Father of the Nation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a person considered the driving force behind the establishment of a country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as Parens Patriae, was a Roman honorific meaning the "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch was often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the Divine Right espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law as in Spain, where the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and any person who expresses disrespect toward the reigning monarch will face severe criminal penalties.

Many dictators bestow titles upon themselves, which rarely survive the end of their regime. Gnassingbé Eyadéma of Togo's titles included "father of the nation", "older brother", and "Guide of the People".[1] Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire's included "Father of the nation", "the Guide", "the Messiah", "dajsh, "the Leopard", and "the Sun-President".[2] In postcolonial Africa, "father of the nation" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity.[3] On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title "Father of Nations" for his establishment of "people's democracies" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.[4]

The title "Father of the Nation" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be "father of the nation". The BNP government removed this in 2004, to the protests of the opposition Awami League, led by Rahman's daughter Sheikh Hasina.[5] A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka "father of the nation" barely failed in September 2007.[6]

List[]

The following people are still often called the "Father" of their respective nations. Highlighted names indicate people who are still living.

Name Nation Title (native) Title (translation) Notes
Ahmad Shah Durrani Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Baba Ahmad Shah the Father[7][8][9] Founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire.
Skanderbeg Albania Ati i Kombit Father of the Nation
José de San Martín Argentina Padre de la Patria /
Fundador de la República y Protector del Perú[10] 		Father of the Fatherland /
Founder of the Republic and Protector of Peru 		Primary leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain (1778 – 1850).
Hayk (Հայկ) Armenia Nahapet (Նահապետ) Head of the Family
Patriarch 		Legendary founder of the Armenian nation.
Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG Australia Father of Federation Gave the Tenterfield Oration, which is believed to be pivotal in the process of federating the Australian colonies.
Sir Lynden Pindling The Bahamas Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1973.[11]
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Bangladesh Jatir Janak (জাতির জনক)
Bangabandhu (বঙ্গবন্ধু) 		Father of the Nation
Friend of Bengal 		Founder of Bangladesh.
George Cadle Price Belize Father of the Nation Former Chief Minister, Premier and two-term Prime Minister before retiring in 1997.[12][13]
Ugyen Wangchuck Bhutan First king of modern Bhutan.
Simón Bolívar Bolivia
Colombia
Ecuador
Panama
Peru
Venezuela 		Libertador Liberator Primary leader of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.
Seretse Khama Botswana Father of Independence Leader of the independence movement and first President of Botswana. Creator of democracy in Botswana
Dom Pedro I and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva Maria Leopoldina of Austria Brazil Pai da Nação e Patriarca da Independência Father of the Nation and Patriarch of Independence Founder and the first Emperor of Brazil (1822). Bonifácio was the advisor of Pedro I.
Omar Ali Saifuddien III Brunei Architect of Modern Brunei Builder of the Modern Nation and Father of Independence 28th Sultan of Brunei and First Minister of Defence (1914 – 1986).
Asparuh Bulgaria Kanasubigi (Кан) Founder and first ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire.
John A. Macdonald and the other fathers of Confederation Canada Father of Confederation Father of Confederation
Bernardo O'Higgins Chile Padre de la patria Father of the fatherland Principal leader of Chile's successful struggle for independence from Spain.
Sun Yat-sen Republic of China simplified Chinese: 国父; traditional Chinese: 國父 (Guófù) Father of the Nation Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. The Nationalist government decreed the title in 1940.[14] Sun is more widely known in the People's Republic of China as the "Forerunner of the Revolution".[15]
José María Castro Madriz Costa Rica Fundador de la República Founder of the Republic First President of the Republic of Costa Rica.[16]
Ante Starčević Croatia Otac domovine Father of the Homeland His diverse activities and works laid the foundations for the modern Croatian state.[17]
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes Cuba Padre de la Patria Father of the Fatherland[18] Leader of the first Cuban independence movement which fought the Ten Years' War.
Archbishop Makarios III Cyprus Εθνάρχης Leader of the Nation First and longest President of Cyprus.
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor Czech Republic Otec vlasti Father of the Homeland King of Bohemia. Title coined by the rector of the Charles University of Prague at the emperor's funeral.[19]
František Palacký Otec národa Father of the Nation Politician and historian.[19] Whereas vlast "homeland" included all inhabitants, národ "nation" comprised only Czech people.[20]

