List of European Court of Justice rulings

This article is part of a series on
Politics of the European Union
Member states (27)  Austria  Belgium  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Ireland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Malta  Netherlands  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden Candidate countries Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro North Macedonia Serbia Turkey Ukraine Special member state territories France–Germany relations EU 3 Withdrawal from the European Union
Treaties Treaty of Paris (1951) Treaty of Rome (1957) Euratom Treaty (1957) Merger Treaty (1965) Single European Act (1986) Maastricht Treaty (1992) Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) Treaty of Nice (2001) Treaty of Lisbon (2007) Article 7 Article 50 Opt-outs Treaties of accession 1972, 1979, 1985, 1994, 2003, 2005, 2011 Treaties of succession 1984, 2020 Other treaties Schengen Agreement (1985) European Economic Area Agreement (1992) Abandoned treaties and agreements European Constitution (2004) UK membership renegotiation (2015–2016)
Executive European Council President: Michel (ALDE) Parties List of meetings European Commission Von der Leyen Commission President: Von der Leyen (EPP) Vice Presidents College of Commissioners Civil Service Secretary-General: Juhansone
Legislature Legislative procedure Council of the EU Presidency  France (January–June 2022) Configurations General Foreign Economic Eurogroup Agrifish EPSCO Competitiveness TTE Environment Justice and Home EYC Voting Secretariat Secretary-General: Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen Directorates-general COREPER European Parliament (Members) President: Metsola Largest groups EPP (Manfred Weber) S&D (Iratxe García) Member of the European Parliament 9th session (2019–2024) Bureau Vice Presidents Quaestor Conference National parliaments
Judiciary Court of Justice of the EU Court of Justice Members Advocates General Rulings General Court
Auditory European Court of Auditors Budget Anti-Fraud Office
Euratom Euratom members  Austria  Belgium  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Ireland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Malta  Netherlands  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden Associated states  Switzerland  United Kingdom Nuclear power in the European Union
Euro Eurozone members Austria Belgium Cyprus Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Eurogroup President Mário Centeno European Central Bank President Lagarde ESCB EMU European Banking union CMU Euro banknotes Euro coins Economic and Monetary Union
Schengen Area  Austria  Belgium  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Malta  Netherlands  Poland  Portugal  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden Non-EU members  Iceland  Liechtenstein  Norway  Switzerland Prüm Convention Schengen Information System Visa Information System Visa policy of the Schengen Area Non-Schengen Area states  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  Ireland  Romania
European Economic Area EEA members Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Non-EU members  Iceland  Liechtenstein  Norway EEA Joint Committee EEA National Identity cards Microstates and the European Union
Other bodies Agencies Investment Bank CoR EESC Ombudsman Former European bodies European Communities (1958–1993) European Coal and Steel Community European Economic Community
Elections 1979, 1984, 1989, 1994 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014 2019 (last election) European political parties Constituencies Elections in EU member states Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Referendums relating to the EU
Law Acquis Primacy (ECJ Case 6/64) Subsidiarity Regulation Directive Decision Recommendation Fundamental Rights
Policies and issues Budget Customs Union Free Trade Agreements European Single Market Area of FS&J Policies Agricultural Energy Fisheries Regional Citizenship Passports of the European Union Identity Pro-Europeanism Euroscepticism Integration Supranationalism Federalism United States of Europe Enhanced co-op
Other Other currencies in use Bulgarian lev Croatian kuna Czech koruna Danish krone Hungarian forint Polish złoty Romanian leu Swedish krona ERM II Enlargement of the eurozone Non Euro countries relationship to Euro Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Hungary Poland Sweden Romania Common Travel Area (Ireland) Multi-speed Europe
Foreign relations High Representative Josep Borrell Ext. Action Service Foreign Policy Defence Policy Foreign relations of EU member states Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey–European Union relations Iceland–European Union relations Norway–European Union relations Switzerland–European Union relations United States–European Union relations China–European Union relations United Kingdom–European Union relations (History) Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union Brexit Microstates and the European Union European Union and the United Nations European Union Association Agreement G7 G20
European Union portal Other countries
v t

The following is a list of notable judgments of the European Court of Justice.

