List of animals by number of neurons
Brief comparisons of number of whole brain neurons (top) and cerebral cortex neurons (bottom) among six mammals.
The following are two lists of animals ordered by the size of their nervous system. The first list shows number of neurons in their entire nervous system, indicating their overall neural complexity. The second list shows the number of neurons in the structure that has been found to be representative of animal intelligence.[1] The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex.[2][1]
Overview[]
Neurons are the cells that transmit information in an animal's nervous system so that it can sense stimuli from its environment and behave accordingly. Not all animals have neurons; Trichoplax and sponges lack nerve cells altogether.
Neurons may be packed to form structures such as the brain of vertebrates or the neural ganglions of insects.
The number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior.
Whole nervous system[]
All numbers for neurons (except Caenorhabditis and Ciona), and all numbers for synapses (except Ciona) are estimations.
| Name | Neurons in the brain & whole nervous system | Synapses | Details | Image | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sponge | 0 |  |
[3] | |||
| Trichoplax | 0 | Despite no nervous system, it exhibits coordinated feeding and response behaviors.[4] |  |
[5] | ||
| (rotifer) | about 200 | Brain only |  |
[6] | ||
| Tardigrade | about 200 | Brain only |  |
[7] | ||
| Ciona intestinalis larva (sea squirt) | 231 | 8,617 (central nervous system only) |  |
[8] | ||
| Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm) | 302 | ~7,500 | is the only organism to have its whole connectome (neuronal "wiring diagram") completed.[10][11][12] |  |
[13] | |
| Jellyfish | 5,600 | Hydra vulgaris (H. attenuate) |  |
[14] | ||
| Megaphragma mymaripenne | 7,400 |  |
[15] | |||
| Box jellyfish | 8,700–17,500 | adult Tripedalia cystophora (8 mm diameter) – does not include 1000 neurons in each of the four rhopalia |  |
[16] | ||
| Medicinal leech | 10,000 |  |
[17] | |||
| Pond snail | 11,000 |  |
[18] | |||
| Sea slug | 18,000 |  |
[19] | |||
| Amphioxus | 20,000 | central nervous system only |  |
[20] | ||
| Larval zebrafish | 100,000 |  |
[22] | |||
| Lobster | 100,000 |  |
[23] | |||
| Fruit fly | 100,000 | < 10,000,000[citation needed] |  |
[24] | ||
| Calliopsis (bee) | 234,000 |  |
[25] | |||
| Ant | 250,000 | Varies per species |  |
[26] | ||
| Perdita (genus) | 275,000 | [25] | ||||
| Melissodes | 495,000 | [25] | ||||
| Bombus impatiens | 557,000 |  |
[25] | |||
| Western honey bee | 613,000 |  |
[25] | |||
| Honey bee | 960,000 | ~1×109 |  |
[27] | ||
| Cockroach | 1,000,000 |  |
[28] | |||
| Coconut crab | >1,000,000 | c. 1,000,000 interneurons are dedicated to analysing olfactory input alone. | [29] | |||
| California carpenter bee | 1,180,000 |  |
[25] | |||
| Anolis cristatellus | 4,270,000 |  |
[30] | |||
| Guppy | 4,300,000 |  |
[31] | |||
| Ocelot gecko | 4,420,000 |  |
[32] | |||
| Anolis evermanni | 4,920,000 | [30] | ||||
| Adult zebrafish | ~10,000,000 | cells (neurons + other) |  |
[33] | ||
| Frog | 16,000,000 |  |
[34] | |||
| Naked mole-rat | 26,880,000 |  |
[35] | |||
| Little free-tailed bat | 35,000,000 |  |
[36] | |||
| Smoky shrew | 36,000,000 |  |
[37] | |||
| Short-tailed shrew | 52,000,000 |  |
[37] | |||
| Common bent-wing bat | 56,000,000 | [36] | ||||
| African sheath-tailed bat | 59,000,000 | [36] | ||||
| Hottentot golden mole | 65,000,000 |  |
[38] | |||
| Woermann's bat | 66,000,000 | [36] | ||||
| Zenker's fruit bat | 66,000,000 | [36] | ||||
| Commerson's roundleaf bat | 67,000,000 |  |
