Libyan Army (1951–2011)

Libyan Army
Active	1951
Country	Kingdom of Libya Libyan Arab Republic Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Allegiance	Kingdom of Libya (1951–1969) Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)
Type	Army
Size	40,000
Headquarters	Tripoli, LIbya
Engagements	Egyptian–Libyan War Uganda–Tanzania War Chadian–Libyan conflict First Civil War
Insignia
Identification mark

The Libyan Army was the branch of the Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Libyan Arab Republic and the Libyan Kingdom responsible for ground warfare.

History[]

When Libya gained its independence in 1951, veterans of the original Sanusi Army formed the nucleus of the Royal Libyan Army.^[1] Though the Libyan army has a large amount of fighting equipment at its disposal, the vast majority was bought from the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s and was largely obsolete at the time of the First Civil War in 2011. A high percentage remains in storage and a large amount of equipment has also been sold to various African countries. The Libyan Army was generally regarded as neither efficient nor well trained.

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya period[]

From the late seventies to the mid to late eighties the army was involved in four major incursions across the Chadian border. The Libyan Army suffered great losses in these conflicts especially that of the Toyota War of 1987 largely due to poor tactics and western aid to Chad. All of these incursions were eventually repulsed and Libya no longer occupies Chad. This conflict was known as the Chadian–Libyan conflict. In February 2011, the First Civil War broke out and several units of the army mutinied and defected to the opposition, with battles taking place across much of the country.

In September 2011, the pre-civil war Libyan Army had been effectively destroyed by a combination of NATO air strikes and combat with rebel forces, with the Libyan Army forces still loyal to Gaddafi abandoning their posts in Tripoli as the rebels took the city, and the remnants of Gaddafi's loyalist army holed up in Sirte, Sabha and Bani Walid.^[2]

Strength[]

In 2009 the International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated that the Ground Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya numbered 25,000 with an additional, estimated, 25,000 conscripts (total estimated 50,000). The IISS estimated that the Ground Forces were organised into 11 Border Defence and 4 Security Zones, one regime security brigade (the 32nd Khamis Brigade), 10 Tank Battalions, 10 Mechanised Infantry Battalions, 18 Infantry Battalions, 6 Commando Battalions, 22 Artillery Battalions, 4 Surface-to-Surface missile Brigades and 7 Air Defence Artillery Battalions.^[3] Doctrine is a mixture of Egyptian doctrine which was adopted after the 1969 coup and socialist principles derived from the concepts of a People's Army.

Equipment[]

In the 1980s and 90s the high technological level of its huge amount of equipment demanded a level of technical competence in operation and maintenance that the Libyan Army lacked. Maintenance and repair problems were exacerbated by the diversity of arms sources. The numerous foreign advisers and technicians were insufficient to overcome low standards of support and logistics.

Recent years saw the Army undermined by the embargo, which deprived it of new weapons and caused major problems with equipment maintenance. In the 1990s Western agencies intercepted numerous shipments of spare parts and dual-use material being smuggled to Libya. After many years of sanctions, all major areas of the land forces equipment needed improvement, especially the replacement of obsolete main battle tanks and artillery. Over half of Libya's armoured forces were thought to be in storage due to the chronic shortage of spare parts and obsolescence.

Tanks[]

The IISS estimated tank numbers in 2009 as 20,025 (not including those proven to have been captured/destroyed by rebels during the Libyan civil war as of 6 June 2011): 150 T-72; 115 in store; 100 T-62; 4620 in store; 5000 T-55; 10,040 T-54/T-55 in store. The IISS estimated there were 500 BRDM-2 and 700 EE-9 Cascavel reconnaissance vehicles, 1000 BMP-1s, plus BMD-1s.^[4] Russian official sources reported in 2010 that T-72s would be modernized with help from Russia.^[5] 540 BTR-50 and BTR-60s were also reported by the IISS. Other reported wheeled vehicles in service include 1000 EE-11 Urutu, and Polish-Czechoslovak OT-64 SKOT.^[6]

• Main battle tank
  • 150 T-72^[7]
  • 100T-62
  • 5000 T-54/55
• Armored personnel carrier
  • 100 EE-11 Urutu
  • 400 M-113^[8]
  • 750 BTR-60
  • 500 BTR-50
  • 500 BRDM-2
  • 500 OT-64 SKOT
  • 200 Fiat 6614
• Infantry fighting vehicle
  • 1000 BMP-1
  • 580 EE-9 Cascavel