Principles of Union Law[]

Direct effect[]

Treaties, Regulations and Decisions[]

• Van Gend en Loos 26/62 [1963] ECR 1

"The [European Economic] Community constitutes a new legal order of international law for the benefit of which the [Member] States have limited their sovereign rights".

"The Court ... has the jurisdiction to answer ... questions referred that ... relate to the interpretation of the treaty."

• Franz Grad 9/70 [1970] ECR-825
• Commission v Italy 39/72 [1973] ECR 101
• Reyners 2/74 [1974] ECR 631
• Defrenne II [1976] ECR 455
• Amsterdam Bulb 50/76 [1977] ECR 137

States can provide in national legislation for appropriate sanctions which are not provided for in the regulation, and can continue to regulate various related issues which are not covered in the regulation

• Zaera 126/86 [1987] ECR 3697
• Azienda Agricola C-403/98 [2001] ECR I-103
• Steinberg T-17/10 [2012] 625
• Sharif University T-181/13 [2014] 607

Directives[]

• Van Duyn v Home Office 41/74 [1974] ECR 1337
• Ratti 148/78 [1979] ECR 1629

Member States are precluded by their failure to implement a directive properly from refusing to recognise its binding effect in cases where it is pleaded against them, thus they cannot rely on their failure to implement the directive in time.

• Becker 8/81 [1982] ECR 53
• von Colson 14/83 [1984] ECR 1891
• Kolpinghuis Nijmegen 80/86 [1987] ECR 3969

There is no obligation of harmonious interpretation where the national measure, interpreted in the light of the directive, would impose criminal liability.

• Fratelli Costanzo 103/88 [1989] ECR 1839
• Foster C-188/89 [1990] ECR I-3313
• Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority Case 152/84 [1986] ECR I-4367^[1]
• Faccini Dori C-91/92 [1994] ECR I-3325
• CIA Security C-194/94 [1996] ECR I-2201
• Arcaro C-168/95 [1996] ECR I-4705

Notwithstanding the Kolpinghuis ruling, the creation of any other kind of legal disadvantage of detriment, save for criminal liability, is very well possible.

• Unilever Italia C-443/98 [2000] ECR I-7535
• Commission v Spain, case C-417/99, 13 September 2001: failure to designate the competent authorities and bodies responsible for implementing Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality.^[2] Directives are to be transposed into national law "with precision, clarity and transparency".^[3]

Primacy[]

• Costa v ENEL 6/64 [1964] ECR 585

Community law takes precedence over the Member States' own domestic law.

• Simmenthal II 106/77 [1978] ECR 629

Duty to set aside provisions of national law which are incompatible with Community law. The Court ruled that:

A national court which is called upon, within the limits of its jurisdiction, to apply provisions of Community law is under a duty to give full effect to those provisions, if necessary refusing of its own motion to apply any conflicting provision of national legislation, even if adopted subsequently, and it is not necessary for the court to request or await the prior setting aside of such provisions by legislative or other constitutional means.^[4]

• Marleasing C-106/89 ECR I-7321

National law must be interpreted and applied, insofar as possible, so as to avoid a conflict with a Community rule.

• Factortame I C-213/89 [1990] ECR I-2433

Duty on national courts to secure the full effectiveness of Community law, even where it is necessary to create a national remedy where none had previously existed.

Rejection of Reciprocity Principles of General International Law[]

• , joined cases 90 and 91/63 [1964] ECR 625

"[I]n [the defendants’] view, … international law allows a party, injured by the failure of another party to perform its obligations, to withhold performance of its own … However, this relationship between the obligations of parties cannot be recognized under Community law. … [T]he basic concept of the treaty requires that the Member States not take the law into their own hands."^[5]

Fundamental rights[]

• Stauder 29/69 [1969] ECR 419

"Fundamental rights [are] enshrined in the general principles of Community law and protected by the Court."

• Internationale Handelsgesellschaft 11/70 [1970] ECR 1125

Fundamental rights are an integral part of the general principles of law the observance of which the Court ensures.