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk

Tatíček /
President Osvoboditel 		Father of the Fatherland / President Liberator First President of Czechoslovakia and proponent of Czechoslovakism.[19][21]
Slovakia
Juan Pablo Duarte Dominican Republic Padre de la patria Father of the Fatherland Defeated Haiti during war of independence.
Ilia Chavchavadze Georgia უგვირგვინო მეფე / ერის მამა The Crownless King / Father of the Nation
Members of the Parlamentarischer Rat Germany Väter und Mütter des Grundgesetzes Fathers and mothers of the Basic Law Drafted the Basic Law, the constitution of (then West) Germany
Kwame Nkrumah Ghana Osagyefo Father of the nation First president and prime minister of Ghana, the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve full independence.
Alexander the Great Greece Πατέρας των Ελλήνων Father of the Greeks Founder of the Macedonian Empire responsible for spreading Greek culture during the Hellenistic period.
Cheddi Jagan Guyana Father of the Nation President of Guyana from 1992 to 1997.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines Haiti Père de la patrie Father of the Fatherland Primary leader of Haiti's successful struggle for independence from France.
Árpád Hungary Honalapító Founder of the Homeland Second Grand Prince of the Hungarians, leader of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian basin.
Mahatma Gandhi India राष्ट्रपिता (Father of the Nation) "Bapuji" (Father) Father of the Nation (unofficial); Leader of the Indian independence movement from British Raj
Sukarno Indonesia Bapak Bangsa/Pemimpin Besar Revolusi Indonesia/Proklamator Father of the Nation/Great Leader of Indonesian Revolution/The Proclamator First President of Indonesia.
Abraham Israel The father of the Jewish people.
Cyrus the Great Iran (Persia) Shahanshah King of Kings The founder of the first Persian Empire
Camillo Benso
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Mazzini
Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia 		Italy Padre della Patria Father of the Fatherland Authors of Italian unification[22][23][24]
Emperor Japan 天皇(Ten-noh) Founder of Empire of Japan
Alikhan Bukeikhanov Kazakhstan Prime Minister of the Alash Autonomy Leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement.
Jomo Kenyatta Kenya Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation/Freedom Fighter First President of Kenya from 1963 to his death in 1978 who helped create the Kenyan Constitution.
Kim Il-sung / Kim Jong-il Democratic People's Republic of Korea Several; see list of Kim Jong-il's titles Several The first and second leader of North Korea, respectively
Ibrahim Rugova Kosovo Babai i Kombit Father of the Nation
Jonas Basanavičius Lithuania Tautos patriarchas Patriarch of the Nation Various cultural activities during the Lithuanian National Revival.[25]
Krste Misirkov North Macedonia Татко на нацијата Father of the Nation Prominent linguist, writer and activist.
Tunku Abdul Rahman Malaysia Bapa Kemerdekaan Father of Independence The first Prime Minister of Malaysia. A prince from the Kedah Sultanate, the Cambridge-educated Tunku led the negotiated independence of Federation of Malaya from the British Empire in 1957. Later formed Malaysia through the union of Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak in 1963.
Muhammad Fareed Didi Maldives Founder of modern Maldives and last sultan of Maldives.
Dom Mintoff Malta Missier Malta Hielsa Father of Free Malta A Maltese statesman and leading politician. He twice served as Prime Minister of Malta (from 1955 to 1958, and from 1974 to 1984) as the Leader of the Labour Party, a position he held from 1949 to 1984. In 1974, with him as Prime Minister, Malta negotiated a series of constitutional reforms leading to the establishment of the Maltese Republic and the removal of the British monarch as head of state. In 1979, the last Royal Navy ships left Malta, marking the country's transformation into a fully independent nation. Mintoff is also credited with the establishment of the Maltese welfare state and the socialist-style nationalisation and collectivisation of various key industries.
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius Father of the Nation[26] First post-independence Prime Minister, in 1968.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Mexico Padre de la patria mexicana[27] Father of the Mexican Nation[28] First revolutionary leader in the Mexican War of Independence.
Genghis Khan Mongolia Монголчуудын эцэг Father of the Mongols, Founding Father of Mongolia [29] After unifying the many nomadic tribes of northeastern Asian steppe peoples, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire and became the first Great Khan and Emperor. He eventually led a conquest of the majority of Eurasia, and his unified homeland would become Mongolia.