[36] | |||
| Rufous trident bat | 70,000,000 | [36] | ||||
| House mouse | 71,000,000 | ~1×1012 |  |
[39] | ||
| Nile crocodile | 80,500,000 |  |
[40] | |||
| Heart-nosed bat | 81,000,000 |  |
[36] | |||
| Golden hamster | 90,000,000 |  |
[39] | |||
| Short-palated fruit bat | 99,000,000 | [36] | ||||
| Ansell's mole-rat | 103,000,000 |  |
[41] | |||
| Mashona mole-rat | 113,000,000 | [41] | ||||
| Hairy-tailed mole | 124,000,000 |  |
[38] | |||
| Eastern rock elephant shrew | 129,000,000 |  |
[38] | |||
| Star-nosed mole | 131,000,000 |  |
[37] | |||
| Zebra finch | 131,000,000 | Brain only |  |
[42] | ||
| Silvery mole-rat | 148,000,000 |  |
[41] | |||
| Four-toed elephant shrew | 157,000,000 |  |
[38] | |||
| Eurasian blackcap | 157,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat | 162,000,000 |  |
[36] | |||
| Goldcrest | 164,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Cape mole-rat | 170,000,000 |  |
[41] | |||
| Egyptian fruit bat | 172,000,000 |  |
[36] | |||
| Mechow's mole-rat | 174,000,000 |  |
[41] | |||
| Damaraland mole-rat | 178,000,000 |  |
[41] | |||
| Franquet's epauletted fruit bat | 186,000,000 | [36] | ||||
| Brown rat | 200,000,000 | ~4.48×1011 |  |
[43] | ||
| Guyenne spiny rat | 202,000,000 | [38] | ||||
| Eastern mole | 204,000,000 |  |
[37] | |||
| Red junglefowl | 221,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Great tit | 226,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Green-rumped parrotlet | 227,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Guinea pig | 240,000,000 |  |
[39] | |||
| Gray mouse lemur | 254,710,000 |  |
[44] | |||
| Common treeshrew | 261,000,000 |  |
[45] | |||
| Hammer-headed bat | 275,000,000 |  |
[36] | |||
| Pigeon | 310,000,000 | Brain only |  |
[42] | ||
| Budgerigar | 322,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Cape dune mole-rat | 361,000,000 |  |
[41] | |||
| Common blackbird | 379,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Ferret | 404,000,000 |  |
[46] | |||
| Cockatiel | 453,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Gray squirrel | 453,660,000 |  |
[35] | |||
| Banded mongoose | 454,000,000 |  |
[46] | |||
| Prairie dog | 473,940,000 |  |
[35] | |||
| Common starling | 483,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| European rabbit | 494,200,000 |  |
[35] | |||
| Octopus | 500,000,000 |  |
[47] | |||
| Western tree hyrax | 505,000,000 |  |
[38] | |||
| Common marmoset | 636,000,000 |  |
[45] | |||
| Eastern rosella | 642,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Barn owl | 690,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Monk parakeet | 697,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Azure-winged magpie | 741,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Rock hyrax | 756,000,000 |  |
[38] | |||
| Cat | 760,000,000 | ~1×1013 |  |
[48] | ||
| Black-rumped agouti | 857,000,000 |  |
[39] | |||
| Magpie | 897,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Common hill myna | 906,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Northern greater galago | 936,000,000 | [45] | ||||
| Western jackdaw | 968,000,000 |  |
[42] | |||
| Eurasian jay | 1.085×109 |  |
[42] | |||
| Alexandrine parakeet | 1.096×109 |  |
[42] | |||
| Raccoon dog | 1.16 × 109 |  |
[49] | |||
| Tanimbar corella | 1.161×109 |  |
[42] | |||
| Emu | 1.335×109 |  |
[42] | |||
| Three-striped night monkey | 1.468×109 | [45] | ||||
| Rook | 1.509×109 |  |
[42] | |||
| Grey parrot | 1.566×109 |  |
[42] | |||
| Capybara | 1.6×109 |  |
[39] | |||
| Jackal | 1.73 ×109 |  |
[49] | |||
| Fox | 2.11 × 109 |  |
[49] | |||
| Sulphur-crested cockatoo | 2.122×109 |  |
