenkins	Sarah Ryan	Ali Ewoldt	Samantha Hill
Marius	Richard Dewitte	Gilles Buhlmann	Michael Ball	David Bryant	Hugh Panaro	Mike Sterling	Adam Jacobs	Andy Mientus
Éponine	Marie-France Dufour	Marianne Mille	Frances Ruffelle		Renee Veneziale	Meredith Braun	Celia Keenan-Bolger	Nikki M. James
Enjolras	Michel Sardou	Christian Ratellin	David Burt	Michael Maguire	John Herrera	Daniel Coll	Aaron Lazar	Kyle Scatliffe
Gavroche	Fabrice Bernard	Florence Davis Cyrille Dupont Fabrice Ploquin	Ian Tucker Oliver Spencer Liza Hayden	Braden Danner RD Robb	Lantz Landry Andrew Renshaw	Various	Brian D'Addario Jacob Levine Austyn Myers	Joshua Colley Gaten Matarazzo

Notable replacements[]

West End (1985- )

• Jean Valjean: John Owen-Jones, Simon Bowman, Drew Sarich, Alfie Boe, Ramin Karimloo, Peter Lockyer, Simon Gleeson, Killian Donnelly, Jon Robyns
• Javert: Clive Carter, Philip Quast, David Burt, Michael McCarthy, Jérôme Pradon, Earl Carpenter, Norm Lewis, Hadley Fraser, Hayden Tee, David Thaxton, Michael Ball
• Fantine: Ruthie Henshall, Madalena Alberto, Sierra Boggess, Na-Young Jeon, Rachelle Ann Go, Carley Stenson, Carrie Hope Fletcher, Lucie Jones
• Thénardier: Peter Polycarpou, Barry James, Martin Ball, Stephen Tate, Matt Lucas
• Mme. Thénardier: Jenny Galloway, Gay Soper, Louise Plowright, Josefina Gabrielle
• Cosette: Celia Graham, Katie Hall, Gina Beck, Lucie Jones
• Marius: Simon Bowman, Glenn Carter, Hadley Fraser, Hayden Tee, Jon Robyns, Alistair Brammer, Gareth Gates, Nick Jonas
• Éponine: Meredith Braun, Lea Salonga, Samantha Barks, Alexia Khadime, Danielle Hope, Carrie Hope Fletcher, Eva Noblezada
• Enjolras: John Owen-Jones, Ramin Karimloo, Oliver Thornton, Jon Robyns, David Thaxton, Killian Donnelly

Broadway (1987-2003)

• Jean Valjean: Gary Morris, Robert Marien
• Javert: Anthony Crivello, Robert Westenberg, Chuck Wagner, Gregg Edelman, Shuler Hensley, Terrence Mann, Michael McCarthy
• Fantine: Maureen Moore, Debbie Shapiro Gravitte, Melba Moore, Alice Ripley, Jacquelyn Piro Donovan, Rachel York, Lauren Kennedy
• Thénardier: Ed Dixon, Nick Wyman
• Cosette: Jacquelyn Piro Donovan, Sarah Litzsinger
• Marius: Hugh Panaro, Ricky Martin, Peter Lockyer, Chris Diamantopoulos, Kevin Kern
• Éponine: Catherine Brunell, Lea Salonga, Diana Kaarina
• Gavroche: Nick Jonas

Broadway revival (2006–08)

• Jean Valjean: Drew Sarich, John Owen-Jones
• Fantine: Lea Salonga, Judy Kuhn
• Thénardier: Chip Zien, Gary Beach
• Mme. Thénardier: Ann Harada
• Éponine: Mandy Bruno, Megan McGinnis
• Enjolras: Max von Essen

Broadway revival (2014–16)

• Jean Valjean: Alfie Boe, John Owen-Jones
• Javert: Earl Carpenter, Hayden Tee
• Fantine: Erika Henningsen, Montego Glover, Alison Luff
• Thénardier: Gavin Lee
• Marius: Chris McCarrell

Concert casts[]

Character	The Dream Cast in Concert 1995	The 25th Anniversary 2010	The All-Star Staged Concert 2019	The Staged Concert 2021
Jean Valjean	Colm Wilkinson	Alfie Boe		Jon Robyns
Javert	Philip Quast	Norm Lewis	Michael Ball	Bradley Jaden
Fantine	Ruthie Henshall	Lea Salonga	Carrie Hope Fletcher	Lucie Jones
Thénardier	Alun Armstrong	Matt Lucas		Gerard Carey
Mme. Thénardier	Jenny Galloway		Katy Secombe	Josefina Gabrielle
Cosette	Judy Kuhn	Katie Hall	Lily Kerhoas	Charlie Burn
Marius	Michael Ball	Nick Jonas	Rob Houchen	Harry Apps
Éponine	Lea Salonga	Samantha Barks	Shan Ako
Enjolras	Michael Maguire	Ramin Karimloo	Bradley Jaden	Jamie Muscato
Gavroche	Adam Searles	Robert Madge	Logan Clark	-
The Bishop of Digne	Paul F. Monaghan	Earl Carpenter

Additional casts[]

• Jean Valjean: Michael Ball, James Barbour, Rob Evan, Hugh Panaro, Chuck Wagner, Øystein Wiik
• Javert: Robert Cuccioli, Davis Gaines, Brian Stokes Mitchell
• Fantine: Laurie Beechman, Debra Byrne, Kari Gjærum, Katie Hall, Melora Hardin
• Thénardier: Trevor Ashley, Øivind Blunck, Ken Page
• Mme. Thénardier: Sophie-Louise Dann
• Cosette: Sierra Boggess, Erika Henningsen
• Marius: Tim Howar, John Lloyd Young
• Éponine: Sutton Foster, Lea Michele, Melissa O'Neil, Guri Schanke, Kaho Shimada
• Enjolras: Alistair Brammer, Tom Lowe, Anthony Warlow
• The Bishop: Simon Bowman, Colm Wilkinson

Productions[]

Sit-down productions[]

Original French production[]

Alain Boublil's initial idea to adapt Victor Hugo's novel into a musical came while at a performance of the musical Oliver! in London:

As soon as the Artful Dodger came onstage, Gavroche came to mind. It was like a blow to the solar plexus. I started seeing all the characters of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables—Valjean, Javert, Gavroche, Cosette, Marius, and Éponine—in my mind's eye, laughing, crying, and singing onstage.^[18]

He shared the idea with French composer Claude-Michel Schönberg, and the two developed a rough synopsis and analysis of each character's mental and emotional state, as well as that of an audience. Schönberg then began work on the music, while Boublil the text. According to Boublil, "I could begin work on the words. This I did—after myself deciding on the subject and title of every song—in collaboration with my friend, poet Jean-Marc Natel."^[19] Two years later, a two-hour demo tape of Schönberg accompanying himself on the piano and singing every role was completed. An album of this collaboration was recorded at CTS Studios in Wembley and was released in 1980, selling 260,000 copies.^{[citation needed]}

The concept album includes Maurice Barrier as Jean Valjean, Jacques Mercier as Javert, Rose Laurens as Fantine, Yvan Dautin as Thénardier, Marie-France Roussel as Mme. Thénardier, Richard Dewitte as Marius, Fabienne Guyon as Cosette, Marie-France Dufour as Éponine, Michel Sardou as Enjolras, Fabrice Bernard as Gavroche, Maryse Cédolin as Young Cosette, Claude-Michel Schönberg as Courfeyrac, Salvatore Adamo as Combeferre, Michel Delpech as Feuilly, Dominique Tirmont as M. Gillenormand, and Mireille as the hair buyer.

