List of countries implementing pool testing strategy against COVID-19
If not otherwise stated, the virological status of sample pools is evaluated through PCR tests.
Screening strategies[]
General population[]
Country | Institution | Date | Total sampled | Number in pools | Specimen Type | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() ![]() |
University of Washington | 7/23/2020 | >100,000 | 4 | Nasopharyngeal swab | [1] |
![]() ![]() |
Stanford Medical Center | 06/03/2020 | 2,888 (3 positives) | 10 | Nasopharyngeal swab | [2] |
![]() ![]() |
University of Nebraska | 20/04/2020 | 1,700/week | 5 | Nasopharyngeal swab | [3] |
![]() ![]() |
Clinical Reference Laboratory, Lenexa | 31/08/2020 | 6,000/week | 5 | Saliva | |
![]() |
Fundación Biomédica Galicia Sur, CHUVI | 10/08/2020 | 100,000/month | 20 | Saliva | |
![]() |
Rambam Clinical Microbiology Laboratory | 18/03/2020 | N.A. | up to 64 | Nasopharyngeal swab | |
![]() |
Saarland University Medical Center | 29/04/2020 | 22,000 | 30 | Nasopharyngeal swab | [10][11] |
![]() |
Wuhan Centre for Disease Control | 08/06/2020 | >1M | 5-10 | Nasal/Oral swabs | |
![]() |
Qingdao | 08/06/2020 | 7M | To confirm | To confirm | |
![]() |
Kashgar City | 26/11/2020 | 4.5M | To confirm | To confirm | |
![]() |
Algarve Biomedical Centre | 24/04/2020 | 17,000 | 10 | Nasopharyngeal swab | |
![]() |
Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne | 25/08/2020 | 10,312 | 2-8 | Nasopharyngeal swab | |
![]() |
Ministry of Health | 02/2020 | 9,000 | 10 | N.A. | |
![]() |
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research | 04/2020 | 30,000 | 10 | Mixed origin | |
![]() |
Makati Health Department | 15/08/2020 | 10,000 | Unknown | Unknown | |
![]() |
Danang Center for Disease Control | 05/08/2020 | >10,000 | Unknown | Unknown | |
![]() |
Universidad de Las Americas | 05/08/2020 | 1,500 | 3 | Nasopharyngeal swabs | |
![]() |
Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju | 14/07/20 | ||||
![]() |
King George's Medical University, Lucknow | [29] | ||||
![]() |
[31] | |||||
![]() |
[32] | |||||
![]() |
[33] | |||||
![]() |
[34] | |||||
![]() |
International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur | 27/04/2020 | 2,732 (52 positives) | 10 | Nasopharyngeal swab | [35] |
![]() |
Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO). | 22/09/2020 | 10 | [36] | ||
![]() |
Casablanca | 09/06/2020 | 5-10 | |||
![]() |
Florianópolis | 05/05/2020 | 19,535 (246 positives) | 16 | Nasopharyngeal swab |
Campus screening strategies[]
Country | Campus | Date | Total sampled | Number in pools | Specimen Type | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
University of Nottingham | 25/09/2020 | self-collected saliva | |||
![]() |
Cambridge University | 25/09/2020 | expected: 16 000/week | self-collected nasopharyngeal | ||
![]() |
Université de Liège | 26/06/2020 | expected: 30,000/week | 8 | self-collected saliva | |
![]() |
College of Mount Saint Vincent | 09/2020 | 5 to 24 | self-collected saliva | ||
![]() |
Duke University | 08/2020 | 5 to 10 | self-collected nasal | ||
![]() |
Michigan State University | 08/2020 | 14,000/week | 8 or 10 | self-collected saliva | |
![]() |
Syracuse University | 07/2020 | 20,000/week | 25 | self-collected saliva | |
![]() |
University of South Florida | 08/2020 | ? | 5 to 10 | ? | |
![]() |
03/11/2020 | (expected: 3,000/week) | 8 | self-collected saliva | ||
![]() |
Shenandoah University | 15/10/2020 | 2,000 | self-collected saliva |
SUNY campuses are implementing a pool testing strategy based on saliva samples, including Cornell,[50][51] SUNY Fredonia or SUNY Oneonta.[52]
The University of Tennessee[53] is also implementing a saliva pool testing strategy.
Researchers from Yale University,[54] Georgia Augusta University,[55] the University of Illinois,[56][57] are also considering or implementing pool testing strategies.
