List of family name affixes

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Family name affixes are a clue for surname etymology and can sometimes determine the ethnic origin of a person. This is a partial list of affixes.

Prefixes[]

• A – (Romanian) "son of"
• Ab – (Welsh, Cornish, Breton) "son of"^[1]
• Af – (Danish, Swedish), Av (Norwegian) "of"
• Ap – (Welsh) "son of"^[1]
• Abu – (Arabic) "father of";^[2] also used in Hebrew prior to 1300 BC^{[citation needed]}
• Aït – (Berber) "of"
• Al – (Arabic) "the"^[3]
• Ālam – (Persian) "world"
• At/Ath – (Berber) "(son[s]) of"
• Aust, Austre – (Norwegian) "east", "estern"
• Bar – (Aramaic) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• Bath, bat – (Hebrew) "daughter of"^{[citation needed]}
• Ben, bin, ibn – (Arabic and Hebrew) "son of"^[2]
• Bert – (German) "Bright"^{[citation needed]}
• Bet – (Arabic from "Beyt") "house of"^{[citation needed]}
• Bint – (Arabic) "daughter of"; Binti, Binte (Malaysian version)
• Da – (Italian) "from", "of"; (Portuguese) "from the" (before a feminine singular noun)^{[citation needed]}
• Das – (Portuguese) "from the", "of the", preceding a feminine plural noun^{[citation needed]}
• De – (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Filipino) "of"; indicates region of origin, often a sign of nobility; in Spanish-speaking countries a married woman will sometimes append her name with "de XXXX"^{[citation needed]} where "XXXX" is her husband's last name; (Dutch) "the"
• Degli – (Italian) "of the", preceding a masculine plural noun starting with either sp, sc, ps, z, gn, or st.^{[citation needed]}
• Del – (Italian, Spanish) "of the", preceding a masculine singular noun^{[citation needed]}
• Dele – Southern French, Spanish, Filipino, and Occitan, equivalent of Du^{[citation needed]}
• Della – (Italian) "of the", preceding a feminine singular noun^{[citation needed]}
• Der – (Western Armenian) "son/daughter of a priest"; (German) "the" (masculine nominative), "of the" (feminine genitive)^{[citation needed]}
• Di – (Italian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• Dos – (Portuguese) "from the, of the", preceding a masculine plural noun^{[citation needed]}
• Du – (French) "of the", preceding a masculine singular noun^{[citation needed]}
• E – (Portuguese) "and", between surnames (Maria Eduarda de Canto e Mello)^{[citation needed]}
• El – (Arabic and Spanish) "the"^{[citation needed]}
• Fetch, Vetch – (Welsh) "daughter of"
• Fitz – (Irish, from Norman French) "son of", from Latin "filius" meaning "son" (mistakenly thought to mean illegitimate son, because of its use for certain illegitimate sons of English kings)^{[citation needed]}
• i – (Catalan) "and", always in lowercase, used to identify both surnames (e.g. Antoni Gaudí i Cornet)^[4]
• Kil, Gil – (English, Irish, Scottish) "son of", "servant of", "devotee of", originating from the Irish "Mac Giolla", typically followed by a Saint's name (e.g. Mac Giolla Bhríde). ^[5]
• La – (Italian, French, Spanish) "the", feminine singular^{[citation needed]}
• Le – (Northern French) "the", masculine singular^{[citation needed]}
• Lille – (Norwegian) "small", "little"
• Lu – (Latin and Roman) "Master"
• M'/Mac/Mc/Mck/Mhic/Mic – (Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic) "son". Both Mac and Mc are sometimes written M^ac and M^c (with superscript ac or c). In some names, Mc is pronounced Mac.