That year, in September 1980, a stage version directed by veteran French film director Robert Hossein was produced at the Palais des Sports in Paris. The show was a success, with 100 performances seen by over 500,000 people.^{[20][page needed][21][22]}

Most of the cast from the concept album performed in the production.^[20][23] The cast included Maurice Barrier as Valjean, Jean Vallée as Javert, Rose Laurens as Fantine, Maryse Cédolin and Sylvie Camacho and Priscilla Patron as Young Cosette, Marie-France Roussel as Mme. Thénardier, Yvan Dautin as M. Thénardier, Florence Davis and Fabrice Ploquin and Cyrille Dupont as Gavroche, Marianne Mille as Éponine, Gilles Buhlmann as Marius, Christian Ratellin as Enjolras, Fabienne Guyon as Cosette, René-Louis Baron as Combeferre, Dominique Tirmont as M. Gillenormand, Anne Forrez as Mlle. Gillenormand, and Claude Reva as the storyteller.^{[20][23][24][25]}

Original London production[]

The English-language version, with lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer and additional material by James Fenton, was substantially expanded and reworked from a literal translation by Siobhan Bracke of the original Paris version, in particular adding a prologue to tell Jean Valjean's background story. Kretzmer's lyrics are not a direct translation of the French, a term that Kretzmer refused to use. A third of the English lyrics were a rough translation, another third were adapted from the French lyrics and the final third consisted of new material. The majority is performed in recitative style; the vocalists use natural speech, not musical metrics.^[26]

The first production in English, produced by Cameron Mackintosh and adapted and directed by Trevor Nunn and John Caird, played to preview performances beginning on 28 September 1985 and formally opened on 8 October 1985 at the Barbican Centre, London. It was billed in the programme as "The Royal Shakespeare Company presentation of the RSC/Cameron Mackintosh production".

The set was designed by John Napier, costumes by Andreane Neofitou and lighting by David Hersey. Musical supervision and orchestrations were by John Cameron, who had been involved with the show since Boublil and Schönberg hired him to orchestrate the original French concept album. Musical staging was by Kate Flatt with musical direction by Martin Koch.

The original London cast included Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean, Roger Allam as Javert, Ken Caswell as the Bishop of Digne, Patti LuPone as Fantine, Zoë Hart, Justine McIntyre, Jayne O'Mahony and Joanne Woodcock as Young Cosette, Danielle Akers, Ian Calvin as Babet, Fauchlevet, and a Constable, Gillian Brander and Juliette Caton as Young Éponine, Susan Jane Tanner as Madame Thénardier, Alun Armstrong as Thénardier, Frances Ruffelle as Éponine, Rebecca Caine as Cosette, Michael Ball as Marius, David Burt as Enjolras, with Ian Tucker, Oliver Spencer and Liza Hayden sharing the role of Gavroche.^[27][28]

On 4 December 1985, the show transferred to the Palace Theatre, London and moved again on 3 April 2004, to the smaller Queens Theatre, now called the Sondheim Theatre, with some revisions of staging.^[29]

The show celebrated its ten-thousandth performance on 5 January 2010^[30] and its 30th anniversary in October 2015.^[31] The co-production has generated valuable income for the Royal Shakespeare Company.^[32]

The original show closed at the Queen's Theatre on 13 July 2019 to allow for theatre refurbishments, after which a staged concert was performed at the adjacent Gielgud Theatre for a four-month run before it returned to the Sondheim Theatre.^[33][34]

The newly updated staging developed for the 25th anniversary touring production opened at the newly renamed Sondheim Theatre on 18 December 2019 in previews with opening night set for 16 January 2020.^[35][36] The new production is co-directed by James Powell and Laurence Connor with set and image design by Matt Kinley, lighting by Paule Constable, sound by Mick Potter and costumes by Andreane Neofitou and Christine Rowlands. The first cast for this new version included Jon Robyns (Valjean), Bradley Jaden (Javert), Carrie Hope Fletcher (Fantine), Shan Ako (Éponine), Lily Kerhoas (Cosette), Harry Apps (Marius), Gerard Carey (Thénardier), Josefina Gabrielle (Madame Thénardier) and Ashley Gilmour (Enjolras).^[37]

The show was forced to close temporarily from March 16, 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was announced in June 2020 that it would not reopen until 2021.^[38] It is currently scheduled to reopen on 25 September 2021.^[39]

Original Broadway production[]

The musical opened as a pre-Broadway tryout at the Kennedy Center's Opera House in Washington, D.C. on 27 December 1986. It ran for eight weeks through 14 February 1987.^[40]

The musical then premiered on Broadway on 12 March 1987 at The Broadway Theatre. Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle reprised their roles from the London production.^[41] The $4.5 million production had a more than $4 million advance sale prior to its New York opening.^[42]

The show underwent further tightening, namely with improved sewer lighting and the incorporation of the Javert suicide scene effect.^[43] A New York Times report consisted of the following: "The transfer from London to the United States has prompted further modifications. 'We are taking this opportunity to rethink and perfect, to rewrite some details which probably no one else will see, but which for us are still long nights of work,' Mr. Boublil says. 'There are things that nobody had time to do in London, and here we have a wonderful opportunity to fix a few things. No one will notice, perhaps, but for us, it will make us so happy if we can better this show. We would like this to be the final version.'"^[42] Two songs were deleted—the complete version of Gavroche's song "Little People" and the adult Cosette's "I Saw Him Once". A short section at the beginning of "In My Life" replaced "I Saw Him Once". The lyrics in Javert's "Stars" were changed. It now ended with the line, "This I swear by the stars!", while the London production and cast recording ended with the repeated line, "Keeping watch in the night".