• Nold 4/73 [1974] ECR 491, §13

When protecting fundamental rights, "the Court is bound to draw inspiration from constitutional traditions common to the Member States, and it cannot therefore uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected by the Constitutions of those States." The Court can also draw on international human rights treaties to which Member States have collaborated or are signatories.

• Carpenter C-60/00 [2002] ECR I-6279

Fundamental rights affect the scope and application of Community law. In Carpenter, the Court weaved principles of respect for family and private life from Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights into its analysis of the rights of Union citizens. It concluded that the right of a minor child to reside in a Member State under Community law brought with it a corollary right for his mother to reside there as well.

• Test Achats vs Council of Ministers

The legislative organs of the union cannot make laws which allow private sector organisations to discriminate on the grounds of gender even if such discrimination is based on relevant and accurate actuarial and statistical data.

• Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel C-199/12 [2013] 720

Law of the institutions[]

Acts[]

• Mandelli 3/67 [1968] ECR 25

Acts of the European institutions must be supported by sufficient reasoning, the validity of which shall be examined by the Court.

Legislative process[]

• Variola 34/73 [1973] ECR 981
• Roquette Frères v Council 138/79 [1980] ECR 3333
• Germany v Commission 24/62 [1963] ECR 131
• Tariff Preferences case 45/86 [1987] ECR 1493
• Beus 5/67 [1968] ECR 83
• Tobacco Advertising case C-376/98 [2000] ECR I-8419
• Opinion 2/94 [1996] ECR I-1759

The European Community does not have the power under the treaties to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights.

• Parliament v Council C-65/93 [1995] ECR I-643

Liability[]

• Plaumann v Commission 25/62 [1963] ECR 199

The Plaumann test sets out the criteria for non-privileged applicants to prove individual concern: 'Applicants must show that the decision affects them by reason of certain attributes which are peculiar to them or by reason of circumstances in which they are differentiated from all other persons and by virtue of these factors distinguishes them individually just as in the case of the person addressed.'

• Codorníu v Council C-309/89 [1994] ECR I-1853

In this case the court took a more liberal approach than the restrictive Plaumann test for establishing individual concern, which was, however, not followed in judgements thereafter.

Interim orders[]

Article 186 of the Treaty of Rome stated that the Court "may, in any cases referred to it, make any necessary interim order".^[6] Article 39 of the Treaty of Nice's Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice (2001) states that "the President of the Court may, by way of summary procedure ... prescribe interim measures in pursuance of Article 243 of the EC Treaty or Article 158 of the EAEC Treaty".^[7]

In Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium (1994), the President dismissed an application for interim measures submitted by the Commission on 11 March 1994 because the Commission had "not displayed the diligence to be expected". The Commission had been aware of an alleged breach of the procurement directives in October 1993, and had referred on 8 February 1994 to its "intention" to seek the suspension of a public supplies contract, but did not apply for an interim order until 11 March 1994.^[8]

Competition[]

• Simba Toys T-450/09 [2014] 983
• Anti-competitive behaviour and concerted practices in the international air freight forwarding services market:
  • Case C-261/16: P Kuhne + Nagel International and others v European Commission, regarding a cartel agreeing surcharges on export declarations, referred to as the "new export system" cartel
  • Case C-263/16: P Schenker v Commission
  • Case C-264/16: P Deutsche Bahn and others v Commission
  • Case C-271/16: P Panalpina World Transport (Holding) and others v Commission

- judgments issued collectively on 1 February 2018.^[9] The other cartels referred to in the judgment were those known as the "advanced manifest system" cartel, the "peak season surcharge" cartel and the "currency adjustment factor" cartel.^[10]

Data protection[]

• Case C-362/14 - Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner, reference for a preliminary ruling from the High Court of Ireland made on 25 July 2014, published 6 October 2015.^[11]

Employment[]

• Case C-186/83: Arie Botzen and others v Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij BV, leading case on the meaning of "assignment" in relation to the part of an undertaking or business to which [employees] are "assigned" to carry out [their] duties for purposes of the TUPE directive.^[12]
• Case C-24/85, Spijkers v Gebroeders Benedik Abattoir CV

