Libertadores

The Guayaquil conference (1822) between Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, the greatest libertadores (liberators) of Spanish America.

Libertadores (Spanish pronunciation: [liβeɾtaˈðoɾes] (listen), Portuguese: [libeɾtaˈdoɾis], "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal. They are named that way in contrast with the Conquistadors.^[1]

They were largely bourgeois criollos (local-born people of European, mostly of Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry) influenced by liberalism, and in most cases with military training in the metropole (mother country).

List of libertadores[]

Name (Birth–Death)	Contributed to the independence of	Took part in	Refs
José de San Martín (1778–1850)	Argentina, Chile and Peru	Argentine War of Independence Crossing of the Andes Chilean War of Independence Peruvian War of Independence	^[2]
Simón Bolívar (1783–1830)	Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and Bolivia	Venezuelan War of Independence Admirable Campaign Patria Boba Ecuadorian War of Independence Peruvian War of Independence Bolivian War of Independence	^[3]
Augustin I of Mexico (1783–1824)	Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica	Mexican War of Independence design of the Plan de Iguala	^[4]
Manuel Belgrano (1770–1820)	Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay	British invasions of the River Plate May Revolution Paraguay campaign Argentine War of Independence Bolivian War of Independence	^[5]
Bernardo O'Higgins (1778–1842)	Chile and Peru	Chilean War of Independence Argentine War of Independence Peruvian War of Independence	^[6]^[7]
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811)	Mexico	Grito de Dolores Mexican War of Independence	^[8]
José María Morelos (1765–1815)	Mexico	Mexican War of Independence wrote the Sentimientos de la Nación	^[9]
Ramón Castilla (1797–1867)	Peru	Peruvian War of Independence	^[10]
Andrés de Santa Cruz (1792–1865)	Bolivia and Peru	Bolivian War of Independence Argentine War of Independence Peruvian War of Independence Ecuadorian War of Independence War of the Confederation	^[10]
José Gervasio Artigas (1764–1850)	Argentina and Uruguay	British invasions of the River Plate Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental Argentine Civil Wars	^[10]
Thomas Cochrane (1775–1860)	Brazil, Chile	French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars Chilean War of Independence Peruvian War of Independence Brazilian War of Independence Greek War of Independence	^[4]
Francisco de Miranda (1750–1816)	Venezuela	American Revolutionary War French Revolution Venezuelan War of Independence	^[11]
Mariano Moreno (1778–1811)	Argentina	May Revolution Argentine War of Independence Paraguay campaign	^[12]
Maria Leopoldina of Austria (1797 – 1826)	Brazil	Independence of Brazil	^[13]
Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834)	Brazil	Brazilian War of Independence Cisplatine War Liberal Wars	^[14]
Antonio José de Sucre (1795–1830)	Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela	Venezuelan War of Independence Ecuadorian War of Independence Bolivian War of Independence Peruvian War of Independence Gran Colombia–Peru War	^[15]

Legacy[]

The flags of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador follow Francisco de Miranda's design of 1806. Also, Bolivia was named after Bolivar, who in turn was president of Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and twice of Venezuela. San Martín served as "President Protector" of Peru.

In what today is part of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, Iturbide, a military leader revolted against the Viceroyalty of New Spain, founded an independent nation where he ascended as Emperor Augustin I.

The names of libertadores are used all over South America to name anything from towns and places to institutions and sports clubs. Also, the most prestigious international club football competition in South America is named the Copa Libertadores in their honour.

Bibliography[]

Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
James Higgins (editor). The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts, 2014. Online at https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu
Marion Lansing. Liberators and Heroes of South America. Boston, L. C. Page & Co., 1940.
Irene Nicholson. The Liberators: A Study of Independence Movements in Spanish America. New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1968.
Pigna, Felipe (2010). Libertadores de América. Buenos Aires: Planeta. ISBN 978-950-49-2420-3.

References[]

^ Pigna, p. 9
^ Pigna, pp. 195-272
^ Pigna, pp. 135-192
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
^ Pigna, p. 55-91
^ page 429 Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
^ Pigna, pp. 93-133
^ Lansing, pp. 15-39
^ Lansing, pp. 39-59
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Lansing, p. 121
^ Pigna, pp. 13-52
^ Lansing, pp. 119
^ Rezzutti, Paulo (2017). D. Leopoldina, a história não contada: A mulher que arquitetou a independência do Brasil. Leya. p. 223.
^ page 511, Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
^ Lansing, pp. 219

External links[]

(in Spanish) "Sucre, Bolívar y San Martín" Argentine Ministry of Economy
Copa Libertadores

[1] Pigna, p. 9

[2] Pigna, pp. 195-272

[3] Pigna, pp. 135-192

[Harvey_in_general-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3

[5] Pigna, p. 55-91

[6] 429 Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3

[7] Pigna, pp. 93-133

[8] Lansing, pp. 15-39

[9] Lansing, pp. 39-59

[Lansing,_p._121-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Lansing, p. 121

[11] Pigna, pp. 13-52

[12] Lansing, pp. 119

[13] Rezzutti, Paulo (2017). D. Leopoldina, a história não contada: A mulher que arquitetou a independência do Brasil. Leya. p. 223.

[14] 511, Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3

[15] Lansing, pp. 219

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