The original Broadway cast included Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean, David Bryant as Marius, Judy Kuhn as Cosette, Michael Maguire as Enjolras, Frances Ruffelle as Éponine, Braden Danner as Gavroche, Donna Vivino as Young Cosette, Jennifer Butt as Madame Thénardier, Leo Burmester as Thénardier, Randy Graff as Fantine, Terrence Mann as Javert, and Chrissie McDonald as Young Éponine.^[41]

Other members of the original Broadway cast included Kevin Marcum (Brujon), Paul Harman (Combeferre/Foreman), Anthony Crivello (Grantaire/Bamatabois), John Dewar (Joly), Joseph Kolinski (Feuilly), Alex Santoriello (Montparnasse/Labourer), Jesse Corti (Courfeyrac/Farmer), Susan Goodman (Old Woman/Innkeeper's Wife), John Norman (Prouvaire/Pimp), Norman Large (Bishop/Lesgles), Marcus Lovett (Babet/Constable), Steve Shocket (Claquesous/Fauchevelant/Constable/Pimp), Cindy Benson (Old Woman), Marcie Shaw, Jane Bodle, Joanna Glushak, Ann Crumb (Factory Girl), Kelli James, and Gretchen Kingsley-Weihe. Michael Hinton was the original drummer and credited on the cast album.^[41]

The musical ran at the Broadway Theatre through 10 October 1990, when it moved to the Imperial Theatre.^[41] It was scheduled to close on 15 March 2003, but the closing was postponed by a surge in public interest.^[44] According to an article in The Scotsman, "Sales picked up last October, when Sir Cameron made the announcement that the show would be closing on March 15th... its closure postponed to May 18th because of an unexpected increase in business."^[45] After 6,680 performances in sixteen years,^[45] when it closed on 18 May 2003,^[41] it was the second-longest-running Broadway musical after Cats.^[46] It was surpassed by The Phantom of the Opera in 2006.^[47]

This Broadway production of Les Misérables and its advertising in New York City is a recurring theme in American Psycho. The reviewer for the Financial Times wrote that Les Misérables is "the book's hilarious main cultural compass-point".^[48]

2006 Broadway revival[]

Only three years after the original run closed, Les Misérables began a return to Broadway on 9 November 2006 at the Broadhurst Theatre for a limited run that was subsequently made open-ended.

Using the set, costumes, performers, and other resources from the recently finished third US national touring production, the production was only slightly altered. Minor changes included colourful projections blended into its existing lighting design, and a proscenium that extended out into the first two boxes on either side of the stage.

Some cuts made to the show's prologue during its original Broadway run were restored, lyrics for Gavroche's death scene (known in the revival as "Ten Little Bullets") cut during the development of the original London production were restored, and much of the show was re-orchestrated by Christopher Jahnke, introducing a snare and timpani-heavy sound played by a 14-member band, a reduction of about 8 musicians from the original production's 22 musician orchestration.^{[citation needed]}

The original 2006 Broadway revival cast included Alexander Gemignani as Jean Valjean, Norm Lewis as Javert, Daphne Rubin-Vega as Fantine, Celia Keenan-Bolger as Éponine, Aaron Lazar as Enjolras, Adam Jacobs as Marius, Ali Ewoldt as Cosette, Gary Beach as Thénardier, Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier, Brian D’Addario, Jacob Levine, Skye Rainforth and Austyn Myers as Gavroche, and Tess Adams, Kylie Liya Goldstein and Carly Rose Sonenclar as Young Cosette/Young Éponine. The ensemble consisted of Becca Ayers, Daniel Bogart (Combeferre/Bamatabois), Justin Bohon (Joly/Major Domo), Kate Chapman, Nikki Renee Daniels, Karen Elliott (Old Woman/Innkeeper's Wife), Blake Ginther (Feuilly), J.D. Goldblatt (Montparnasse/Pimp/Labourer), Marya Grandy(Crone), Victor Hawks (Brujon), Robert Hunt (Courfeyrac/Foreman), Nehal Joshi (Lesgles/Constable), Jeff Kready (Babet/Constable/Fauchevelant), Doug Kreeger (Jean Prouvaire/Farmer), James Chip Leanord (Bishop/Claquesous), Megan McGinnis, Drew Sarich (Grantaire/Innkeeper), Haviland Stillwell (Factory Girl), and Idara Victor.^[49]

Lea Salonga, who previously played the role of Éponine in the 10th Anniversary concert, replaced Rubin-Vega as Fantine beginning on 2 March 2007. Zach Rand replaced Jacob Levine as Gavroche on 15 March 2007. Ann Harada replaced Jenny Galloway as Mme. Thénardier on 24 April 2007. Ben Davis joined playing Javert, and Max von Essen playing Enjolras. Ben Crawford and Mandy Bruno joined the cast that day too, playing Brujon and Éponine respectively. On 23 July 2007, Sarich took over the role of Valjean, following Gemignani's departure. On 5 September 2007, it was announced that John Owen-Jones (who was playing Valjean in London) was to join the Broadway cast. In return, Sarich would join the London cast in Owen-Jones' place. Judy Kuhn, who originated the role of Cosette, returned to the show after twenty years as Fantine, succeeding Salonga.

The revival closed on 6 January 2008 after 17 previews and 463 performances.^[50]

2013 Toronto revival[]

A sit down production played at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto, Canada based on the 25th Anniversary touring production.^[51] Previews began on 27 September 2013 with the opening night on 9 October. The production closed on 2 February 2014.^{[52][53][54][55]} Co-directed by Lawrence Connor and James Powell,^[56] Laurence Olivier Award nominee Ramin Karimloo starred as Jean Valjean; Colm Wilkinson, who originated the role, portrayed the Bishop of Digne in a one-day performance symbolic handing of the torch to Karimloo.^[57][58] He was joined by fellow West End star, Earl Carpenter, who reprised the role of Inspector Javert.^[59] Other cast members included Genevieve Leclerc as Fantine, Samantha Hill as Cosette, Melissa O'Neil as Éponine, Perry Sherman as Marius, Cliff Saunders as Monsieur Thénardier, Lisa Horner as Madame Thénardier, and Mark Uhre as Enjolras.^[60] The roles of young Cosette and young Éponine were shared by Ella Ballentine, Saara Chaudry and Madison Oldroyd. Gavroche was shared by David Gregory Black and Aiden GlennRead.^[61]

2014 Broadway revival[]

The show returned to Broadway in March 2014 at the Imperial Theatre with previews beginning 1 March 2014 and had an official opening on 23 March 2014.^[62][63] The creative team included the direction of Laurence Connor and James Powell, set design by Matt Kinley, costumes by Andreane Neofitou and Christine Rowlands, lighting by Paule Constable, sound by Mick Potter and projections by Fifty-Nine Productions. Cameron Mackintosh once again produced the show. On 22 October 2013, it was announced that Ramin Karimloo, Will Swenson, Caissie Levy, and Nikki M. James would be headlining the revival cast as Jean Valjean, Javert, Fantine, and Éponine respectively.^[64] Andy Mientus and Samantha Hill also starred as Marius and Cosette respectively.^[65][66] Angeli Negron and McKayla Twiggs share the role of Young Cosette.^[67] On 30 August 2015, Karimloo ended his run of the show and was replaced by Alfie Boe. After Boe's final performance on 28 February, the role of Valjean was played by John Owen-Jones beginning 1 March 2016 until the production closed on 4 September 2016, after 1,026 performances over two-and-a-half years.^[68] The revival recouped its entire initial investment and grossed $109 million.^[69]

The 2014 Broadway revival was nominated for 3 Tony Awards: Best Revival of a Musical, Best Leading Actor in a Musical for Karimloo, and Best Sound Design for Potter.