[42] | |||
| Raccoon | 2.148×109 |  |
[46] | |||
| Kea | 2.149×109 |  |
[42] | |||
| Raven | 2.171×109 | Brain only |  |
[42] | ||
| Domestic pig | 2.22×109 |  |
[50] | |||
| Dog | 2.253×109 |  |
[46] | |||
| Chihuahua (dog) | 2.51 × 109 |  |
[49] | |||
| Dog (Chow Chow) | 2.61 × 109 |  |
[49] | |||
| Dog (Yorkshire Terrier) | 2.64 × 109 |  |
[49] | |||
| Springbok | 2.72×109 |  |
[50] | |||
| Dog (West Highland White Terrier) | 2.83 × 109 |  |
[49] | |||
| Blesbok | 3.06×109 |  |
[50] | |||
| Blue-and-yellow macaw | 3.136×109 | Brain only |  |
[42] | ||
| Common squirrel monkey | 3.246×109 |  |
[45] | |||
| Crab-eating macaque | 3.44×109 |  |
[44] | |||
| Dog (German Shepherd) | 3.53 × 109 |  |
[49] | |||
| Tufted capuchin | 3.691×109 |  |
[45] | |||
| Bonnet macaque | 3.78×109 |  |
[44] | |||
| Striped hyena | 3.885×109 |  |
[46] | |||
| Dog (Komondor) | 3.99 × 109 | [49] | ||||
| Dog (Transylvanian Hound) | 4.39 × 109 |  |
[49] | |||
| Lion | 4.667×109 |  |
[46] | |||
| Greater kudu | 4.91×109 |  |
[50] | |||
| Rhesus macaque | 6.376×109 |  |
[45] | |||
| Brown bear | 9.586×109 |  |
[46] | |||
| Giraffe | 1.075×1010 |  |
[50] | |||
| Yellow baboon | 1.095×1010 |  |
[44] | |||
| Chimpanzee | 2.8×1010 |  |
[51] | |||
| Orangutan | 3.26×1010 |  |
[52] | |||
| Gorilla | 3.34×1010 |  |
[52] | |||
| Human | 8.6×1010 | ~1.5×1014 | Neurons for average adult |  |
[53][54][55] | |
| African elephant | 2.57×1011 |  |
[56][57] |
Sensory-associative structure[]
The cerebral cortex is a structure of particular interest at the intersection between comparative neuroanatomy and comparative cognitive psychology. Historically, it had been assumed that since only mammals have a cerebral cortex, only they benefit from the information processing functions associated with it, notably awareness and thought.[58] It is now known that non-avian reptiles also have a cerebral cortex and that birds have a functional equivalent called the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR), which in fact appears to be a modification subsequent to the reptilian cortex. A modern understanding of comparative neuroanatomy now suggests that for all vertebrates, the pallium roughly corresponds to this general sensory-associative structure.[59] It is also a widely accepted view that arthropods and closely related worms have an equivalent structure, the corpora pedunculata, more commonly known as mushroom bodies. In fact this structure in invertebrates and the pallium in vertebrates may have a common evolutionary origin from a common ancestor.[60]
Given the apparent function of the sensory-associative structure, it has been suggested that the total number of neurons in the pallium or its equivalents may be the best predictor of intelligence when comparing species, being more representative than total brain mass or volume, brain-to-body mass ratio, or encephalization quotient (EQ).[1] It may thus be reasonably assumed that the total number of neurons in an animal's corresponding sensory-associative structure strongly relates to its degree of awareness, breadth and variety of subjective experiences, and intelligence.[1]
Methods
The methods used to arrive at the numbers in this list include neuron count by isotropic fractionator, optical fractionator or estimation based on correlations observed between number of cortical neurons and brain mass within closely related taxa. Isotropic fractionation is often considered more straightforward and reliable than optical fractionation which may yield both overestimates and underestimates.[61] Estimation based on brain mass and taxon is to be considered the least reliable method.