External relations[]

• Commission v Council relating to the European Road Transport Agreement (ERTA), [1971] ECR 263

External trade[]

• Portugal v Council, case C-149/96: application made by the government of Portugal for the annulment of Council Decision 96/386/EC of 26 February 1996 concerning the conclusion of Memoranda of Understanding between the European Community and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (signed 31 December 1994) and between the European Community and the Republic of India (signed 15 October 1994) on arrangements in the area of market access for textile products. Among other concerns, the Portuguese government argued that the principle of transparency had been breached,^[3] because the contested decision approved Memoranda of Understanding which were "not adequately structured and are drafted in obscure terms which prevent a normal reader from immediately grasping all their implications, in particular as regards their retroactive application".^[13] In support of this plea, Portugal relied on a European Council resolution of 8 June 1993 on the quality of drafting of Community legislation.^[14] In this respect, the Court ruled that the 1993 resolution had no binding effect and that in any case, "the decision appears to be clear in every aspect".^{[13]: paragraphs 55-57}

Intellectual property rights[]

• Joined cases C-446/09 and C-495/09 concerned the interpretation of EU legislation governing action by customs authorities against possible infringements of intellectual property rights when suspected goods were within the EU for "external transit" purposes.^[15]

• In SAS Institute Inc v World Programming Ltd. (C-406/10), the court ruled that copyright protection does not extend to software functionality, the programming language used, or the format of the data files used by a software program.

Internal market[]

Free movement of goods[]

Definition of "goods"[]

• Commission v Italy ("Italian Art") 7/68 [1968] ECR 423

'Goods' are "products which can be valued in money and which are capable, as such, of forming the subject of commercial transactions".

• Commission v Belgium C-2/90 [1992] ECR I-4431

"Waste, whether recyclable or not, is to be regarded as 'goods'."

Customs duties and equivalent charges[]

Articles 23 and 25 EC prohibit as between Member States all "customs duties on imports and exports and of all charges having equivalent effect". The prohibition in Article 25 also applies to customs duties of a fiscal nature.

• Commission v Italy (`Italian statistical data´) 24/68 [1969] ECR 193

Customs charges are prohibited because "any pecuniary charge, however small, imposed on goods by reason of the fact that they cross a frontier constitutes an obstacle to the movement of such goods."

• Diamantarbeiders 2/69 and 3/69 [1969] ECR 211

A charge having equivalent effect to a customs duty is "any pecuniary charge however small and whatever its designation and mode of application which is imposed unilaterally on domestic or foreign goods by reason of the fact that they cross a frontier and which is not a customs duty in the strict sense." This is the case "even if it is not imposed for the benefit of the State [and] is not discriminatory or protective in effect, or if the product on which the charge is imposed is not in competition with any domestic product."

• Bresciani 87/75 [1976] ECR 129

Charges imposed for a public health inspection carried out on the entry of goods to a Member State can be a charge having equivalent effect to a customs duty. It was not important that the charges were proportionate to the costs of the inspection, nor that such inspections were in the public interest.

• Commission v Germany 18/87 [1988] ECR 5427

A charge for a service will not be regarded as a customs duty where it: (a) does not exceed the cost of the service, (b) that service is obligatory and applied uniformly for all the goods concerned, (c) the service fulfills obligations prescribed by Community law, and (d) the service promotes the free movement of goods in particular by neutralising obstacles which may arise from unilateral measures of inspection.

Indirect taxation[]

Article 110 EC prevents any Member State from imposing, "directly or indirectly, on the products of other Member States any internal taxation of any kind in excess of that imposed directly or indirectly on similar domestic products". This prohibition also extends to "internal taxation of such a nature as to afford indirect protection to other products".

• Humblot 112/84 [1985] ECR 1367

Quantitative restrictions[]

Article 34 EC bans "quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between Member States", the same provision in respect of exports is found in Article 35 EC.

• Geddo v Ente 2/73 [1973] ECR 865

Quantitative restrictions are "measures which amount to a total or partial restraint of, according to the circumstances, imports, exports or goods in transit."