• Mala – (Kurdish) "House of"^{[citation needed]}
• Mellom, Myljom – (Norwegian) "between"
• Na – ณ (Thai) "at"^{[citation needed]}
• Ned, Nedre – (Norwegian) "low", "lower"
• Neder – (Swedish) "lower", "under"^{[citation needed]}
• Nic, Ní – (Irish, Scottish) "daughter of", from Irish "iníon" meaning "daughter"^{[6][citation needed]}
• Nin – (Serbian)^{[citation needed]}
• Nord, Norr – (German, Swedish, Danish), Nord, Nordre (Norwegian) "north", "northern"^{[citation needed]}
• Ny – (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "new"^{[citation needed]}
• O/Ó/Ua/Uí – (Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic) "son of", "grandson of", "descendant of"^{[7][citation needed]}
• Opp, Upp – (Norwegian) "up"
• Öfver – (Swedish) "upper", "over" (archaic spelling)^{[citation needed]}
• Ost (German), Öst, Öster (Swedish), Øst (Danish), Øst, Østre (Norwegian) – "east", "eastern"^{[citation needed]}
• Över – (Swedish) "upper", "over"^{[citation needed]}
• Øvste, Øvre, Øver – (Norwegian) "upper"
• Öz – (Turkish) "pure"^{[citation needed]}
• Pour – (Persian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• Putra/Putera – (Indonesian) "son of"
• Putri/Puteri – (Indonesian) "daughter of"
• Setia/Setya – (Indonesian) "loyal to"
• Stor – (Norwegian, Swedish) "large"^{[citation needed]}
• Söder – (Swedish), Sør, Sønder (Danish), Sør, Syd, Søndre, Syndre, Søre (Norwegian), "south", "southern"^{[citation needed]}
• Ter – (Dutch) "at the"^{[citation needed]}
• Ter – (Eastern Armenian) "son/daughter of a Priest"^{[citation needed]}
• Tre – (Cornish) "farm of"^{[citation needed]}
• Van – (Dutch) "of", "from"
• Van De, Van Den, Van Der, Van Het, Van 't – (Dutch) "of the", "from the"
• Väst, Väster – (Swedish) "west"^{[citation needed]}
• Verch, Erch – (Welsh) "daughter of"^[8]
• Vest – (Danish) Vest, Vestre (Norwegian) "west", "western"^{[citation needed]}
• Vesle, Vetle – (Norwegian) "small", "little"
• von – (German) "of", "from"; a sign of nobility.
• war - Marathi Last Name. People from Arya Vyshya community residing mostly in central India.
• zu - (German) "at"; a sign of nobility, sometimes in the combination von und zu

Suffixes[]

• -a, -ya Kurdish means "of" (female) (by two surnames)^{[clarification needed][citation needed]}
• -à (Catalan)^{[citation needed]}
• -ac (Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian, Southern French)^{[citation needed][citation needed]}
• -ach (Ukrainian, Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ač/)^{[citation needed]}
  • -acz (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
• -aei (Persian) (See -i) for words that end in the long vowel A^{[citation needed]}
• -aitis (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -aitė (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female^{[citation needed]}
    • -aty Americanized form^{[citation needed]}
• -aj (Albanian) (pronounced AY; meaning “of the" ) It denotes the name of the family, which mostly comes from the male founder of the family, but also from a place, as in, Lash-aj (from the village Lashaj of Kastrat, MM, Shkodër). It is likely that its ancient form, still found in MM, was an [i] in front of the last name, as in ‘Déda i Lékajve’ (Déd of Lekës). For ease of use, the [i] in front of the last name, and the ending _ve, were dropped. If the last name ends in [a], then removing the [j] would give the name of the patriarch or the place, as in, Grudaj - j = Gruda (place in MM). Otherwise, removing the whole ending [aj] yields the name of founder or place of origin, as in Lekaj - aj = Lek(ë). Since the names are found most commonly in Malsi e Madhe (North) and Labëri (South), it is likely that this linguistic feature is very old. It must have been lost as a result of foreign influences brought into Albania by the invaders.^{[citation needed]}
• -ak (Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Croatian, Slovenian, Slovak, Montenegrin, Sorbian) See -ák for its Slovak meaning.^[9]
  • -ák (Czech, Slovak) In Slovak, -ák means "pertaining to" or merely creates a noun, and its two other versions are -iak and -ak.^[9]
• -al (Nepali) denotes for village of origin (for e.g.; Khanal, Dhakal, Dahal, Rijal, etc.)