Touring productions[]

US national tours[]

The show had three national touring companies of the original Broadway production in the US, all of which shared the Broadway producer and manager, creative teams, as well nearly identical sets, costumes, and lighting. While the touring production and the New York production were running simultaneously, the staff, cast members, crew, and musicians of the two productions interchanged often, which contributed to keeping both companies of the show in form. When the New York production closed in 2003, the Third National Tour continued for another three years, and enjoyed the influx of many members from the original and subsequent New York companies.

The First National Tour opened at Boston's Shubert Theatre on 12 December 1987, and continued to play major cities until late 1991. The Second National Tour (called "The Fantine Company") opened at Los Angeles' Shubert Theatre on 1 June 1988. The production played for fourteen months then transferred to San Francisco's Curran Theatre where it enjoyed a similar run. The Third National Tour of Les Misérables (called "The Marius Company") was one of the longest running American touring musical productions. Opening on 28 November 1988, at the Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center in Florida, and closing on 23 July 2006, at the Fox Theatre in St. Louis, Missouri,^[70] the tour ran for seventeen years and 7,061 performances. The tour played in 145 cities in 43 states. The same touring company also frequently performed in Canada, made a 1994 diversion to Singapore, and another diversion in 2002 to be the first Western musical production to visit China, opening in Shanghai's Grand Theatre for a three-week engagement.

All US productions (including Broadway and its revival) were visually identical in scale and design but the third national tour was notable for its portability without sacrificing the Broadway-caliber experience. Thanks to innovative touring techniques borrowed from the pop/rock concert industry, the 4.5 million dollar production was adaptable to smaller and larger venues and traveled complete in all of 8 semi tractor trailers. It was set up and ready to go in less than 24 hours and broken down and packed up in about 16 hours. This allowed it to reach many cities and venues in its acclaimed, original Broadway form.

A new national tour began on 21 September 2017 at the Providence Performing Arts Centre (PPAC). It starred Nick Cartell as Valjean, Josh Davis as Javert, Melissa Mitchell as Fantine, J. Anthony Crane as Thénardier, Allison Guinn as Madame Thénardier, Joshua Grosso as Marius, Phoenix Best as Éponine, Matt Shingledecker as Enjolras and Jillian Butler as Cosette. The roles of young Cosette and Éponine were shared by Zoe Glick and Sophie Knapp, while the role of Gavroche was shared by Jordan Cole and Julian Lerner. It uses much of the staging and technical work of the 2014 Broadway revival.^[71]

UK and Ireland tours[]

1992–1993 Tour[]

The first tour of the UK and Ireland opened at the Palace Theatre, Manchester 14 April 1992^[72] with Jeff Leyton (Jean Valjean), Philip Quast (Javert, later replaced by Michael McCarthy)^[73] Ria Jones (Fantine), Meredith Braun (Éponine), Mike Sterling (Marius, later replaced by Richard Burman),^[73] Tony Timberlake (Thénardier), Louise Plowright (Mdme Thénardier), Sarah Ryan (Cosette) and Daniel Coll (Enjolras).^[74][75] The production then moved on to the Point Theatre, Dublin, Ireland, opening 30 June 1993,^[76] and then to Playhouse, Edinburgh, Scotland, opening 23 September 1993.^[77]

1997–2000 Tour[]

In 1997 a second tour began at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, running from 6 May until 14 June,^[78] the cast featured: Stig Rossen (Jean Valjean), Michael McCarthy (Javert), Julia Worsley (Fantine), Gemma Sandy (Éponine), Norman Bowman (Marius), Cameron Blakely (Thénardier), Cathy Breeze (Mdme Thénardier), Rebecca Vere (Cosette) and Mark O'Malley (Enjolras).^[79] The tour then continued as detailed in the table below:

showVenue	Date	Cast details
Birmingham Hippodrome	19 June 1997 to 4 October 1997[80]	The cast remained unchanged from the Plymouth run of the show[81]
Opera House, Manchester	9 October 1997 to 20 December 1997[82]	Peter Corry replaced Michael McCarthy as Javert[83]
Bristol Hippodrome	29 December 1997 to 28 March 1998[84]
Mayflower Theatre, Southampton	1 April 1998 to 6 June 1998[85]
Alhambra Theatre, Bradford	25 June 1998 to 5 September 1998[86]	John Owen-Jones (Jean Valjean) left the cast two weeks before the end of the show's run at the Alhambra[87]
Edinburgh Playhouse	16 September 1998 to 12 December 1998[88]	Jeff Leyton (Jean Valjean), Peter Corry (Javert), Carmen Cusack (Fantine) and Alex Sharpe (Éponine)[89]
Liverpool Empire Theatre	16 December 1998 to 20 February 1999[90]
Point Theatre, Dublin	25 February 1999 to 29 May 1999[91]	Colm Wilkinson (Jean Valjean), Michael McCarthy (Javert), Carmen Cusack (Fantine), Alex Sharpe (Éponine), Matt Rawle (Marius), John Kavanagh (Thénardier), Anita Reeves (Mdme Thénardier), Poppy Tierney (Cosette) and David Bardsley (Enjolras)[92]
Sheffield Arena	21 May 1999 to 19 June 1999[93]
Alexandra Theatre, Birmingham	2 July 1999 to 9 October 1999[94]
Telewask Arena, Newcastle	15 October 1999 to 13 November 1999[95]	Jeff Leyton (Jean Valjean), Martin Fisher (Javert), Ria Jones (Fantine), Alex Sharpe (Éponine), Adrian Lewis-Morgan (Marius), Jimmy Johnson (Thénardier), Cathy Breeze (Madame Thénardier), Amanda Leigh-Smith (Cosette) and Loren Greeting (Enjolras)[96]
Bristol Hippodrome	17 November 1999 to 29 January 2000[97]
Palace Theatre, Manchester	2 February 2000 to 25 March 2000[98]

25th Anniversary Tour[]

A tour to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the show began performances on 12 December 2009, at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff. Differences from the original production included a new set, new costumes, new direction and alterations to the original orchestrations. The tour also did not use a revolving stage and the scenery was inspired by the paintings of Victor Hugo. Locations have included Manchester, Norwich, Birmingham, and Edinburgh. The tour also played a special engagement in Paris. From September through October, the show returned to the Barbican Centre, London, site of the original 1985 production. The tour cast featured John Owen-Jones as Valjean, Earl Carpenter as Javert, Gareth Gates as Marius, Ashley Artus as Thénardier, Lynne Wilmot as Madame Thénardier, Madalena Alberto as Fantine, Rosalind James as Éponine, Jon Robyns as Enjolras, Katie Hall as Cosette (with Samara Clarke as Young Cosette), and David Lawrence as the Bishop of Digne. The tour ended on 2 October 2010, at the Barbican Theatre.^{[99][100][101]}