Measures having Equivalent effect to a Quantitative Restriction (MEQRs)[]

• Procureur du Roi v Dassonville 8/74 [1974] ECR 837

The following are prohibited as Measures having Equivalent effect to a Quantitative Restriction (MEQRs): "all trading rules enacted by Member States which are capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-Community trade."

• Commission v Ireland 249/81 [1982] ECR 4005
• Commission v UK 207/83 [1985] ECR 1201

Justification[]

Article 36 EC exempts quantitative restrictions which are justified on grounds of "public morality, public policy or public security; the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants; the protection of national treasures possessing artistic, historic or archaeological value; or the protection of industrial and commercial property". The restrictions must not, in any case, "constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between Member States".

• Cassis de Dijon 120/78 [1979] ECR 649
• Henn and Darby 34/79 [1979] ECR 3795
• Keck and Mithouard C-267/91 and C-268/91 [1993] ECR I-6097
• Torfaen Borough Council C-145/88 [1989] ECR 3851

Free movement of persons[]

Workers[]

• Hoekstra 75/63 [1964] ECR 347
• Sotgiu 152/73 [1974] ECR 153
• Van Duyn 41/74 [1974] ECR 1337
• Levin 53/81 [1982] ECR 1035
• Lawrie-Blum 66/85 [1986] ECR 2121
• Bettray 344/87 [1989] ECR 1621
• Trojani C-456/02 [2004] ECR I-07573
• Groener C-379/87 [1989] ECR 3967
• Antonissen C-292/89 [1991] ECR I-745
• Bosman C-415/93[1995] ECR I-4921
• Angonese C-281/98 [2000] ECR I-4139

Citizenship[]

• Grzelczyk C-184/99 [2001] ECR I-6193
• Garcia Avello C-148/02 [2003] ECR I-11613
• Collins C-138/02 [2004] ECR I-2703
• Zhu and Chen C-200/02 [2004] ECR I-9925
• Metock and Others C-127/08 [2008] ECR I-6241

Freedom of establishment and to provide services[]

Establishment[]

• Reyners 2/74 [1974] ECR 631
• Thieffry 71/76 [1977] ECR 765
• Factortame II C-221/89 [1991] ECR I-3905
• Vlassopoulou 340/89 [1991] ECR 2357
• Centros C-212/97 [1999] ECR I-1459
• Überseering C-208/00 [2002] ECR I-9919

Services[]

• van Binsbergen 33/74 [1974] ECR 1299
• Cowan 186/87 [1989] ECR 195
• Rush Portuguesa C-113/89 [1990] ECR I-1417
• Gebhard C-55/94 [1995] ECR I-4165
• Bosman C-415/93[1995] ECR I-4921

Jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments[]

• Car Trim GmbH v KeySafety Systems SrL (case C-381/08) and Electrosteel Europe sa v Edil Centro SpA, (case C-87/10): two linked cases regarding the place of "performance" of a contractual obligation, which may be used to determine the national court with jurisdiction in a civil or commercial matter. This will in general be the place of delivery in relation to a contract for the sale of goods. These cases looked at situations where goods were made available for delivery to a purchaser in another member state. The terms of the contract should first be considered to determine where "delivery" is to take place, but if this is not possible (not knowing which member state's substantive contract law is to apply), the place where goods are physically handed over to the purchaser or their agent will determine the place of performance.^[16]

• Pammer v. Karl Schlütter GmbH & Co. KG (case C-585/08) and Hotel Alpenhof v. Mr. Heller (case C-144/09), 2010: see Pammer and Alpenhof cases

Public procurement[]