Aung San Myanmar Father of Nations, Father of Independence, Father of Tatmadaw 5th Prime Minister of Burma in British Era from 1946 to 1947 Assassinated on 19 July 1947, before the independence of Burma.
Sam Nujoma Namibia Founding Father of the Namibian Nation First President of Namibia, 1990–2005; title conferred by Act of Parliament in 2005.[30]
Badamaharajdhiraj King Prithvi Narayan Shah Nepal श्री ५ बडामहाराजधिराज पृथ्वी नारायण शाह Father of the Nation King of Nepal during the Unification of Nepal.
William the Silent Netherlands Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Fatherland Leader of the successful Dutch Revolt against Spain, which led to the Dutch Republic, the first independent Dutch state.[31]
Nnamdi Azikiwe Nigeria Father of Nigerian Nationalism First president of Nigeria when it became a republic on October 1, 1963, and was the last governor general of Nigeria.
Einar Gerhardsen Norway Landsfaderen Father of the Nation First post–World War II prime minister of Norway.[32]
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam & Baba-e-Quam[33][34] Father of the Nation/Great Leader Founder of Pakistan, leader of the Muslim League and first Governor-General of Pakistan.
Sir Michael Somare Papua New Guinea Papa Blo Kantri [35] Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1975; also known as "the chief" and "the old man".[36]
Emilio Aguinaldo Philippines Kauna-unahang Pangulo ng Pilipinas First President of the Philippines Military Leader of the Philippine Revolution and the First President of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. His birthday, March 22, 1869, is celebrated as Emilio Aguinaldo Day.
Andrés Bonifacio Amá ng Himagsikan Father of the Revolution Political Leader of the Philippine Revolution, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. His birthday, November 30, 1863, is a national holiday.
José Rizal Pambansáng Bayani National Hero Colloquially known as the "National Hero". Rizal's works and writings–which helped start the Philippine Revolution–are part of the national curriculum as mandated by Republic Act No. 1425. The anniversary of his December 30, 1896 execution by the Spanish colonial government is a national holiday.[37]
D. Afonso Henriques Portugal Fundador da Nação Father of the Nation
a.k.a. The Conqueror 		Founder and 1st. King of Portugal (1139), recognized by the Holy See in 1179.
Peter I of Russia Russia Отец Отечества (Otets Otechestva) Father of the Fatherland Was granted the title in 1721 by the Governing Senate, along with "Emperor of Russia" and "The Great".[38]
El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Father of the Nation Leader of the Polisario Front, First President of the SADR. Fought against Spanish colonial army & against the invasion of the Moroccan & Mauritanian armies.
Sir John Compton Saint Lucia Father of the Nation Prime Minister at independence in 1979. Also known as "Daddy Compton".[39]
Saint Marinus San Marino Founder of a chapel and monastery in central Italy, in 301 (traditional date: September 3). From this initial community the state of San Marino later grew.[40]
Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah)/ المؤسس (Al-Moa'sis) Father of the Nation/ The Founder Unified the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and established the modern Saudi state. He descended from the noble House of Saud, the dynasty which had ruled most of Arabia in the 18th century. His son King Salman is the current head of state of Saudi Arabia. Five other older sons – Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd and Abdullah – served as former heads of state.
Dobrica Ćosić Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Отац нације[41][42] Father of the Nation Yugoslav Serbian politician, writer, and political theorist.
Donald Dewar Scotland Father of the Nation First First Minister of Scotland following the reconvening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999.[43]
Saint Sava Serbia Отац отаџбине[44] Father of the Fatherland Founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Karađorđe and Miloš Obrenović Отац отаџбине[45][46] Father of the Fatherland Leaders of the First and Second Serbian Uprising during the Serbian Revolution.
Lee Kuan Yew Singapore Father of Singapore First Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for over 30 years. Leading figure throughout Singapore's time as a part of Malaysia and its later independence.
Andrej Hlinka (disputed) Slovakia Otec národa Father of the Nation Catholic priest, fighter for Slovak autonomy and leader of controversial Slovak People's Party.
Primož Trubar Slovenia Oče naroda Father of the Nation A consolidator of Slovene and the author of the first Slovene printed book.