Small-scale screening or experimental protocols[]
Country | Institution | Date | Total sampled | Number in pools | Specimen Type | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Hôpital Bichat | 03/06/2020 | 448 | 16 | nasopharyngeal swab | [58] |
![]() |
Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute for Research, Valencia | 04/05/2020 | N.A. | 5-10 | nasopharyngeal swab | |
![]() |
Universidade de Santiago, Santiago | 02/06/2020 | N.A. | 5-20 | nasopharyngeal swab | |
![]() |
Universidad Austral de Chile | 06/2020 | 610 | 20 | nasopharyngeal swab | |
![]() |
Pwani University & Oxford | 13/08/2020 0 | 1500 | 6 | nasopharyngeal swab | |
![]() |
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok | 13/08/2020 | N.A. | 10 | nasopharyngeal swab | [62] |
![]() |
University of Rwanda, Kigali | 30/04/2020 | N.A. | 20-100 | oropharyngeal swab | |
![]() |
Sant'Andrea Hospital and Sapienza University, Rome | 03/08/2020 | >2035 | 5 | naso-oropharyngeal swab | |
![]() |
Mahidol University, Bangkok | 25/08/2020 | N.A. | 5-10 | saliva |
References[]
- ^ Perchetti, Garrett A.; Sullivan, Ka-Wing; Pepper, Greg; Huang, Meei-Li; Breit, Nathan; Mathias, Patrick; Jerome, Keith R.; Greninger, Alexander L. (2020-10-01). "Pooling of SARS-CoV-2 samples to increase molecular testing throughput". Journal of Clinical Virology. 131: 104570. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104570. ISSN 1386-6532. PMC 7396208. PMID 32805524.
- ^ Hogan CA, Sahoo MK, Pinsky BA (2020). "Sample Pooling as a Strategy to Detect Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2". JAMA. 323 (19): 1967–1969. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5445. PMC 7136853. PMID 32250394.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Abdalhamid B, Bilder CR, McCutchen EL, Hinrichs SH, Koepsell SA, Iwen PC (2020). "Assessment of Specimen Pooling to Conserve SARS CoV-2 Testing Resources". Am J Clin Pathol. 153 (6): 715–718. doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa064. PMC 7188150. PMID 32304208.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ "Lenexa company ramps up saliva testing for COVID-19". KSHB Kanasa. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ "Vigo opens the new laboratory for COVID-19 screening by pooling". La Voz de Galicia. 26 September 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Cabrera, Jorge J.; Rey, Sonia; Perez, Sonia; Martinez-Lamas, Lucia; Cores-Calvo, Olaia; Torres, Julio; Porteiro, Jacobo; Garcia-Comesana, Julio; Regueiro, Benito J. (June 2, 2020). "Pooling for SARS-CoV-2 Control in Care Institutions". MedrXiv. doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.20108597. S2CID 219177956. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ "Israeli Researchers Introduce Pooling Method for COVID-19 Testing of Over 60 Patients Simultaneously". HospiMedica International staff writers. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ Yelin I, Aharony N, Shaer Tamar E, Argoetti A, Messer E, Berenbaum D; et al. (2020). "Evaluation of COVID-19 RT-qPCR test in multi-sample pools". Clin Infect Dis. 71 (16): 2073–2078. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa531. PMC 7197588. PMID 32358960.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ "Israeli team has coronavirus test kit to test dozens of people at once". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ "Homburger Virologen steigern mit Poolverfahren die Kapazitäten für Coronavirus-Massentests". Universität des Saarlandes. 29 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ Lohse S, Pfuhl T, Berkó-Göttel B, Rissland J, Geißler T, Gärtner B; et al. (2020). "Pooling of samples for testing for SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people". Lancet Infect Dis. 20 (11): 1231–1232. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30362-5. PMC 7194818. PMID 32530425.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ "Wuhan tested millions of people for COVID-19 in just days. Could US cities do the same?". LiveScience.com. May 28, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: China's plan to test everyone in Wuhan". BBC. June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ "Slovakia to test all adults for SARS-CoV-2". The Lancet. October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ^ "China's Kashgar had a coronavirus outbreak. Within two days, 4.5 million people were tested". The Washington Post. October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ^ "Portugal ramps up coronavirus testing at care homes". Reuters. April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
- ^ "Covid-19: Algarve uses 'pool testing' to test over 20,000 people". Portugal Resident. July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ Chong BSW, Tran T, Druce J, Ballard SA, Simpson JA, Catton M (2020). "Sample pooling is a viable strategy for SARS-CoV-2 detection in low-prevalence settings". Pathology. 52 (7): 796–800. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2020.09.005. PMC 7508550. PMID 33036772.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ "Singapore pilots 'pooled testing' on nursing home staff". The Newspaper. May 12, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ^ "We 'pool' coronavirus samples to test 1,000s at a go; we've done 30,000 since Sunday – Noguchi". GhanaWeb. April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ "Pooling samples boosts Ghana's COVID-19 testing". WHO Africa. July 31, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
- ^ "Makati's COVID-19 pool testing to prioritize PUV drivers, vendors". INQUIRER.net. August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ "Danang, Vietnam's Covid-19 epicenter, carries out coronavirus pool testing". Hanoi Times. August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ Freire-Paspuel, Byron; Vega-Marino, Patricio Alejandro; Velez, Alberto; Cruz, Marilyn; Garcia Bereguiain, Miguel Angel (July 3, 2020). "Sample pooling on triplets to speed up SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis using CDC FDA EUA RT-qPCR kit". medRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.20142836. S2CID 220322168. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
