List of Jewish diaspora languages

This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.^[1]

Afro-Asiatic languages[]

Cushitic languages[]

Kayla^{[citation needed]}
Qwara^[2]

Semitic languages[]

Arabic languages[]

Judeo-Arabic^[1]

Judeo-Algerian Arabic (extinct)
Judeo-Andalusian Arabic (extinct)
Judeo-Egyptian Arabic (extinct)
Judeo-Iraqi Arabic (extinct)
Judeo-Levantine Arabic (extinct)
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic (extinct)
Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
Judeo-Yemeni Arabic (extinct)

, based on old Egyptian Arabic^[3]

Aramaic languages[]

Judeo-Aramaic^[1]^[4]

Galilean dialect (extinct)

Lishana Deni (Zakho Jewish Neo-Aramaic)^[5]
Lishan Didan (Persian Azerbaijani Jewish Neo-Aramaic)^[5]
Lishanid Noshan (Arbil Jewish Neo-Aramaic)

Other Afro-Asiatic languages[]

Judeo-Berber^[1] (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)

Dravidian languages[]

Judeo-Malayalam^[1] (extinct)

(both written in local alphabets)

Indo-European languages[]

Germanic languages[]

Jewish English languages
Lachoudisch (extinct)
Lotegorisch (extinct)
Yiddish^[1]

Indo-Aryan languages[]

Iranian languages[]

Judeo-Bukharic (Bukhari, Bukhori, Judeo-Tajik)^[9] (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of Samarkand)
Judeo-Golpaygani^[9] (extinct)
Judeo-Hamedani^[9] (extinct)
Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi, Jidi)^[9]
Judeo-Shirazi^[9]^[10]
Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)^[11]

Romance languages[]

Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)

Judeo-Aragonese (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of Skopje)

Judeo-Navarro-Aragonese with a significant Jewish koiné of Tudela (extinct)

Judeo-Asturleonese (extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish)
Judeo-Catalan and Judeo-Valencian (extinct)
Judeo-Emilian-Romagnol^[12] (e.g., the citilects of Modena,^[13] and Ferrara) (almost extinct)
Judeo-French (Zarphatic):^[1] a group of Jewish northern oïl languages and their dialects (extinct)

Judeo-Gascon^[14] (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)

Judeo-Italian^[1] with a wide range of dialects and city koinés (including zones of so-called Toscani (Tuscan, e.g. the citylect of Livorno) and Mediani (Middle Italian, besides all the city koiné of Rome) dialects)
Judeo-Lombard^[15] (e.g., the citylect of Mantua^[16]^[17]) (almost extinct)
Judeo-Piedmontese (almost extinct)
Judeo-Portuguese^[1] (almost extinct, still preserved in small comunities of Portugal, Northern Africa and the Netherlands) and Judeo-Galician (extinct)
Judeo-Provençal^[1] (extinct)
Judeo-Sicilian^[18]^[19] (including the zone of so-called Meridionali Estremi (Far Southern) dialects of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia) (extinct)
Judeo-Southern Italian varieties (including the zone of so-called Meridionali (Intermediate Southern Italian) dialects) (almost extinct)
Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)^[1]

Haketia
Tetuani

Judeo-Venetian (almost extinct)

Other Indo-European languages[]

Judeo-Czech (Knaanic)^[20]^[21] (extinct)
Judeo-Greek (Romaniyot, Yevanic)^[1]

Judeo- (extinct)

Judeo-Koiné Greek (extinct)

Kartvelian languages[]

Judeo-Georgian^[1]^[22]
Judeo-Mingrelian (first of all — so called Zugdidi–Samurzakano dialect of Mingrelian,^[23] e.g. Bandza and Senaki Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendency is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian)^[22] (almost extinct)

Turkic languages[]

Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak)^[24] (almost extinct)
^[25] (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
Karaim^[1] (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words) Judeo-Krygyz (also known as Rainalimi a Krygyz-Uzbek-Tagalog mixed language spoken in the Philippines, Israel, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan almost extinct)