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan Somalia Father of the fatherland The emir of Diiriye Guure.[47]
Nelson Mandela South Africa Tata wethu Father of the Nation First President of post-apartheid South Africa.[48]
Catholic Monarchs Spain Reyes Católicos de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón Catholic Monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon The unifiers of Spain. They unified the territories of Castille, Aragon and Al-Andalus, all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal. During their reign America was discovered and started the Spanish Empire.
Don Stephen Senanayake Sri Lanka ජාතියේ පියා (Jathiyay Piya) Father of the Nation First Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1952.[49]
Johan Ferrier Suriname Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Nation First president after the independence of the country in 1975 (the term Vader des Vaderlands has its roots in the Netherlands).
Gustav I of Sweden Sweden Nationalhjälte National hero Broke Sweden from Danish rule under Christian II.
Per Albin Hansson Landsfader Father of the Nation Prime Minister 1932-1946 and founder of The People's Home.
Julius Nyerere Tanzania Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation First President of Tanzania.[50]
Henry Alcazar, Victor Bryan, Tubal Uriah Butler, Rudranath Capildeo, Simbhoonath Capildeo, Arthur Andrew Cipriani, Albert Gomes, Solomon Hochoy, A. P. T. James, Audrey Jeffers, Ranjit Kumar, Emmanuel Mzumbo Lazare, Chanka Maharaj, Bhadase Sagan Maraj, Quintin O'Connor, Michael Pocock, Adrian Cola Rienzi (Krishna Deonarine), Alfred Richards, Harold Robinson, Timothy Roodal, Lionel Seukeran, Ashford Sinanan, Mitra Sinanan, Sarran Teelucksingh, Louis de Verteuil, Gerald Wight, Eric Williams, Hugh Wooding[51] Trinidad and Tobago Moulders of the Nation[51] They helped shape the country's future as an independent nation and laid the foundation of democracy.[51]
Eric Williams Father of the Nation First and three-term Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to his death in 1981, first Premier of Trinidad and Tobago from 1961 to 1966, second Chief Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to 1961, founder of the People's National Movement (PNM) and was instrumental in writing the Trinidad and Tobago constitution and gaining the country independence and republicanism from British rule.[52][53]
Habib Bourguiba Tunisia المجاهد الاكبر(Al mujehed al akbar) The Supreme Warrior Father of the independence of Tunisia and first President of Tunisia. He led the Tunisian national movement against France. After independence, he founded a modern state, built schools and hospitals and gave the Tunisian women rights that are still unique in the Arab World today.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Turkey Atatürk Father of the Turks (always used as a last name and not a title proper) Founder of the Republic of Turkey and first President of Turkey. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence, and enacted the reforms that made Turkey a democratic nation-state. Granted in accordance with the 1934 Surname Law establishing surnames in Turkey.[54]
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan United Arab Emirates والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah) Father of the Nation President of the UAE for its first 33 years (1971–2004).[55][56]
George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin and other Signers and Framers United States Founding Fathers[57][58] The Signers signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Framers were delegates to the Constitutional Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed United States Constitution.
George Washington Father of his country[59][60] George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the Founding Fathers of the United States as being the "father of his country"[59][60] for his role as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, his resignation of command at the end of the war, the presidency of the Constitutional Convention and for his tenure (and voluntary retirement) as the first President of the United States.
José Gervasio Artigas Uruguay Padre de la independencia uruguaya, Protector de los Pueblos Libres y Jefe de los orientales [61] Father of Uruguayan independence, Defender of the Free and Chief of the eastern people[62] Fought against the Spanish Royalists for independence in the Río de la Plata.
Ho Chi Minh Vietnam Cha già dân tộc Father of the nation[63] Founder of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (now is Socialist Republic of Vietnam). Who was a leader of August Revolution to reverse independence from France and Japan and the first President of Vietnam