• -an (Ukrainian, Belarusian) (e.g. Ruban)^{[citation needed]}
• -an (Romanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -án (Spanish)^{[citation needed]}
• -and (French)^{[citation needed]}
• -ange (French) from Germanic -ing^{[citation needed]}
• -ano (Italian) feminine -ana "of or from [a locality]"; from Latin -ānus, -āna^{[citation needed]}
• -anu (Romanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -appa (Kodava) patronymic, meaning "father"
• -ár (Slovak)^{[citation needed]}
• -ář (Czech)^{[citation needed]}
• -arz (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
• -as (French) Duras, Porras, Dumas
• -au (-aw) (Belarusian) / -aŭ (Belarusian Latin) equivalent to Russian -ov^{[citation needed]}
  • -ava (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of -au
• -au (German) in a toponymic surname, "of or from a lower place near water"^[10]
• -auskas/-iauskas (Lithuanian) equivalent to Polish -owski, -ewski, Belarusian -ouski, -euski / Belarusian Latin -oŭski, -eŭski^{[citation needed]}
• -awan (Urdu)^{[citation needed]}
• -ba (Abkhazian) "male"^{[citation needed]}
• -chi, -çı, -çi, cı, -ci (Azeri, Persian, چی-, Turkish) attributed to a geographic location or performing a certain job^[11]
• -chian (Persian, چیان-) attributed to or performing a certain job^{[citation needed]}
• -chek, -chik, -chyk, -chuk (Ukrainian, Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ček, -čyk, -čuk/) diminutive^{[citation needed]}
  • -czek, -czyk, -czuk, -czak (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
  • -ček, -čík (Czech, Slovak, Slovenian)^{[citation needed]}
  • -ćek, -cek (Croatian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ckas (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -cki^{[citation needed]}
• -cki (Polish, Belarusian, Croatian, Serbian, Sorbian) variant of -ski^{[citation needed]}
  • -cka (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Sorbian) Feminine equivalent of -cki^{[citation needed]}
• -ckis (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -cki^{[citation needed]}
• -cký (Czech, Slovak)^{[citation needed]}
  • -cká (Czech, Slovak) Feminine equivalent of -cký^{[citation needed]}
• -čki (Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian)^{[citation needed]}
• -cock, -cox (English) "little"^{[citation needed]}
• -datter (Danish, Norwegian) "daughter (of)"^{[citation needed]}
• -din (Swedish)^{[citation needed]}
• -dotter (Norwegian, Swedish) "daughter (of)"^{[citation needed]}
• -dóttir (Icelandic) "daughter (of)" (patronymic suffix (sometimes matronymic) (by law) of not a family name but part of the Icelandic last name where (usually) the father's name is always slightly modified and then dóttir added)^{[citation needed]}
• -dze (Georgian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -dzki (Polish) variant of -ski, -cki^{[citation needed]}
• -é (Catalan)^{[citation needed]}
• -ê, -yê (Kurdish) means "of" (male) (by two surnames)^{[clarification needed]}
• -eanu (Romanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -eau, -eault (French) diminutive suffix (Latin -ellu-)^{[citation needed]}
• -ec (Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovenian, Polish, Sorbian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), (French spelling for Breton -e.g.)^{[citation needed]}
  • -avec (Belarusian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ee (See -i)^{[citation needed]}
• -eff (Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from German transliteration of -ev^{[citation needed]}
• -eiro (Portuguese, Galician)^{[citation needed]}
• -ek (Czech, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian) diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -ell (English spelling for French -el, diminutive)^{[citation needed]}