• Case 31/87 Gebroeders Beentjes BV v State of the Netherlands on the interpretation of Council Directive 71/305/EEC of 26 July 1971 concerning the coordination of procedures for the award of public works contracts: a "social consideration" such as a condition relating to the employment of long-term unemployed persons is compatible with the public works directive if it has no direct or indirect discriminatory effect on tenderers from other Member States of the Community.^[17]
• Case C-107/92 Commission v Italian Republic - an urgent need had arisen to construct an avalanche barrier in the Alpe Gallina region near Colle Isarco and Brenner in the South Tyrol, following publication of a geological report in June 1988 recommending in advance of the 1988-89 winter. The Italian government appointed a contractor without advertising in the Official Journal of the European Communities on the grounds of urgency, but the European Commission argued, and the Court agreed, that there was sufficient time to advertise the works opportunity under the accelerated procedure as defined in section 15 of the Directive on Public Works Contracts (Directive 71/305/EEC).^[18]
• Case C-237/99 Commission v French Republic - ruled that the French public housing institutions, offices publics d'aménagement et de construction (OPAC, public development and construction entities) and societes anonymes habitations à loyer modéré (SA HTMs, low-rent housing corporations) met the criteria in the then-applicable public works contracts directive (Council Directive 93/37/EEC) for being treated as a "body governed by public law" according to article 1(b) of the directive:

• a body established for the specific purpose of meeting needs in the general interest, not having an industrial or commercial character,
• having legal personality, and

[either]

• financed, for the most part, by the State, or regional or local authorities, or other bodies governed by public law, or
• subject to management supervision by those bodies, or
• having an administrative, managerial or supervisory board, more than half of whose members are appointed by the State, regional or local authorities or by other bodies governed by public law.^[19][20] Accordingly they were subject to the obligation to publish relevant above-threshold contracts in the Official Journal of the European Communities.^[21]

• Case C-97/94: contracting authorities have "a degree of choice" as to which procurement procedure they follow for each procurement exercise, but "once they have issued an invitation to tender under one particular procedure, they are required to observe the rules applicable to it until the contract has been finally awarded". In this case, brought by the Commission of the European Communities against the Kingdom of Belgium, the Belgian government argued that although this tender for the supply of buses for public transport in the Walloon region had been issued using the "Open Procedure", the "negotiated procedure" could have been used instead. The court stated that subsequently changing the procedure in order to negotiate (or accept further post-tender information) was not permitted.^[22]
• Case C-182/11, Econord SpA v Comune di Cagno et al, 29 November 2012: control "similar to the control which [a local authority] exercises over its own departments" is maintained where the authority holds capital in a public entity and also plays "a role in its managing bodies".^[23] Joined case with case C-183/11.^[23]
• Case C-552/13, Grupo Hospitalario Quirón SA v Departamento de Sanidad del Gobierno Vasco and Instituto de Religiosas Siervas de Jesús de la Caridad, confirmed that the 2004 Directive on Public Procurement did not permit a tender for medical services to state as a requirement that the proposed services must be provided within the boundaries of a particular locality, in this case the municipality of Bilbao.^[24] A more general proximity requirement in the specification, more easily justifiable, was not criticised by the court.^[25]

• C-413/17 - Roche Lietuva, related to the detailed formulation of technical specifications.^[26]

Social policy[]

• Defrenne III C-149/77 [1978] ECR 1365: the scope of article 119 does not extend beyond equal pay, but the elimination of sex discrimination is a fundamental principle of Community law.^[27]
• Bundesdruckerei v. Stadt Dortmund, Case C-549/13: the City of Dortmund could not require tenderers for a document digitalisation contract to commit to paying German minimum wage levels to the workforce when they were intending to sub-contract the performance of the contract to a firm based in Poland outside the scope of the German minimum wage law.^[28]

State liability[]

• Francovich and Bonifaci C-6/90 and C-9/90 [1991] ECR I-5357
• Brasserie du Pêcheur / Factortame III C-46/93 and C-48/93 [1996] ECR I-1029
• British Telecom C-392/93 [1996] ECR I-1631
• Faccini Dori C-91/92 [1994] ECR I-3325
• Köbler C-224/01 [2003] ECR I-10239
• ClientEarth C-404/13 [2014] 2382
• Elisabeta Dano and Florin Dano C-333/13 [2014] 2358

Taxation[]

Value added tax[]

• C-97/90 - Lennartz v Finanzamt München III: reference for a preliminary ruling on VAT paid on the purchase of capital goods.^[29]