In the fall of 2010, the tour moved to the US with a new company presented by Broadway Across America to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the show opening on Broadway. The tour had its opening on 19 November 2010 at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey, running until 19 December 2010. This tour originally starred Lawrence Clayton as Valjean, Andrew Varela as Javert, Betsy Morgan as Fantine, Jenny Latimer as Cosette, Justin Scott Brown as Marius, Chasten Harmon as Éponine, Michael Kostroff as Thénardier, Shawna Hamic as Madame Thénardier, Jeremy Hays as Enjolras, Josh Caggiano and Ethan Paul Khusidman as Gavroche, Maya Jade Frank and Juliana Simone alternating as Young Cosette and Young Éponine. J. Mark McVey's daughter, Kylie McVey was the understudy for Young Cosette and Young Éponine. Clayton left the tour in April 2011. Ron Sharpe later took over as Valjean until June 2011. J. Mark McVey was then Valjean (McVey previously played the role on Broadway), but McVey and his daughter left the tour on 1 April 2012. Peter Lockyer replaces him as Valjean. Betsy Morgan left the tour on 2 December 2012. She was replaced by Genevieve Leclerc. The tour ran until 11 August 2013, closing at the Smith Center for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas. The tour's final cast included Peter Lockyer as Valjean, Andrew Varela as Javert, Genevieve Leclerc as Fantine, Lauren Wiley as Cosette, Devin Ilaw as Marius, Briana Carlson-Goodman as Éponine, Timothy Gulan as Thénardier, Shawna Hamic as Madame Thénardier, Jason Forbach as Enjolras, Ava Della Pietra and Erin Cearlock alternating as Little Cosette and Young Eponine, with Mia Sinclair Jenness as Little Girl,^[102][103] In 2011 it was reported that the tour is one of six US national Broadway tours that are grossing over $1,000,000 per week.^[104]

2018–2020 Tour[]

A new UK and Ireland tour (similar to the 25th Anniversary production) began at Curve, Leicester from 3 to 24 November 2018, before touring to the Bord Gáis Energy Theatre, Dublin (5 December to 12 January 2019), Edinburgh Festival Theatre (22 January to 16 February 2019), Palace Theatre, Manchester (19 February to 30 March 2019), Birmingham Hippodrome (2 April to 11 May 2019), Milton Keynes Theatre (14 May to 8 June 2019), Theatre Royal, Plymouth (11 June to 6 July 2019), The Alhambra Theatre, Bradford (9 July to 10 August 2019), Newcastle Theatre Royal (15 August to 5 October 2019), Liverpool Empire (9 to 26 October 2019), Mayflower Theatre, Southampton (29 October to 23 November 2019) and Wales Millennium Centre (26 November 2019 to 4 January 2020). The tour then leaves the UK to play a special engagement in Zürich, Switzerland (21 January to 23 February 2020) before visiting Norwich Theatre Royal (4 March to 4 April 2020), Bristol Hippodrome (7 April to 9 May 2020), The Lowry, Salford (12 to 30 May 2020), Glasgow Theatre Royal (3 to 27 June 2020), Birmingham Hippodrome (30 June to 18 July 2020), Leeds Grand Theatre (23 July to 15 August 2020), Bord Gáis Energy Theatre, Dublin (25 August to 13 September 2020), Marlowe Theatre, Canterbury (25 September to 24 October 2020) and finally Hull New Theatre (28 October to 21 November 2020).

The cast featured Killian Donnelly (Jean Valjean), Nic Greenshields (Javert), Katie Hall (Fantine), Tegan Bannister (Éponine), Bronwen Hanson (Cosette), Harry Apps (Marius), Martin Ball (Thénardier), Sophie-Louise Dann (Madame Thénardier) and Will Richardson (Enjolras).^[105]

The cast for the tour's second year featured Dean Chisnall (Jean Valjean), Nic Greenshields (Javert), Katie Hall (Fantine), Frances Mayli McCann (Éponine), Charlie Burn (Cosette), Felix Mosse (Marius), Ian Hughes (Thénardier), Helen Walsh (Madame Thénardier) and Barnaby Hughes (Enjolras).^[106][107]

2014 Australian tour[]

In mid 2013, a brand new Australian tour was announced, with Simon Gleeson as Valjean, Hayden Tee as Javert, Patrice Tipoki as Fantine, Trevor Ashley and Lara Mulcahy as the Thénardiers, Kerrie Anne Greenland as Éponine, Emily Langridge as Cosette, Euan Doidge as Marius and Chris Durling as Enjolras and Nicholas Cradock as Gavroche.^[108] The production premiered on 4 July at Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne.^[109] Additional stops for the Australian tour included the Crown Theatre in Perth,^[110] the Capitol Theatre in Sydney,^[111] and the Lyric Theatre QPAC in Brisbane.^[112] The Australian revival production transferred to Manila, Philippines in March 2016, becoming an international tour.^[113]

2016 International tour[]

On 16 September 2015, it was announced that the Australian tour would launch its international tour in Manila, Philippines at the Theatre at Solaire from March 2016 until 1 May 2016, and proceeded to the Esplanade Theatre in Singapore from May 2016.^[113][114] It then had its GCC premiere at the Dubai Opera in Dubai, United Arab Emirates from November 2016.^[115]

The Manila and Singapore productions featured Simon Gleeson as Valjean, Earl Carpenter as Javert, Helen Walsh as Madame Thénardier, Cameron Blakely as Thénardier, Kerrie Anne Greenland as Éponine, Emily Langridge as Cosette, Chris Durling as Enjolras, and Paul Wilkins as Marius.^[116] Rachelle Ann Go played the role of Fantine in the Manila production, and Patrice Tipoki returned the role in the Singapore production after her stint in the original London production. The Dubai production features John Owen-Jones as Valjean, Hayden Tee as Javert, Patrice Tipoki as Fantine, Peter Polycarpou as Thénardier, Jodie Prenger as Madame Thénardier, Carrie Hope Fletcher as Éponine, Alistair Brammer as Enjolras, Emily Langridge as Cosette, and Paul Wilkins as Marius.^[117]

Concert productions[]

10th Anniversary Concert[]

On 8 October 1995, the show celebrated the tenth anniversary of the West End production with a concert at the Royal Albert Hall. This 10th Anniversary Concert was nearly "complete", missing only a handful of scenes, including "The Death of Gavroche", "The Robbery" and the confrontation between Marius and the Thénardiers at the wedding feast. Sir Cameron Mackintosh hand-selected the cast, which became known as the Les Misérables Dream Cast, assembled from around the world, and engaged the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. The concert concluded with seventeen Valjeans from various international productions singing, "Do You Hear the People Sing?" in their native languages. The concert cast included Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean, Philip Quast as Javert, Paul Monaghan as the Bishop of Digne, Ruthie Henshall as Fantine, Hannah Chick as Young Cosette, Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier, Alun Armstrong as Thénardier, Adam Searles as Gavroche, Michael Maguire as Enjolras, Michael Ball as Marius, Judy Kuhn as Cosette, Lea Salonga as Éponine, and Anthony Crivello as Grantaire. The concert was staged by Ken Caswell and conducted by David Charles Abell.