• -el (Northern French and Occitan, French -eau)^{[citation needed]}
• -ema (Suffix of Frisian origin, given by Napoleon Bonaparte who used suffixes like these to keep a record of people's origins within the Netherlands)^{[citation needed]}
• -ems (Dutch)^{[citation needed]}
• -ėnas (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -enko (Ukrainian), -enka/-anka (Belarusian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -chenko (Ukrainian), -chenka/-chanka (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -čenka, -čanka/)
• -ens (Dutch)^{[citation needed]}
• -ent (French)^{[citation needed]}
• -enya (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -enia/) (e.g. Gerasimenya)^{[citation needed]}
• -er (Dutch, English, French, German, Turkish "male")^{[citation needed]}
• -ero (Spanish)^{[citation needed]}
• -ers (Dutch)^{[citation needed]}
• -es (Greek, Portuguese) "son of" in Portuguese^{[citation needed]}
• -ese (Italian) plural -esi "of or from [a locality]"; from Latin -ēnsis^{[citation needed]}
• -escu (Romanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ești (Romanian) possessive plural, also used in place names^{[citation needed]}
• -et (French) (diminutive suffix Latin -ettu- or former -el)^{[citation needed]}
• -ets (Ukrainian, Belarusian)^{[citation needed]}
• -eu (-ew) (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -eŭ/) equivalent to Russian -ev^{[citation needed]}
• -ev (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian, Macedonian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
  • -eva (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian, Macedonian) Feminine equivalent of -ev^{[citation needed]}
• -evski (Macedonian, Bulgarian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
  • -evska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of -evski^{[citation needed]}
• -ez (Spanish, North Picard) including Spanish-speaking countries "son of"; in Picard, old spelling for -et^{[citation needed]}
• -ëz (Albanian) for feminine; a word refer to something smaller, either literally or figuratively as in a form of endearment^{[citation needed]}
• -fia, -fi, -fy, -ffy (Hungarian) "descendant of" (literally "son of")^{[citation needed]}
• -fleth, -felth, -fleet (Northern German) current, body of water
• -gil, (Turkish, "family") (e.g. Korkmazgil)^{[citation needed]}
• -i (Hungarian) "of", "from" indicates region of origin, sign of nobility (e.g. "Szentiványi", "Rákóczi"). Like German Von.^{[citation needed]}
• -i (Arabic, Persian) "descendant of", "attributed to" (e.g. "Baghdadi", "Abbasi") or, (Iranian) "from" (e.g. "Barzani" from Barzan, or Tabrizi from Tabriz.)^[11]
• -ia (Abkhaz, Mingrelian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ian(ts), -yan(ts), -jian, -gian, -ents, -ants, -unts, -uni (Armenian) "son/daughter of"^{[citation needed]}
• -iak (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish) "descendant of". In Slovak, -iak is a version of -ák/-ak and means "pertaining to" or merely creates a noun.^[9]
• -ic(k) (French), misspelling for Breton -ig, diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -ich (-ovich/-evich) (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ič,^{[citation needed]}–ovič, -evič/), -ych (-ovych/-evych) (Ukrainian) "son of"
  • -icz (-owicz/-ewicz) (Polish) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -ic (Polish, Slovak, Czech, Sorbian, Belarusian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
    • -owic/-ewic (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
    • -ovic (Slovak, Czech [rarely])^{[citation needed]}
    • -ojc/-ejc, -ojic/-ejic (Sorbian)^{[citation needed]}