• Axel Kittel & Recolta Recycling SPRL (cases C-439/04 and C-440/04, issued 6 July 2006) (known as Kittel), a missing trader fraud case. Under the Kittel ruling, "the right to claim input tax could be denied to anyone in the supply chain if the trader knew or should have known that their transactions were connected with VAT fraud".^[30]

The three main cases on are:

• Case C-162/07, Ampliscientifica and Amplifin v. Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze, (2008, Italy) ECR I-4019
• Case C-7/13 Skandia America Corp (USA) v. Skatteverket (the Swedish Tax Agency), 14 September 2014
• Cases C-108/14 and C-109/14 (conjoined), Larentia + Minerva and Marenave, 16 July 2015^[31]

Fifty-seven pre-accession cases[]

The following is the official list of fifty-seven cases that were translated in preparation for new member states who joined the European Union in 2004.^[32] The list below contains fifty case names, because some cases were joined.

• NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v Nederlandse administratie der belastingen (1963) Case 26/62
• Plaumann & Co. v Commission (1963) Case 25/62
• Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L. (1964) Case 6/64
• Établissements Consten S.à.R.L. and Grundig-Verkaufs-GmbH v Commission (1966) Case 56-58/64
• Commission v Council (1971) Case 22/70
• (1971) Case 5/71
• Jean Reyners v Belgian State (1974) Case 2/74
• Procureur du Roi v Benoît in Gustave Dassonville (1974) Case 8/74
• Yvonne van Duyn v Home Office (1974) Case 41/74
• Gabrielle Defrenne v Société anonyme belge de navigation aérienne Sabena (1976) Case 43/75
• Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal SpA (1978) Case 106/77
• Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein (1979) Case 120/78
• (1979) Case 44/79
• SA Roquette Frères v Council (1980) Case 138/79
• (1980) Case 149/79
• (1982) Case 8/81
• (1982) Cases 188-190/80
• Srl CILFIT et Lanificio di Gavardo SpA v Ministero della sanità (1982) Case 283/81
• Sabine von Colson in Elisabeth Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (1984) Case 14/83
• Parti écologiste “Les Verts” v Parliament (1986) Case 294/83
• Marguerite Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (1986) Case 222/84
• Commission v Germany (1987) Case 178/84
• Commission v Council (1987) Case 45/86
• (1987) Case 314/85
• (1988) Case 267/86
• (1989) Cases 46/87 and 227/88
• (1990) Case C-70/88
• R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd (1990) Case C-213/89
• (1991) C-143/88 in C-92/89
• Andrea Francovich in Danila Bonifaci v Italy (1991) C-6/90 in C-9/90
• (1991) Opinion 1/91
• (1993) C-320/90, C-321/90 in C-322/90
• Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (1993) C-267/91 and C-268/91
• Paola Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl (1994) Case C-91/92
• (1994) Opinion 1/94
• Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financiën (1995) Case C-384/93
• Reinhard Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano (1995) Case C-55/94
• Union royale belge des sociétés de football association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman (1995) Case C-415/93
• Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v Bundesrepublik Deutschland and R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte: Factortame Ltd (1996) C-46/93 and C-48/93
• (1996) Opinion 2/94
• CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel SPRL (1996) Case C-194/94
• Hellmut Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (1997) Case C-409/95
• Commission v France (1997) Case C-265/95
• (1997) Case C-129/96
• María Martínez Sala v Freistaat Bayern (1998) Case C-85/96
• (1998) Case C-162/96
• Centros Ltd v Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen (1999) Case C-212/97
• Albany International BV v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie (1999) Case C-67/96
• (2000) Case C-7/98
• (2000) Case C-376/98

Notes[]

References[]

• Blanquet, Marc; Boulois, Jean (2002). Les grands arrêts de la jurisprudence communautaire. Paris, France: Dalloz. ISBN 978-2-247-04290-6.
• Becht, Marco, Mayer, Colin and Wagner, Hannes F., "Where Do Firms Incorporate? Deregulation and the Cost of Entry" (August 2007). ECGI – Law Working Paper No. 70/2006 (documents effect of Centros and Überseering decisions on incorporation mobility of companies)

External links[]

• Official list of 57 pre-2001 judgments and 79 2001-2004 judgments for Accession countries