Artillery[]

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The IISS estimated artillery in service in 2009 as totaling 2,421 pieces. 444 SP artillery pieces were reported; 122mm 1300 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 140: 600 2S3 Akatsiya; 800 M-77 Dana; 155mm 174: 14 M-109; 160 VCA 155 Palmaria. 647+ towed artillery pieces were reported: 105mm 42+ M-101; 122mm 250: 190 D-30; 60 D-74; 130mm 330 M-46; 152mm 25 M-1937. 16000± Multiple rocket launchers were reported: an estimated 3000 107mm Type-63; 122mm 5300: ε2000 BM-11; ε2290 BM-21 Grad; ε1000 RM-70 Dana (RM-70 multiple rocket launcher?). The IISS also estimated that Libya had 500 mortars: 82mm 428; 120mm ε48 M-43; 160mm ε24 M-160. Surface-to-surface missiles reported in service include FROG-7 and SCUD-B, (416 missiles).

• Artillery
  • 1300 2S1 Gvozdika
  • 600 2S3 Akatsiya
  • 800 152mm SpGH DANA
  • ? M109 howitzer
  • 210 Palmaria
  • 800–1000 RM-70
  • 2000± BM-21 Grad
  • 800+ Type 63 multiple rocket launcher
  • 450 9K52 Luna-M (FROG-7) short-range ballistic missiles

Anti-tank weapons[]

Anti-tank missiles reported in service included 4000 French/German MILAN, and 6200+ AT-3, AT-4, and AT-5, all of Soviet manufacture. Libya also purchased 300 9M123 Khrizantema batteries from Russia prior to the civil war.^[9]

Anti-air weapons[]

In 2009 the IISS estimated that Libya had Crotale, SA-7 Grail, SA-9/SA-13 surface-to-air missiles, and AA guns in Army service. A separate Air Defence Command has SA-2, SA-3, SA-5 Gammon, and SA-8b Gecko, plus guns.

Many of Libya's air defence systems were destroyed during the civil war,^[10] how much, if any, remained intact afterwards is unknown. Many of the anti-aircraft guns captured by rebel forces were turned on Libyan Army ground forces after being bolted onto pick up trucks.^[11]

• SAM / Vehicle-mounted SAM system
  • SA-7 Grail
  • 9K31 Strela-1 SA-9
  • 9K35 Strela-10 SA-13
  • S-75 Dvina SA-2
  • S-125 Neva/Pechora SA-3
  • S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna SA-5
  • 9K33 Osa SA-8

Reported anti aircraft artillery includes Soviet 57 mm S-60, 23 mm self-propelled ZSU-23-4 and ZU-23-2, Czech M53/59 Praga, and Swedish Bofors 40mm guns.

Small arms[]

Small arms reported in service included TT pistol, Beretta M12, FN P90, SKS, AK-47, AK-74, Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965 and AKM assault rifles, the FN F2000, Soviet RPD machine gun, RPK machine gun, PK machine guns, DShK heavy machine gun, KPV heavy machine guns, SG-43 Goryunov, and a number of RPG type and anti-aircraft missile systems: RPG-2, RPG-7, 9K32 Strela-2.

Combat experience[]

A sharp series of border clashes occurred with Egypt in 1977, and Libyan forces were flown into Uganda in 1978 in an unsuccessful effort to defend Idi Amin's Uganda against invading Tanzanian forces. In addition, the Libyans conducted a series of campaigns in Northern Chad since 1980, launching a campaign against Chad that year and again in 1983. In April 1987, Libya suffered a disastrous defeat in Chad, losing nearly a quarter of its invasion force.

Egypt[]

On 19 July 1977, after a protest march by Libyans was stopped by Egyptian border guards, Libyan artillery units fired into Egypt. After further border violations were alleged by both sides, fighting escalated on the same day with an artillery duel, and, two days later, a drive along the coast by Egyptian armor and infantry during which the Libyan army was engaged. Egypt claimed successful surprise air strikes against the Libyan air base at Al Adem, just south of Tobruk, and surface-to-air missile batteries and radar stations were knocked out as well.

When the Egyptians withdrew on 24 July, most foreign analysts agreed that the Egyptian units had prevailed, although Libyan forces responded more effectively than had been expected. Libyan army hailed the encounter as a victory, using the fight as a justification for further purchases of modern armaments.