    • -yc (Belarusian, Sorbian, Polish)^{[citation needed]}
• -ić (-ović/-ević) (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin) diminutive possessive, little son of^{[citation needed]}
  • -begović (Bosniak) diminutive possessive of a beg, i.e. chieftain's or chief's little son^{[citation needed]}
  • -ici (-ovici/-evici) Romanian of Slavic origin (Romanian adaptation of -ić or -ich/-ych)^{[citation needed]}
• -ič (-ovič) (Slovenian, Slovak, Czech [rarely]) diminutive, "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -ich (Belarusian Latin: -ič) and Polish -icz^{[citation needed]}
  • -avičius/-evičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: -ovič/-evič) and Polish -owicz/-ewicz^{[citation needed]}
• -ičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -ich (Belarusian Latin: -ič) and Polish -icz^{[citation needed]}
  • -ovičs/-evičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: -ovič/-evič) and Polish -owicz/-ewicz^{[citation needed]}
• -ides, -idis, -idas (Greek), "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ier (French)^{[citation needed]}
• -ik (Belarusian, Polish, Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian) It merely creates a noun in Slovak where -ik is a version of -ík, can be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings.^[12]
  • -ík (Slovak) It merely creates a noun and can also be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings; its other Slovak version is -ik.^[12]
• -ik (Estonian) if it follows a tree name, has a meaning "grove"^{[citation needed]}
• -ikh, -ykh (Russian)^{[citation needed]}
• -in (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
  • - (female equivalent of -in; especially rare for male names, but the suffix alone is an actual female name)^{[citation needed]}
  • -yn (Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
• -in (French) diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -in (Dutch, German) suffix attached to old Germanic female surnames (e.g. female surname "Mayerin", the wife of "Mayer")^[13]
• -ing, ink (Anglo-Saxon, Dutch, German) "descendant"^{[citation needed]}
• -ino (a common suffix for male Latino and Italian names)^{[citation needed]}
• -ipa (Abkhazian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ipha (Abkhazian) "girl of"^{[citation needed]}
• -is (Greek, /male/ Lithuanian)^{[citation needed]}
  • -ienė (Lithuanian) female version^{[citation needed]}
  • -ytė (Lithuanian) unmarried female version^{[citation needed]}
• -ishin, -yshyn (Ukrainian) possessive (e.g. Romanishin = son of wife of Roman)^{[citation needed]}
  • -ishina, -yshyna (female equivalent of -ishin, -yshyn)^{[citation needed]}
• -iu (Romanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ius (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -iv (Ukrainian) possessive^{[citation needed]} Galician form, introduced in late 19th century by Austrian authorities. Like -ov or -ev.
• -j (Adygean)"old"^{[citation needed]}
• -ka (Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak) diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -kan, -ken (Turkish) (e.g. Vuruşkan)^{[citation needed]}

• -kar (Marathi) (e.g. Tendulkar)^{[citation needed]}"originating from",
• -ke, (Italian,Russian)^{[citation needed]} In surnames of Slavic origin. Like Ukrainian -ko
• -kin, -kins, -ken (English) "little"^{[citation needed]}
• -kin (Dutch) "little"^{[citation needed]}
• -ko (Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak, Czech)diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -ko (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Serbian)- diminutive, “child,” “descendant of.” It is used in affectionate forms of first names, and is also a common suffix in many surnames.