See also[]

References[]

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  12. ^ "Rt. Hon. George Price". CARICOM.com. CARICOM. March 20, 2008. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010. Retrieved 2009-01-30. Rt. Honourable George Cadle Price, "Father of the Nation" of Belize
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  18. ^ Hautrive, Iliana (2004-10-10). "Cuba commemorates the 136 anniversary of the beginning of its wars of independence". Trabajadores. Archived from the original on 2013-02-10. Retrieved 2009-01-16. Cuba commemorates this Sunday the beginning of its wars of independence, the 10 of October of 1868, when the insigne patriotic Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, considered the Father of the Motherland, gave the freedom to his slaves to begin the fight by the liberation of the Nation.
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  31. ^ The Oude and Nieuwe Kerk in Delft
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  46. ^ Milivoj J. Malenić (1901). Posle četrdeset godina: u spomen proslave četrdesetogodišnjice Sv. Andrejske velike narodne skupštine. U Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije. да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,
  47. ^ Omar, Mohamed (2001). The Scramble in the Horn of Africa. p. 402. This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta
  48. ^ "Nelson Mandela International Day, July 18, For Freedom, Justice and Democracy". Un.org. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  49. ^ Phadnis, Urmila; Rajat Ganguly (2001). Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia (revised ed.). SAGE. p. 181. ISBN 0-7619-9439-4.
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  52. ^ "Trinidad and Tobago Parliament". ttparliament.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  53. ^ "Dr. Eric Williams: The Father of the Nation". Caribbean Life News. 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
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  55. ^ "Abu Dhabi's Zayed Mosque tours to take on special Ramadan significance" (Press release). August 20, 2008. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved 2009-01-17. His Highness Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the late UAE President and Ruler of Abu Dhabi, a man affectionately known as 'The Father of The Nation' for his work as an architect of the UAE Federation.
  56. ^ Wheeler, Julia (2 November 2004). "Obituary: Sheikh Zayed". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 2009-01-17. He was frequently referred to as the father of the nation.
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  61. ^ "Efemérides Culturales Argentinas: Junio 19" (in Spanish). Ministry of Education, Argentina. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-06-19. Retrieved 2009-01-20. 1764: Nace en Montevideo (Uruguay) José Gervasio Artigas, iniciador rioplatense del federalismo y padre de la independencia uruguaya. Falleció cerca de Asunción el 23 de septiembre de 1850.
  62. ^ Edelmann, Alexander Taylor (1965). Latin American Government and Politics: The Dynamics of a Revolutionary Society. Dorsey Press. p. 309. José Gervasio Artigas, who doggedly led his guerrilla bands against the Spanish armies and raised the flag of a free Uruguay, is affectionately remembered by his fellow countrymen as "the father of Uruguayan independence.
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