Uganda[]

In the case of Uganda, Libya had intervened on Idi Amin's behalf during his first confrontation with neighboring Tanzania in 1972 by airlifting a contingent of 4000 troops. During the invasion of Uganda by Tanzanian troops and Ugandan exiles in 1978, a new Libyan force estimated at 2,000 to 2,500 was sent, assisting in the defence of Entebbe and Kampala by covering road junctions with armored equipment.

Unprepared and undermotivated Libyan troops were quickly routed in attacks by foot soldiers. As many as 600 Libyans were estimated to have been killed during the Ugandan operation, and the remainder were hurriedly withdrawn. The troops had been led to believe that they were being airlifted into Uganda for training exercises with Ugandan units.

Chad[]

After nearly two decades, Col. Muammar Gaddafi's attempts to annex Northern Chad ended in 1987. In just the first three months of 1987, Libya lost almost all the territory it had held in Chad, between $500 million and $1 billion in weapons and one-third of its 15,000 troops. Over 4,494 Libyan soldiers were killed by Chad's forces between January and March 1987.

The Libyan Army was defeated by a force substantially inferior in numbers and equipment. Chad's victory was the result of a combination of Western funding, weapons and intelligence and Chadian courage, tactics and leadership. France provided air cover and troops to protect the Chadian rear areas, while the USA provided $240 million in equipment and weapons. The U.S. also contributed $75 million in emergency military aid, including transport aircraft and air defence systems.

The Chad forces displayed some remarkable tactical innovations: they used Toyota all-terrain vehicles, lightly armored French-made Panhard cars, and Milan antitank and Stinger antiaircraft missiles to destroy Libyan tanks and planes.

Libyan civil war[]

People on a tank in a Benghazi rally, 23 February 2011

Palmaria heavy howitzers of the Libyan Army, destroyed by French airplanes close to the west-southern border of Benghazi, Libya, 19 March 2011

In 2011 protests against the rule of Gaddafi started in Libya. They were inspired by similar protests in other Arab countries. Gaddafi used police and mercenary forces to violently suppress the protest.^[12] This resulted in an armed uprising in Libya between pro-government and anti-government forces. Parts of the army joined the rebels and weapon depots were plundered by protesters.^[13] After initial advances by the rebels, the Libyan Army began a counteroffensive and started pushing back the rebel fighters.^[14][15] On 17 March 2011, the United Nations Security Council passed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, authorizing the use of "all necessary means" to protect civilians in Libya, "excluding a foreign occupation force".^[16] On Saturday, 19 March 2011, France began enforcement of the resolution by deploying French fighter aircraft over Libyan airspace.^[17]

• First Battle of Benghazi 17–20 February
• Tripoli clashes 17–25 February
• Battle of Misrata 18 February – 15 May
• First Battle of Zawiya 24 February – 10 March
• 2011 Nafusa Mountain Campaign 1 March – 18 August
• First Battle of Brega 2 March
• Battle of Ra's Lanuf 4–12 March
• Battle of Bin Jawad 6 March
• Second Battle of Brega 13–15 March
• Battle of Ajdabiya 15–26 March
• Second Battle of Benghazi 19–20 March
• First Gulf of Sidra offensive 26–30 March
• Third Battle of Brega 31 March – 7 April
• Cyrenaican desert campaign 3 April – 12 June
• Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road 8 April – 21 May
• Battle of Wazzin 20 April – 29 July
• Battle of the Misrata frontline 16 May – 19 August
• 2011 Sabha clashes 8–13 June
• Zliten uprising 9–16 June
• Zawiya raid 11–12 June
• Battle of Zliten 21 July – 19 August
• Fourth Battle of Brega 14 July – 22 August
• Fezzan campaign 17 July – 27 September
• 2011 Msallata clashes 3–9 August
• Battle of Tawergha 11–13 August
• Battle of Gharyan 13–18 August
• Second Battle of Zawiya 13–20 August
• 2011 Ras Ajdir clashes 13–26 August
• 2011 Libyan rebel coastal offensive 13–28 August
• Douz skirmish 19–20 August
• Battle of Tripoli 20–28 August
• Second Gulf of Sidra offensive 22 August – 20 October (End of the Libyan civil war)
• Battle of Bani Walid 9 September – 17 October
• Battle of Sirte 20 October

References[]

Further reading[]

• Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, ISBN 0-8032-3733-2

External links[]

• Globalsecurity.org, Libyan armed forces