• -ko (Adygean) "son" ĸъо^{[citation needed]}
• -kus (Lithuanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -kvist, -qvist (Swedish) "twig"^{[citation needed]}
• -kyzy (Great Kazakh) "daughter of"^{[citation needed]}
• -kyzy (Kyrgyz) "daughter of"^{[citation needed]}
• -le, -lein (German) "small"^{[citation needed]}
• -li, -lı, -lu, -lü (Turkish, Azeri) "from" (e.g. İzmirli, Ankaralı, İstanbullu, Bakülü)^{[citation needed]}
• -li (Italian)^{[citation needed]}
• -lin (French, Irish, Swedish) in Germanic names "small"^{[citation needed]}
• -litz (German)^{[citation needed]}
• -man(n) (Dutch, German, English)^{[citation needed]}
• -mand (Persian, مند-) owning or showing^[11]
• -maz (Turkish) "does not" (e.g. "Yılmaz = Yields not", "Korkmaz = Fears not")^{[citation needed]}
• -men, -man (Turkish) flipping suffix (e.g. ak=white, akman=purely white), "person", "male person", have other meanings^{[citation needed]}
• -ment (French) from Germanic “man”^{[citation needed]}
• -mere (Old English) meaning “lake”^{[citation needed]}
• -moar^{[citation needed]}
• -mohr (German)^{[citation needed]}
• -moor^{[citation needed]}
• -moore^{[citation needed]}
• -more^{[citation needed]}
• -mor^{[citation needed]}
• -nė, -te /female/ (Lithuanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -nen (Finnish) diminutive, "from"^{[citation needed]}
• -nik (Estonian) attributed to occupation (talu being "farm" – talunik being "farmer")^{[citation needed]}
• -nova, -novas (Italian, Galician, Catalan) "new"^{[citation needed]}
• -novo (Galician) "new"^{[citation needed]}
• -ný (Czech, Slovak) adjective^{[citation needed]}
• -ny (Polish) adjective^{[citation needed]}
• -nezhad, -nejad, -nejhad (Persian, نژاد) "descendant of"^[11]
• -nyi (Hungarian)^{[citation needed]}
• -off (Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from French transliteration of -ov, based on Muscovite pronunciation^{[citation needed]}
• -oğlu (Azeri, Turkish) "son of" (e.g. Türkoğlu)^{[citation needed]}
• -ok (Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech)^{[citation needed]}
• -ois, -oy, -ais, -ay (French) from Germanic -isk and Vulgar Latin -ese^{[citation needed]}
• -on (French), former subject case in masculine names^{[citation needed]}
• -onak (-onok) (Belarusian)^{[citation needed]}
• -onis (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -os (Greek) like Latin -us (Gasconic, Spanish, Portuguese) from Latin -us^{[citation needed]}
  • -opoulos, -opulos (Greek)^{[citation needed]}
• -osz, -oš (Polish, Czech, Slovak)^{[citation needed]}
• -ot (French) "little"^{[citation needed]}
• -ou(t) (French), various origins^{[citation needed]}
• -ou (Greek) "daughter of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ou (-ow) (Belarusian) / -oŭ (Belarusian Latin) equivalent to Russian -ov^{[citation needed]}
  • -ova (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of -ou
• -ouf (French), French spelling of North African names^{[citation needed]}
• -oui (French), French spelling of North African names, English spelling -wi^{[citation needed]}
• -ous^{[citation needed]}
• -ov (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
  • -ova (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian) feminine equivalent of -ov, -ou, -ow^{[citation needed]}
• -ová (Czech, Slovak) feminine derivative of a noun male surname
• -ovo (Russian) (e.g. Durnovo)^{[citation needed]}
• -ovski (Macedonian, Bulgarian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
  • -ovska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of -ovski^{[citation needed]}
• -ow (Russian, though found in predominantly German names, it is pronounced like English "ow" not like the German "ov")^{[citation needed]}
• -pour, -poor (Persian) "son of"^[11]
• -putra (Indonesian) "son"^{[citation needed]}
• -putri (Indonesian) "daughter"^{[citation needed]}
• -quin, (French) from Dutch -kin "little"^{[citation needed]}
• -s (Dutch, Irish, Welsh) "(son/daughter) of". Sometimes less recognizable, like in "Hendrickx" (son/daughter of Hendrik)^{[citation needed]}
• -sen or -zen (Danish, Norwegian, Dutch or Low German) "son (of)"^{[citation needed]}
  • -ssen (Dutch or Low German) "son (of)"^{[citation needed]}
  • -ssens or -sens (Dutch) "grandson/granddaughter of". Literally "(son/daughter) of the son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -shvili (Georgian) "child"^{[citation needed]}
• -skas (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -ski^{[citation needed]}
• -ski (Polish, Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian. Also Russian but more often transliterated as -sky), "originating from", "estate of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -ska (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian) Feminine equivalent of -ski^{[citation needed]}