| Common name | Average number of neurons[a] | Intraspecific variation[b] | Method[c] | Sensory-associative structure | Binomial nomenclature | Image | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common fruit fly | 2,500* | Optical fractionator | Corpora pedunculata | Drosophila melanogaster |  |
[62] | |
| House cricket | 50,000* | Optical fractionator | Corpora pedunculata | Acheta domesticus |  |
[62] | |
| Honey bee | 170,000* | Optical fractionator | Corpora pedunculata | Genus: Apis |  |
[62] | |
| Common cockroach | 200,000* | Optical fractionator | Corpora pedunculata | Genus: Periplaneta |  |
[62] | |
| African sheath-tailed bat | 5,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Coleura afra | [36] | ||
| Rufous trident bat | 6,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Triaenops persicus | [36] | ||
| Naked mole-rat | 6,000,000 | ± 1,065,587[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Heterocephalus glaber | |
[35] |
| Little free-tailed bat | 6,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Chaerephon pumilus |  |
[36] | |
| Common bent-wing bat | 6,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Miniopterus schreibersii | [36] | ||
| Commerson's roundleaf bat | 8,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Hipposideros commersoni |  |
[36] | |
| Heart-nosed bat | 10,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Cardioderma cor |  |
[36] | |
| Ansell's mole-rat | 10,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Fukomys anselli | |
[41] | |
| Smoky shrew | 10,000,000 | ± 352,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Sorex fumeus | |
[38] |
| Short-palated fruit bat | 10,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Casinycteris argynnis | [36] | ||
| Mashona mole-rat | 12,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Fukomys darlingi | [41] | ||
| Woermann's bat | 12,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Megaloglossus woermanni | [36] | ||
| Northern short-tailed shrew | 12,000,000 | ± 1,569,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Blarina brevicauda |  |
[38] |
| Zenker's fruit bat | 13,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Scotonycteris zenkeri | [36] | ||
| House mouse | 14,000,000 | ± 2,242,257[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Mus musculus |  |
[38] |
| Hairy-tailed mole | 16,000,000 | ± 2,611,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Parascalops breweri | |
[38] |
| Star-nosed mole | 17,000,000 | ± 3,105,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Condylura cristata | |
[38] |
| Golden hamster | 17,000,000 | ± 3,619,934[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Mesocricetus auratus |  |
[38] |
| Damaraland mole-rat | 21,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Fukomys damarensis | |
[41] | |
| Hottentot golden mole | 22,000,000 | ± 2,154,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Amblysomus hottentotus | |
[38] |
| Gray mouse lemur | 22,310,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Microcebus murinus |  |
[44] | |
| Mechow's mole-rat | 23,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Fukomys mechowii | |
[41] | |
| Franquet's epauletted fruit bat | 23,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Epomops franqueti | [36] | ||
| Hammer-headed bat | 24,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Hypsignathus mostrosus | [36] | ||
| Hedgehog | 24,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Subfamily Erinaceinae, various species |  |
[63] | |
| Silvery mole-rat | 25,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Heliophobius argenteocinereus | |
[41] | |
| Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat | 26,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Epomophorus wahlbergi |  |
[36] | |
| Cape mole-rat | 26,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Georychus capensis | |
[41] | |
| Guyenne spiny rat | 26,000,000 | ± 2,155,723[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Proechimys cayennensis | [38] | |
| Eastern rock elephant shrew | 26,000,000 | ± 4,020,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Elephantulus myurus | |
[38] |
| Eastern mole | 27,000,000 | ± 5,113,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Scalopus aquaticus | |
[38] |
| Opossum | 27,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Didelphis virginiana |  |
[63] | |
| Egyptian fruit bat | 29,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Rousettus aegyptiacus |  |
[36] | |
| Brown Rat | 31,000,000 | + 3,034,654[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Rattus norvegicus |  |
[38] |
| Four-toed elephant shrew | 34,000,000 | ± 5,840,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Petrodromus tetradactylus | |
[38] |
| Ferret | 38,950,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Mustela putorius furo |  |
[46] | |
| Cape dune mole-rat | 43,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Bathyergus suillus | |
[41] | |
| Guinea pig | 43,510,000 | ± 3,169,924[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Cavia porcellus |  |
[35] |
| Eurasian blackcap | 52,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Sylvia atricapilla | |
[42] | |
| Prairie dog | 53,770,000 | ± 6,044,322[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Genus:Cynomys |  |
[35] |
| Zebra finch | 55,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Taeniopygia guttata |  |
[42] | |
| Common treeshrew | 60,000,000 | ± 26,510,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Tupaia glis | |
[38] |
| Red junglefowl | 61,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Gallus gallus |  |