25th Anniversary Concert[]

The 25th Anniversary Concert of the West End production was held at The O2 in North Greenwich, South East London, United Kingdom, on Sunday, 3 October 2010 at 1:30 pm and 7:00 pm.

It featured Alfie Boe as Jean Valjean, Norm Lewis as Javert, Lea Salonga as Fantine, Nick Jonas as Marius, Katie Hall as Cosette (in place of Camilla Kerslake, who was unable to attend), Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier, Ramin Karimloo as Enjolras, Samantha Barks as Éponine, Matt Lucas as Thénardier, Mia Jenkins as Young Cosette, Robert Madge as Gavroche and Earl Carpenter as the Bishop of Digne. Casts of the current London, international tour, original 1985 London, and several school productions took part, comprising an ensemble of three hundred performers and musicians. The concert was directed by Laurence Connor & James Powell and conducted by David Charles Abell.

The All-Star Staged Concert[]

From 10 August to 2 December 2019, the musical was performed as a staged concert version at the Gielgud Theatre in the West End during the refurbishment of the adjacent Sondheim Theatre (where the original London production had been running and will be home to the new production from December 2019 onwards.)

Featuring a cast and orchestra of over 65, the 16-week concert run starred Michael Ball as Javert, Alfie Boe as Jean Valjean, Carrie Hope Fletcher as Fantine and Matt Lucas as Thénardier. Katy Secombe also starred as Madame Thénardier and John Owen-Jones played Jean Valjean for some performances during the run. Furthers leads included Rob Houchen (Marius), Bradley Jaden (Enjolras), Shan Ako (Eponine) and Lily Kerhoas (Cosette). Earl Carpenter also played the dual role of The Bishop/Bamatabois, while understudying Javert.

The final concert was filmed and broadcast live to cinemas on 2 December and has since been released on home video and album and a tour is planned.^[118]

In October 2020, on the final of Britain's Got Talent, it was confirmed that the stage concert would return for a limited 6 week run at the Sondheim Theatre from 5 December 2020 to 17 January 2021. It was subsequently extended twice and was due to play until 28 February 2021.^[119][120] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic audience will be socially distant and capacity will be limited to 50%. Due to local COVID restrictions the show was suspended from 16 December 2020 after just 10 performances in which Boe had performed the role of Jean Valjean on 8 occasions and Owen-Jones on 2 occasions. It reopened on 20 May 2021 and is scheduled to run until 5 September. Ball, Boe, Fletcher, Lucas and Owen-Jones did not reprise their roles.^[39]

Other concert performances[]

The musical has also been performed in concert at Cardiff Castle and several venues in southern England, produced by Earl Carpenter Concerts. A concert version starring Jeff Leyton, Carmen Cusack, Annalene Beechey and Joanna Ampil was also performed at the Odyssey Arena, Belfast in 2001. In 1989, a one-night concert performance was performed at SkyDome, Toronto, and the largest concert production attracted an audience of approximately 125,000 as part of the Australia Day celebrations in Sydney's Domain Park. The Scandinavian concert tour, produced by Cameron Mackintosh in association with Noble Art, starred Danish musical icon Stig Rossen in the leading role and commemorated author Victor Hugo's 200th birthday. Venues on the tour included the Stockholm Globe Arena, Oslo Spektrum, the Helsinki Hartwell Areena, and the Gothenburg Scandinavium, with audiences totalling over 150,000 for the complete tour.

In November 2004, to celebrate the centennial of the Entente Cordiale, the Queen invited the cast of Les Misérables in the West End to perform for French President Jacques Chirac at Windsor Castle. It was the first time the cast of a West End musical had performed at a Royal residence. The part of Jean Valjean was played by Michael Ball – the original 1985 London and 1995 Dream Cast Marius – and the part of Javert was played by Michael McCarthy, Joanna Ampil as Fantine, Gemma Wardle as Eponine, Julia Möller as Cossete, Gary Tushaw as Marius and Ramin Karimloo as Enjolras. The rest of the cast was the same as in the West End, supplemented by several guest singers and a choir of former performers.

In February 2008, Les Misérables was performed at the Bournemouth International Centre, England with a cast of West End stars accompanied by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. In August 2008, a concert version, directed by Richard Jay-Alexander, was performed at the Hollywood Bowl. The cast included veteran Les Misérables star J. Mark McVey as Valjean, The Office star Melora Hardin as Fantine, Broadway star and Bowl veteran Brian Stokes Mitchell as Javert, Spring Awakening and Glee star Lea Michele as Éponine, Tony-winning Jersey Boys star John Lloyd Young as Marius, West End star Tom Lowe as Enjolras, Michael McCormick as Thénardier, Ruth Williamson as Madame Thénardier, Michele Maika as Cosette, Maddie Levy as Young Cosette, and Sage Ryan as Gavroche.

In September 2008, it was performed at the St John Loveridge Hall in Guernsey with a cast of West End performers—the first time that it had been professionally performed on the Island where Victor Hugo wrote the novel. Former London Valjean Phil Cavill reprised his role alongside Les Misérables veteran Michael McCarthy as Javert. In March 2009, the Guernsey production was remounted at Fort Regent in Jersey; and in July 2009, the musical was performed in concert at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.

International productions[]

The show has been produced in forty-two countries and translated into twenty-one languages: English, French (re-translated from the English version^{[clarification needed]}), German (Austria and Germany), Spanish (six versions: two from Spain, two from Mexico, one from Argentina, and one from Venezuela), Japanese, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk), Polish, Swedish (in Sweden and in Finland), Dutch (Netherlands and Belgium), Danish, Finnish, Brazilian Portuguese, Estonian, Czech, Mauritian Creole, Basque, Catalan and Korean. Including singles and promos, there have been over seventy official recordings from worldwide productions.^[121]

The first full West End / Broadway production in Europe (mainland) was set up in Oslo, Norway at Det Norske Teatret and opened on 17 March 1988.^[122] The production was in Norwegian and starred Norwegian singer/actor Øystein Wiik as Jean Valjean, Paul Åge Johannessen as Javert, Øivind Blunck as Thénardier, Kari Gjærum as Fantine, Amund Enger as Enjolras and Guri Schanke as Éponine. The first Oslo production was hugely successful and some 10% of Norway's entire population saw the show in the first 6 months. Øystein Wiik went on to also star as Jean Valjean in the productions in Vienna and London in 1989–1990.

The stage show, which had changed so significantly since its Parisian conception as a stadium concert in 1980, was translated back into the language of Victor Hugo for its French world première in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1991. This production had a cast that presented five shows a week in French and three a week in English.