• -skiy/-tskiy, -skyi/-tskyi (Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
  • -ivskiy, -ivskyi (Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
• -skoy/-tskoy (Russian) (e.g. Shakhovskoy)^{[citation needed]}
• -sky/-tsky (Russian, Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
  • -skaya/-tskaya (Russian) Feminine equivalent of -sky/-tsky^{[citation needed]}
  • -ivsky (Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ský (Czech, Slovak) "originating from", "lord of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -ská (Czech, Slovak) Feminine equivalent of -ský^{[citation needed]}
• -skis (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -ski^{[citation needed]}
• -sma (Frisian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -son (English, Swedish, German, Norwegian, Scottish Icelandic) "son (of)" (in Iceland not part of a family name but the patronymic (sometimes matronymic) last name (by law), where (usually) the fathers's name is always slightly modified and then son added)^{[citation needed]}
  • -sson (Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Scottish) "son (of)" (in Iceland technically the first s is a separate "suffix" of the father's name according to Icelandic language rules, one of the most common modifications)^{[citation needed]}
• -(s)son (French), diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -stad (Norwegian) "town"^{[citation needed]}
• -stein (German) "stone"^{[citation needed]}
• -strom, -strøm, -ström (Danish, Swedish) from 'current', probably an arbitrarily adopted ornamental name but possibly a topographic name for someone who lived by a river.^{[citation needed]}
• -tæ (Ossetian) "belong to"^{[citation needed]}
• -tabar (Persian) "descendant of"^[11]
• -tzki, -tzky (Polish) – phonetic Germanized spelling of original Polish -cki^{[citation needed]}
• -uk (Ukrainian, Belarusian) diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -ulea (Romanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ulis (Lithuanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -uly (Great Kazakh) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ūnas (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -uulu (Kyrgyz form of -oğlu) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -vich (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -vič/, occasionally a respelling of original Serbian, Croatian -vić) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -vych (Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
  • -wicz (Polish), -wic (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
  • -vić (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin)^{[citation needed]}
  • -vič (Slovenian, Slovak, Czech [rarely]), -vic (Slovak, Czech [rarely])^{[citation needed]}
  • -vici (Romanianized respellings)^{[citation needed]}
  • -vics (Hungarianized respellings)^{[citation needed]}
  • -vitz, -witz, -witch, -witsch (Germanized or Anglicized respellings)^{[citation needed]}
• -vičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -vich (Belarusian Latin: -vič) and Polish -wicz^{[citation needed]}
  • -vičiutė (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female^{[citation needed]}
• -vičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -vich (Belarusian Latin: -vič) and Polish^{[citation needed]}–wicz
• -wala, -wallah, wali, vala, vali (Hindustani, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi) denotes the occupation or place of origin (Occupation example: Batliwala – one who deals with bottles. Place example: Suratwala – one from Surat)^{[citation needed]}
• -wan (Indonesian) denotes a male name^{[citation needed]}
• -wati (Indonesian) denotes a female name^{[citation needed]}
• -wi (Arabic) "from"^{[citation needed]}
• -y (Arabic/Persian) Means descendant of.^[11]
• -y (See -i)^{[citation needed]}
• - yal
• -ycz (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
• -yk (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ynas (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ys (English) representing i. the archaic plural form, or ii. a diminutive form. Variant forms not limited to -yss, -is, -es. Pronunciation is as modern plural suffix -s; i.e. Sandys = sands; Foulis = fowls.^[14][15]
• -ysz (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
• -za (Kurdish) "born of"^{[citation needed]}
• -zadeh, -zada (Turkish, Azeri, Persian زاده), -zai (Pashto) "son of", "descendant of"^[11]
• -zadegan (Persian, زادگان-) plural form of zadeh^{[citation needed]}

See also[]

• Celtic onomastics
• Language identification
• Lists of most common surnames, for the various continents
• Matriname
• Nobiliary particle
• Patronymic surname
• Scandinavian family name etymology
• Slavic name suffix
• Tussenvoegsel (Dutch prefixes)

References[]

External links[]

• Surname Prefixes
• Surname Suffixes