[42] | |
| Goldcrest | 64,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Regulus regulus |  |
[42] | |
| European rabbit | 71,450,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
[35] | |
| Rock dove | 72,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Columba livia |  |
[42] | |
| Eastern gray squirrel | 77,330,000 | ± 2,634,444[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Sciurius carolinensis |  |
[35] |
| Great tit | 83,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Parus major | |
[42] | |
| Western tree hyrax | 99,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Dendrohyrax dorsalis | |
[38] | |
| Green-rumped parrotlet | 103,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Forpus passerinus |  |
[42] | |
| Black-rumped agouti | 113,000,000 | ± 2,576,768[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Dasyprocta prymnolopha | |
[1] |
| Banded mongoose | 115,770,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Mungos mungo |  |
[46] | |
| Common blackbird | 136,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Turdus merula | |
[42] | |
| Budgerigar | 149,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Melopsittacus undulatus |  |
[42] | |
| Rock hyrax | 198,000,000 | ± 29,082,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Procavia capensis | |
[38] |
| Northern greater galago | 226,000,000 | ± 87,570,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Otolemur garnettii |  |
[38] |
| Common starling | 226,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Sturnus vulgaris |  |
[42] | |
| Raccoon dog | 240,180,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Nyctereutes procyonoides |  |
[49] | |
| Common marmoset | 245,000,000 | ± 81,180,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Callithrix jacchus | |
[38] |
| House cat | 249,830,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus | |
[46] | |
| Brown bear | 250,970,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Ursus arctos |  |
[46] | |
| Cockatiel | 258,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Nymphicus hollandicus |  |
[42] | |
| Capybara | 306,500,000 | ± 62,726,120[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris |  |
[35] |
| Tarsius | 310,000,000 | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Genus: Tarsius, unknown species |  |
[64] | |
| Eastern rosella | 333,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Platycercus eximius |  |
[42] | |
| Red fox | 355,010,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Vulpes vulpes |  |
[49] | |
| Goeldi's marmoset | 357,130,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Callimico goeldii |  |
[44] | |
| Western grey kangaroo | 370,170,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Macropus fuliginosus |  |
[65] | |
| Golden jackal | 393,620,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Canis aureus |  |
[49] | |
| Monk parakeet | 396,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Myiopsitta monachus |  |
[42] | |
| Springbok | 396,900,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Antidorcas marsupialis | |
[50] | |
| Azure-winged magpie | 400,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Cyanopica cyanus |  |
[42] | |
| Common hill myna | 410,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Gracula religiosa |  |
[42] | |
| Domesticated pig | 425,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Sus scrofa domesticus |  |
[66] | |
| Barn owl | 437,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Tyto alba |  |
[42] | |
| Emu | 439,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Dromaius novaehollandiae |  |
[42] | |
| West Highland White Terrier | 440,160,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Canis lupus familiaris |  |
[49] | |
| Three-striped night monkey | 442,000,000 | ± 111,310,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Aotus trivirgatus |  |
[1] |
| Eurasian magpie | 443,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Pica pica |  |
[42] | |
| Raccoon | 453,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Procyon lotor |  |
[67] | |
| Chow Chow | 471,500,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Canis lupus familiaris |  |
[49] | |
| Western jackdaw | 492,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Coloeus monedula |  |
[42] | |
| Striped hyena | 495,280,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Hyaena hyaena |  |
[46] | |
| Chihuahua | 513,330,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Canis lupus familiaris |  |
[49] | |
| Eurasian jay | 529,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Garrulus glandarius |  |
[42] | |
| Lion | 545,240,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Panthera leo |  |
[46] | |
| Blesbok | 570,670,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi |  |
[50] | |
| Yorkshire Terrier | 572,140,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Canis lupus familiaris |  |
[49] | |
| Alexandrine parakeet | 575,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Psittacula eupatria |  |
[42] | |
| Tanimbar corella | 599,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Cacatua goffiniana |  |
[42] | |
| Golden retriever | 627,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Canis lupus familiaris |  |
[46] | |
| Gracile capuchin monkey | 650,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Genus: Cebus |  |
[61] | |
| Transylvanian Hound | 725,760,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Canis lupus familiaris |  |
[49] | |
| Greater kudu | 762,570,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Tragelaphus strepsiceros | |