North American productions[]

In September 2008, a mini-tour produced by Atlanta's Theater of the Stars played Eisenhower Hall at the United States Military Academy,^{[123][failed verification]} in West Point, New York; the Filene Center at the Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts in Vienna, Virginia; Kansas City Starlight Theatre; and the Fox Theater in Atlanta. The show featured a new set of original pictures painted by Victor Hugo himself. Robert Evan played Valjean, returning to the role he played in the mid-nineties on Broadway. Also featured were Nikki Rene Daniels as Fantine and Robert Hunt as Javert, both reprising their roles from the Broadway revival. Fred Hanson directed the production. The creative team included Matt Kinley as Scenic Designer, Ken Billington as Lighting Designer, Peter Fitzgerald and Erich Bechtel as Sound Designers, Zachary Borovay as Projection Designer, and Dan Riddle as Musical Director and Conductor.^[124]

In 2008, the Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virginia staged a small venue "black box" version of the play. Signature received Mackintosh's special permission for the production: "One of the great pleasures of being involved with the creation of Les Misérables is seeing this marvelous musical being done in a completely different and original way. Having seen many shows brilliantly reimagined at Signature I have no doubt that Eric and his team will come up with a revolutionary new take on Les Miz unlike anything anyone has seen before. Viva la différence!"^[125] The production officially opened on 14 December 2008 (after previews from 2 December), and ran through 22 February 2009 (extended from 25 January 2009).^[126][127]

A 2014 production at the Dallas Theater Center modernized the staging in a way rarely attempted in productions of this play, set visually in the modern-day United States rather than 1830s France. The concept was thought to be refreshing as a change from typical production styles and effective as a commentary on modern inequality. Though, much controversy surrounded their unauthorized depart from the authors' libretto and score.^[128][129]

In Panama, Les Misérables was staged in 2014 in Spanish at the famed National Theatre of Panama for a short, sold-out run, directed by Aaron Zebede.^[130]

School edition[]

The school edition cuts a considerable amount of material from the original show. It is divided into thirty scenes and, although no critical scenes or songs have been removed, it runs 25–30 minutes shorter than the official version making the total running time about 2+1⁄2 hours.^[131] A few subtle changes of vocal pitch have been made: "What Have I Done?", Valjean's Soliloquy, "Stars" by Javert, "A Little Fall of Rain" by Éponine and Marius, "Turning", and "Castle on a Cloud" lose a verse each. During "Fantine's Arrest" Bamatabois loses two verses. The song "Fantine's Death/Confrontation" is edited, and the counterpoint duel between Javert and Valjean is lost, as well as a verse by Fantine. "Dog Eats Dog" by Thénardier is heavily truncated. "Beggars at the Feast", is shortened, with Thénardier losing a verse, and the song before it, "Wedding Chorale", is excluded entirely although the rest of the wedding remains in place. Also, the drinker's introduction to "Master of the House" is cut completely.^[132]

Film adaptation[]

Although numerous films of the Les Misérables story have been made, no film adaptation of the stage musical was produced for many years. A film adaptation was in development at several times since the late 1980s. Alan Parker was reported to be connected to an adaptation at an early stage.^[133] In 1992 Mackintosh announced planning for a film to be directed by Bruce Beresford and co-produced by TriStar Pictures,^[134] but the project was later abandoned.^[135]

The 2010 DVD/Blu-ray release of Les Misérables in Concert: The 25th Anniversary included an announcement of revised plans for a film adaptation^[136] which was later confirmed by Mackintosh. Tom Hooper signed on in March 2011 to direct the Mackintosh-produced film from a screenplay by William Nicholson.^[137] In June 2011, Working Title Films and Mackintosh announced that the film would begin principal photography in early 2012 for a tentative December release date. The film was given its general US release on Christmas Day 2012. Principal cast members include Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean, Russell Crowe as Javert,^[138] Anne Hathaway as Fantine,^[139] Amanda Seyfried as Cosette,^[140] Eddie Redmayne as Marius,^[141] Samantha Barks as Éponine,^[142] Aaron Tveit as Enjolras, and Sacha Baron Cohen and Helena Bonham Carter as the Thénardiers.^[143][144] Other notable actors who played roles in the film include Bertie Carvel as Bamatabois, Colm Wilkinson, the original Valjean, as the Bishop of Digne, Hadley Fraser as the army general and Frances Ruffelle as a prostitute.^[145]

Cast recordings[]

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English[]

The following recordings of Les Misérables are available in English: the Original London Cast, the Original Broadway Cast, the Complete Symphonic Recording, the 10th Anniversary London Concert, The 25th Anniversary UK Tour Cast and The 25th Anniversary London Concert.

Original London Cast recording[]

The Original London Cast recording was the first English language album of the musical. Recorded in 1985, when the show premiered, it is closest to the original French concept album. For example, "Stars" appears before "Look Down" and shortly after, the original version of "Little People" plays, which was later incorporated into the revealing of Javert. It also features a song titled "I Saw Him Once", sung by Cosette, which was later incorporated into the first part of "In My Life". The album has sold 887,000 copies in the US.^[146]

The cast includes Colm Wilkinson as Valjean, Roger Allam as Javert, Patti LuPone as Fantine, Alun Armstrong as Thénardier, Susan Jane Tanner as Mme. Thénardier, Frances Ruffelle as Éponine, Ian Tucker as Gavroche, Michael Ball as Marius, David Burt as Enjolras, Rebecca Caine as Cosette and Zoë Hart as Young Cosette.^[147]

Chart (1987)	Peak position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[148]	38

Original Broadway Cast recording[]

The Original Broadway Cast recording was produced in 1987. It included several changes to the songs that are still evident in today's performances. As with its predecessor, it is incomplete, and leaves out songs or parts that are more important narratively than musically (e.g., "Fantine's Arrest", "The Runaway Cart", "The Final Battle"). The album has sold 1,596,000 copies in the US.^[146]

The cast includes Colm Wilkinson as Valjean, Terrence Mann as Javert, Randy Graff as Fantine, Leo Burmester as Thénardier, Jennifer Butt as Madame Thénardier, Frances Ruffelle as Éponine, Braden Danner as Gavroche, David Bryant as Marius, Judy Kuhn as Cosette, Michael Maguire as Enjolras, and Donna Vivino as Young Cosette.^{[149][150][citation needed]}

Chart (1987/88)	Peak position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[148]	89

Complete Symphonic Recording[]

Recorded in 1988 and released in 1989, the Complete Symphonic Recording features the entire score. (The Czech Revival Recording is the only other album, in any language, to feature the entire score; on the other hand, the four 2003 Japanese recordings feature the entire score after the cuts first made on Broadway at the end of 2000.) Cameron Mackintosh's original plan was to use the Australian cast,^[151] but the scope was expanded to create an international cast featuring performers from the major performances of the musical. The cast was recorded in three different places.^[152]

The album, produced by David Caddick and conducted by Martin Koch, won the Best Musical Cast Show Album Grammy Award in 1990.^[153] The cast includes Gary Morris as Valjean, Philip Quast as Javert, Debra Byrne as Fantine, Gay Soper as Mme. Thénardier, Barry James as Thénardier, Kaho Shimada as Éponine, Ross McCall as Gavroche, Michael Ball as Marius, Anthony Warlow as Enjolras, Tracy Shayne as Cosette and as Young Cosette.^[154]

10th Anniversary Concert[]

The 10th Anniversary recording was of a concert version of Les Misérables, performed at the Royal Albert Hall in October 1995, featuring full orchestra and choir. All parts were sung live, giving the performance a different mood from other recording. The score was recorded consecutively without pauses or multiple recordings. The concert's encores are also included. As with the original recordings, however, they differed from the stage versions by excluding some songs (e.g., those vital to plot such as "Fantine's Arrest" and "The Runaway Cart" were kept, while unnecessary or complex songs, such as "At the Barricade", were left out).