- ^ "[Coronavirus] Verified 'sample pooling' introduced to prevent herd infection in S. Korea". ajudaily.com. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ Kim SY, Lee J, Sung H, Lee H, Han MG, Yoo CK; et al. (2020). "Pooling Upper Respiratory Specimens for Rapid Mass Screening of COVID-19 by Real-Time RT-PCR". Emerg Infect Dis. 26 (10): 2469–2472. doi:10.3201/eid2610.201955. PMC 7510748. PMID 32844739.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ "COVID-19 testing free for all Seoul residents". The Korea Herald. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ Lee J, Kim SY, Sung H, Lee SW, Lee H, Roh KH; et al. (2020). "Challenges and issues of SARS-CoV-2 pool testing". Lancet Infect Dis. 20 (11): 1232–1233. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30516-8. PMC 7833783. PMID 32679080.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ "Latest coronavirus update: UP to begin 'pool testing' of Covid suspects". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Advisory on feasibility of using pooled samples for molecular testing of COVID-19" (PDF). INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH RESEARCH. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ Sumati Yengkhom. "West Bengal to start pool testing of samples in low-risk zones". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Punjab launches pool testing". Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "'Chhattisgarh to adopt pool sample testing': Health minister TS Singh Deo on Covid-19". Hindustan Times. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Maharashtra to go for pool testing to defeat coronavirus". Deccan Herald. 12 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ Lim KL, Johari NA, Wong ST, Khaw LT, Tan BK, Chan KK; et al. (2020). "A novel strategy for community screening of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Sample pooling method". PLOS ONE. 15 (8): e0238417. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1538417L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238417. PMC 7454965. PMID 32857823. S2CID 221367117.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Taylor L (2020). "Uruguay is winning against covid-19. This is how". BMJ. 370: m3575. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3575. PMID 32948599. S2CID 221778076.
- ^ "Un laboratoire mobile à Casablanca pour le dépistage du Covid-19". Deccan Herald. 12 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Swab pooling for large-scale RT-qPCR screening of SARS-CoV-2" (PDF). medRxiv. 5 September 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.20187732. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Mahase E (2020). "Covid-19: Universities roll out pooled testing of students in bid to keep campuses open". BMJ. 370: m3789. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3789. PMID 32994203. S2CID 222003158.
- ^ "Stay Safe Cambridge Uni". Cambridge University. September 25, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
- ^ "Dépistage Covid : une capacité de 30.000 à 60.000 tests par jour à l'ULiège". New ULiège. June 26, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
- ^ "L'université de Liège testera tous ses étudiants grâce à ses propres tests salivaires : les explications du vice-recteur". AEF Info. August 25, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
- ^ "Mount Saint Vincent COVID-19 Pool Testing Plan". Mount Saint Vincent website. November 3, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
- ^ "Duke to begin pool testing of undergraduates next week". The Chronicle. August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
- ^ "MSU researchers develop COVID surveillance program using spit test kits". Wilx10. August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
- ^ "How will Syracuse University test 20,000 students for coronavirus? By pooling their saliva". Syracuse.com. July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
- ^ "Dr. Deborah Birx urges Florida to start pool testing for coronavirus. Here's what that means". Click Orlando. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ^ "The Best COVID Warning System? Poop and Pooled Spit, Says One Colorado School". KHN news. November 3, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ "Shenandoah Conducts Pooled Saliva Testing for Novel Coronavirus". KHN news. November 3, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ "Millions of students are returning to US universities in a vast unplanned pandemic experiment". Nature. August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
- ^ "What Happens if Someone Throws a Party? Questions and Answers on the Model Reopening Campus". The Cornell Daily Sun. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ^ "Surveillance/Pool Testing FAQ". SUSY Fredonia. September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ "UT's COVID-19 testing includes surveillance program that monitors wastewater and checks saliva". 10News. September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ "Here's what pooled testing is and how it can be used for the coronavirus". CNN. July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "Georgia researchers develop coronavirus saliva test". Fox 5 Atlanta. July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
- ^ Marris, E. (August 6, 2020). "How to Safely Open Colleges? Test Everyone and Test Often, Experts Say". Nature. NBC 5 Chicago. 584 (7822): 510–512. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02419-w. PMID 32807962. S2CID 221162668. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ "Saliva tests show promise for widespread COVID-19 surveillance at universities and workplaces". c&en. August 21, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
- ^ Martin, Alexandra; Storto, Alexandre; Andre, Barbara; Mallory, Allison; Dangla, Remi; Visseaux, Benoit; Gossner, Olivier (June 3, 2020). "High-sensitivity COVID-19 group testing by digital PCR". arXiv:2006.02908 [q-bio.QM].