[50] | |
| Crab-eating macaque | 800,960,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Macaca fascicularis |  |
[44] | |
| Rook | 820,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Corvus frugilegus |  |
[42] | |
| Beagle | 844,410,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Canis lupus familiaris |  |
[49] | |
| Grey parrot | 850,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Psittacus erithacus |  |
[42] | |
| Komondor | 883,380,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Canis lupus familiaris |  |
[49] | |
| German Shepherd | 885,460,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Canis lupus familiaris |  |
[49] | |
| Sulphur-crested cockatoo | 1,135,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Cacatua galerita | |
[42] | |
| Tufted capuchin | 1,140,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Sapajus apella | |
[38][1] | |
| Harp seal | 1,168,000,000^
6,100,000,000* |
Estimated
Optical fractionator |
Pallium (cortex) | Pagophilus groenlandicus |  |
[68][69] | |
| Horse | 1,200,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Equus ferus caballus |  |
[70] | |
| Raven | 1,204,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Corvus corax |  |
[42] | |
| Kea | 1,281,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Nestor notabilis |  |
[42] | |
| Common squirrel monkey | 1,340,000,000 | ± 20,000,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Saimiri sciureus |  |
[38] |
| Bonnet macaque | 1,660,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Macaca radiata |  |
[38] | |
| Rhesus macaque | 1,710,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Macaca mulatta | |
[38] | |
| Giraffe | 1,731,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Giraffa camelopardalis |  |
[50] | |
| Blue and yellow macaw | 1,900,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (DVR) | Ara ararauna |  |
[42] | |
| Pygmy sperm whale | 2,020,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Kogia breviceps |  |
[71] | |
| Leopard seal | 2,386,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Hydrurga leptonyx |  |
[68] | |
| Guenon | 2,500,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Genus: Cercopithecus, unknown species |  |
[64] | |
| Pigtail Macaque | 2,531,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Macaca nemestrina |  |
[68] | |
| Gelada baboon | 2,568,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Theropithecus gelada |  |
[68] | |
| Red-and-green macaw | 2,646,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (DVR) | Ara chloropterus |  |
[68] | |
| Harbor porpoise | 2,750,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Phocoena phocoena |  |
[68][69] | |
| Yellow baboon | 2,880,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Papio cynocephalus |  |
[44] | |
| Hyacinth macaw | 2,944,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (DVR) | Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus |  |
[68] | |
| Hamadryas baboon | 2,990,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Papio hamadryas |  |
[68] | |
| Mandrill | 3,102,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Mandrillus sphinx |  |
[68] | |
| Walrus | 3,929,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Odobenus rosmarus |  |
[68] | |
| Southern elephant seal | 3,994,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Mirounga leonina |  |
[68] | |
| African elephant | 5,600,000,000 | Isotropic fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Loxodonta africana |  |
[56] | |
| Short-beaked common dolphin | 6,700,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Delphinus delphis |  |
[68][71] | |
| Asian elephant | 6,775,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Elephas maximus |  |
[68] | |
| Pygmy chimpanzee or bonobo | 7,250,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Pan paniscus |  |
[68] | |
| Chimpanzee | 7,400,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Pan troglodytes |  |
[72] | |
| Orangutan | 7,704,000,000^ - 8,900,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Genus: Pongo | |
[68][52] | |
| Western gorilla | 9,100,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Gorilla gorilla |  |
[68][52] | |
| Cuvier's beaked whale | 9,100,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Ziphius cavirostris |  |
[71] | |
| Beluga whale | 10,000,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Delphinapterus leucas |  |
[68] | |
| Bottlenose dolphin | 12,700,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Tursiops truncatus |  |
[68][71] | |
| Common minke whale | 12,800,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Balaenoptera acutorostrata |  |
[73] | |
| Fin whale | 15,000,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Balaenoptera physalus |  |
[68][74] | |
| Blue whale | 15,000,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Balaenoptera musculus |  |
[68] | |
| Human | 16,340,000,000
21,000,000,000* |
± 2,170,000,000[38] | Isotropic fractionator
Optical fractionator |
Pallium (cortex) | Homo sapiens | |
[38][53][1][75][76] |
| Risso's dolphin | 18,750,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Grampus griseus |  |
[68] | |
| Short-finned pilot whale | 35,000,000,000^ | Estimated | Pallium (cortex) | Globicephala macrorhynchus |  |
[68] | |
| Long-finned pilot whale | 37,200,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Globicephala melas |  |
[77] | |
| Killer whale | 43,100,000,000* | Optical fractionator | Pallium (cortex) | Orcinus orca |  |
[68][71] |
See also[]
|
Notes[]
References[]
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