The cast includes Colm Wilkinson as Valjean, Philip Quast as Javert, Ruthie Henshall as Fantine, Alun Armstrong as Thénardier, Jenny Galloway as Mme. Thénardier, Lea Salonga as Éponine, Adam Searles as Gavroche, Hannah Chick as Young Cosette, Michael Ball as Marius, Michael Maguire as Enjolras, Judy Kuhn as Cosette and Anthony Crivello as Grantaire.

Manchester Highlights[]

A five-track album featuring members of the UK national tour was released in 1992 and includes "I Dreamed a Dream" (Ria Jones); "Stars" (Philip Quast); "On My Own" (Meredith Braun); "Bring Him Home" (Jeff Leyton); and "Empty Chairs at Empty Tables" (Mike Sterling).^[75] The version of "Stars" is the same as that on the Complete Symphonic Recording.

25th Anniversary UK Tour Cast[]

Recorded live at the Palace Theatre in Manchester, this recording was released to commemorate 25 years of Les Misérables in English. This recording featured new arrangements and reinspired orchestrations, and included John Owen-Jones as Valjean, Earl Carpenter as Javert, Madalena Alberto as Fantine, Ashley Artus as M. Thénardier, Lynne Wilmot as Mme. Thénardier, Gareth Gates as Marius, Katie Hall as Cosette, Samara Clarke as Young Cosette, Jon Robyns as Enjolras, and Rosalind James as Éponine.

25th Anniversary Concert[]

The 25th Anniversary Concert was recorded live at The O2 Arena on 3 October 2010 and is available on DVD in the UK while the Blu-ray was released worldwide. It was shown in select US theaters via NCM Fathom Events. The release for the DVD and Blu-ray in the United States was 22 February 2011 to promote the film adaptation. A CD single of the 'Valjean Quartet' singing "Bring Him Home" was also recorded and released, with proceeds going to the charity "Tickets For Troops". The cast included Alfie Boe as Jean Valjean, Norm Lewis as Javert, Nick Jonas as Marius, Samantha Barks as Éponine, Katie Hall as Cosette, Ramin Karimloo as Enjolras, Hadley Fraser as Grantaire, Lea Salonga as Fantine, Matt Lucas as Monsieur Thénardier and Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier.

Other languages[]

There are also various non-English language cast albums of the musical.^{[citation needed]}

Awards and nominations[]

Original West End production[]

Year	Award	Category	Nominee	Result
1985	Laurence Olivier Award	Best New Musical		Nominated
		Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical	Colm Wilkinson	Nominated
			Alun Armstrong	Nominated
		Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical	Patti LuPone	Won
2012	Laurence Olivier Award[155]	Audience Award for Most Popular Show		Won
2014	Laurence Olivier Award[156]	Audience Award for Most Popular Show		Won

Original Broadway production[]

Year	Award	Category	Nominee	Result
1987	Tony Award	Best Musical		Won
		Best Book of a Musical	Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg	Won
		Best Original Score	Claude-Michel Schönberg (music) and Herbert Kretzmer & Alain Boublil (lyrics)	Won
		Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical	Colm Wilkinson	Nominated
			Terrence Mann	Nominated
		Best Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical	Michael Maguire	Won
		Best Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical	Frances Ruffelle	Won
			Judy Kuhn	Nominated
		Best Direction of a Musical	Trevor Nunn and John Caird	Won
		Best Scenic Design	John Napier	Won
		Best Costume Design	Andreane Neofitou	Nominated
		Best Lighting Design	David Hersey	Won
	Drama Desk Award	Outstanding Musical		Won
		Outstanding Actor in a Musical	Colm Wilkinson	Nominated
		Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical	Michael Maguire	Won
		Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical	Judy Kuhn	Nominated
		Outstanding Orchestrations	John Cameron	Won
		Outstanding Music	Claude-Michel Schönberg	Won
		Outstanding Set Design	John Napier	Won

2013 Toronto revival[]

Year	Award	Category	Nominee	Result
2014	Dora Award[157][158]	Outstanding Production		Nominated
		Outstanding Male Performance	Ramin Karimloo	Nominated
			Mark Uhre	Nominated
			Aiden Glenn	Nominated
		Outstanding Female Performance	Melissa O'Neil	Won
		Outstanding Direction	Laurence Connor and James Powell	Nominated
		Outstanding Scenic Design	Matt Kinley	Nominated
		Outstanding Costume Design	Andreane Neofitou and Christine Rowland	Won
		Outstanding Lighting Design	Paule Constable	Nominated
		Outstanding Choreography	James Dodgson	Nominated
		Outstanding Ensemble	Entire ensemble	Nominated

2014 Broadway revival[]

Year	Award	Category	Nominee	Result
2014	Tony Award	Best Revival of a Musical		Nominated
		Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical	Ramin Karimloo	Nominated
		Best Sound Design of a Musical	Mick Potter	Nominated
	Drama Desk Award	Outstanding Revival of a Musical		Nominated

2014 Australian revival[]

Year	Award	Category	Nominee	Result
2014	Green Room Awards	Production		Nominated
		Actor in a Leading Role	Simon Gleeson	Nominated
			Hayden Tee	Won
		Direction	James Powell and Laurence Connor	Nominated
		Musical Direction	Geoffrey Castles	Nominated
		Design (Lighting)	Paule Constable	Nominated
		Design (Sound)	Mick Potter	Nominated
		Design (Set and Costume)	Matt Kinley (Set and Image Design)	Nominated
2015	Helpmann Awards[159][160]	Best Musical		Won
		Best Male Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical	Simon Gleeson	Won
			Hayden Tee	Nominated
		Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical	Trevor Ashley	Nominated
			Chris Durling	Nominated
		Best Female Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical	Patrice Tipoki	Nominated
		Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical	Kerrie Anne Greenland	Won
		Best Direction of a Musical	Laurence Connor and James Powell	Nominated
		Best Choreography in a Musical	Michael Ashcroft and Geoffrey Garratt	Nominated
		Best Lighting Design	Paule Constable	Won
		Best Scenic Design	Matt Kinley	Nominated
		Best Sound Design	Mick Potter	Won

See also[]

• Lists of musicals

Notes[]

References[]

• Les Miserables Reviews Box Office Theatre Ltd. Retrieved 12 July 2016

Bibliography[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Les Misérables (musical).

• Official website
• Les Misérables at the Internet Broadway Database
• An Archive of Performers from the Original Broadway Run of Les Misérables
• An Archive of Performers from the London Run of Les Misérables