- ^ Torres I, Albert E, Navarro D (2020). "Pooling of nasopharyngeal swab specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-PCR". J Med Virol. 92 (11): 2306–2307. doi:10.1002/jmv.25971. PMC 7267454. PMID 32369202.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Verdugo, Claudio (June 3, 2020), "A comparative evaluation of dye-based and probe-based RT-qPCR assay for the screening of SARS-CoV-2 using individual and pooled-sample testing.", medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.20117721, S2CID 219189148
- ^ Agoti, Charles N.; Mutunga, Martin; Lambisia, Arnold W.; Kimani, Domtila; Cheruiyot, Robinson; Kiyuka, Patience; Lewa, Clement; Gicheru, Elijah; Tendwa, Metrine; Said Mohammed, Khadija; Osoti, Victor; Makale, Johnstone; Tawa, Brian; Odundo, Calleb; Cheruiyot, Wesley; Nyamu, Wilfred; Gumbi, Wilson; Mwacharo, Jedidah; Nyamako, Lydia; Otieno, Edward; Amadi, David; Thoya, Janet; Karani, Angela; Mugo, Daisy; Musyoki, Jennifer; Gumba, Horace; Mwarumba, Salim; m. Gichuki, Bonface; Njuguna, Susan; et al. (August 6, 2020). "Pooled testing conserves SARS-CoV-2 laboratory resources and improves test turn-around time: experience on the Kenyan Coast". Wellcome Open Research. Well Come Open Research. 5: 186. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16113.1. PMC 7590893. PMID 33134555.
- ^ Wacharapluesadee S, Kaewpom T, Ampoot W, Ghai S, Khamhang W, Worachotsueptrakun K; et al. (2020). "Evaluating the efficiency of specimen pooling for PCR-based detection of COVID-19". J Med Virol. 92 (10): 2193–2199. doi:10.1002/jmv.26005. PMC 7272832. PMID 32401343.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Mutesa, Leon; Ndishimye, Pacifique; Butera, Yvan; Souopgui, Jacob; Uwineza, Annette; Rutayisire, Robert; Musoni, Emile; Rujeni, Nadine; Nyatanyi, Thierry; Ntagwabira, Edouard; Semakula, Muhammed; Musanabaganwa, Clarisse; Nyamwasa, Daniel; Ndashimye, Maurice; Ujeneza, Eva; Ivan Emile Mwikarago; Claude Mambo Muvunyi; Jean Baptiste Mazarati; Nsanzimana, Sabin; Turok, Neil; Ndifon, Wilfred (April 30, 2020). "A strategy for finding people infected with SARS-CoV-2: optimizing pooled testing at low prevalence". arXiv:2004.14934 [q-bio.QM].
- ^ Petrucca A, Borro M, Lionetto L, Gentile G, Alari A, Simmaco M; et al. (2020). "Validation of small-size-pooling approach targeted to hospital surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 42 (7): 909–911. doi:10.1017/ice.2020.380. PMC 7431840. PMID 32734852.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Pasomsub E, Watcharananan SP, Watthanachockchai T, Rakmanee K, Tassaneetrithep B, Kiertiburanakul S; et al. (2020). "Saliva sample pooling for the detection of SARS-CoV-2". J Med Virol. 93 (3): 1506–1511. doi:10.1002/jmv.26460. PMC 7461487. PMID 32841429. S2CID 221325763.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
See also[]
Categories:
- Design of experiments
- COVID-19 pandemic-related lists