References[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (2015-10-30). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
^ Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)". Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2). doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021. S2CID 143577497.
^ Khan, Geoffrey (1997). "The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit". Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (34): 53–102. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43525685.
^ Khan, Geoffrey (1999-06-08). A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305045.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Weninger, Stefan (2011-12-23). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
^ "Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian". blogs.bl.uk.
^ "A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India". Gorgias Press LLC.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800-1899 era". British Library. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Spolsky, Bernard (2014-03-27). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.
^ Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. [1].
^ Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74. [2].
^ "La parlata giudeo-reggiana | ESTER".
^ Holtus, Günter; Metzeltin, Michael; Schmitt, Christian (24 February 2011). Kontakt, Migration und Kunstsprachen: Kontrastivität, Klassifikation und Typologie. ISBN 9783110959925.
^ Nahon, Peter, 2018. Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Paris:Classiques Garnier.
^ "Il giudeo-italiano: Le lingue degli Ebrei in Italia". 27 January 2018.
^ Fortis, Umberto (2006). La parlata degli ebrei di Venezia e le parlate giudeo-italiane. ISBN 9788880572435.
^ Colorni, Vittore (1970). "La parlata degli ebrei mantovani". La Rassegna Mensile di Israel. 36 (7/9): 109–164. JSTOR 41283353.
^ Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018). Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781501504631 – via Google Books.
^ Weiss, Hillel; Katsman, Roman; Kotlerman, Ber (17 March 2014). Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443857529 – via Google Books.
^ International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01. p. 83. ISBN 9780195139778.
^ Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632_Judeo-Georgian_Language_as_an_Identity_Marker_of_Georgian_Jews_The_Jews_Living_in_Georgia
^ THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921) (PDF) (in Russian, Georgian, English, and German). D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia. p. 55.
^ "YIVO | Krymchaks". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
^ Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 2017-09-01. ISBN 9789004359543.

[:2-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (2015-10-30). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.

[2] Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)". Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2). doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021. S2CID 143577497.

[3] Khan, Geoffrey (1997). "The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit". Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (34): 53–102. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43525685.

[4] Khan, Geoffrey (1999-06-08). A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305045.

[:0-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Weninger, Stefan (2011-12-23). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.

[6] "Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian". blogs.bl.uk.

[7] "A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India". Gorgias Press LLC.

[:4-8] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800-1899 era". British Library. Retrieved 2019-10-30.

[:1-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Spolsky, Bernard (2014-03-27). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.

[10] Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. [1].

[11] Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74. [2].

[12] "La parlata giudeo-reggiana | ESTER".

[13] Holtus, Günter; Metzeltin, Michael; Schmitt, Christian (24 February 2011). Kontakt, Migration und Kunstsprachen: Kontrastivität, Klassifikation und Typologie. ISBN 9783110959925.

[14] Nahon, Peter, 2018. Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Paris:Classiques Garnier.

[15] "Il giudeo-italiano: Le lingue degli Ebrei in Italia". 27 January 2018.

[16] Fortis, Umberto (2006). La parlata degli ebrei di Venezia e le parlate giudeo-italiane. ISBN 9788880572435.

[17] Colorni, Vittore (1970). "La parlata degli ebrei mantovani". La Rassegna Mensile di Israel. 36 (7/9): 109–164. JSTOR 41283353.

[18] Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018). Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781501504631 – via Google Books.

[19] Weiss, Hillel; Katsman, Roman; Kotlerman, Ber (17 March 2014). Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443857529 – via Google Books.

[20] International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01. p. 83. ISBN 9780195139778.

[21] Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.

[:3-22] Jump up to: ^a ^b https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632_Judeo-Georgian_Language_as_an_Identity_Marker_of_Georgian_Jews_The_Jews_Living_in_Georgia

[23] THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921) (PDF) (in Russian, Georgian, English, and German). D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia. p. 55.

[24] "YIVO | Krymchaks". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2015-08-01.

[25] Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 2017-09-01. ISBN 9789004359543.

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List of Jewish diaspora languages

Contents

Afro-Asiatic languages[]

Cushitic languages[]

Semitic languages[]

Arabic languages[]

Aramaic languages[]

Other Afro-Asiatic languages[]

Dravidian languages[]

Indo-European languages[]

Germanic languages[]

Indo-Aryan languages[]

Iranian languages[]

Romance languages[]

Other Indo-European languages[]

Kartvelian languages[]

Turkic languages[]

See also[]

References[]