List of flora of Greenland

The flora of Greenland consists of a total of 575 species or 606 taxa (species and subspecies) of vascular plants, of which 13 are endemic, and 87 taxa introduced by humans, most of which are naturalized.^[1][2]

Apiaceae[]

• Angelica archangelica – native
• Carum carvi – introduced
• Ligusticum scoticum ssp. scoticum – native

Aspleniaceae[]

• Asplenium viride – native

Asteraceae[]

• Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium – introduced
• Antennaria affinis – native, endemic (microspecies)
• Antennaria alpina
• Antennaria angustata – native
• – native, endemic (microspecies)
• – native
• Antennaria compacta – native
• Antennaria friesiana – native
• Antennaria glabrata – native
• – native, endemic (microspecies)
• Antennaria intermedia – native, endemic (microspecies)
• Antennaria porsildii – native
• Antennaria sornborgeri – native
• Antennaria subcanescens – native
• Arnica angustifolia ssp. angustifolia – native
• Artemisia borealis ssp. borealis – native
• Artemisia vulgaris – introduced
• Chamomilla recutita – introduced
• Chamomilla suaveolens – introduced
• Cirsium arvense – introduced
• Cirsium helenioides – native, locally extinct
• Crepis tectorum ssp. tectorum – introduced
• Erigeron borealis – native
• Erigeron compositus – native
• Erigeron humilis – native
• Erigeron uniflorus ssp. eriocephalus – native
• Erigeron uniflorus ssp. uniflorus – native
• Filaginella uliginosa – introduced
• – native
• – native
• – native
• – native
• Leontodon autumnalis ssp. autumnalis – introduced (Norsemen)
• Leucanthemum vulgare – introduced
• Matricaria maritima ssp. phaeocephala – native
• Matricaria perforata – introduced
• Omalotheca norvegica – native
• – native
• Senecio vulgaris – introduced
• – native
• – native
• – native

Betulaceae[]

• Alnus viridis ssp. crispa – native
• Betula glandulosa – native
• Betula nana ssp. nana – native
• Betula pubescens ssp. minor – native

Boraginaceae[]

• Asperugo procumbens – introduced
• Mertensia maritima – native
• Myosotis arvensis – introduced

Brassicaceae[]

• Arabidopsis arenicola – native
• Arabis alpina – native
• Barbarea stricta – introduced
• Barbarea vulgaris – introduced
• – native
• Boechera holboellii – native
• Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris – introduced
• ssp. arctica – native
• – native
• Braya linearis – native
• – native
• – native
• Braya thorild-wulffii – native
• Cakile edentula ssp. edentula – native
• Capsella bursa-pastoris – introduced
• – native
• Cardamine pratensis ssp. polemonioides – native
• Cardaminopsis arenosa – introduced
• Cochlearia groenlandica – native
• Descurainia sophia – introduced
• – native
• ssp. ostenfeldii – native, endemic (subspecies)
• ssp. arctica – native
• – native
• – native
• Draba cana – native
• – native
• Draba corymbosa – native
• – native
• Draba fladnizensis – native
• – native
• Draba incana – native
• – native
• – native
• Draba norvegica – native
• – native
• – native
• – native
• Draba sibirica – native
• – native
• – native
• Erysimum redowskii(syn. E. pallasii) – native
• – native
• Lesquerella arctica – native
• Raphanus raphanistrum – introduced
• Rorippa islandica ssp. islandica – native
• Rorippa palustris ssp. palustris – introduced
• Rorippa sylvestris – introduced
• Sinapis arvensis – introduced
• Sisymbrium altissimum – introduced
• Subularia aquatica ssp. americana – native
• Thlaspi arvense – introduced

Callitrichaceae[]

• – native
• Callitriche hamulata – native
• Callitriche hermaphroditica – native
• Callitriche palustris – native

Calochortaceae[]

• Streptopus amplexifolius ssp. americanus – native

Campanulaceae[]

• – native
• Campanula uniflora – native

Caryophyllaceae[]

• Arenaria humifusa – native
• Arenaria pseudofrigida – native
• Cerastium alpinum ssp. lanatum – native
• Cerastium alpinum ssp. alpinum – native
• Cerastium arcticum – native
• Cerastium arvense – native
• – native
• Cerastium cerastoides – native
• Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare – introduced
• Cerastium fontanum ssp. fontanum – native
• Cerastium regelii – native
• Honckenya peploides ssp. diffusa – native
• Lychnis alpina ssp. americana – native
• – native
• Minuartia groenlandica – native
• ssp. rossiii – native
• Minuartia rubella – native
• Minuartia stricta – native
• – native
• – native
• Sagina nodosa – native
• Sagina procumbens – native
• Sagina saginoides – native
• Silene acaulis – native
• Silene furcata ssp. angustiflora – native
• Silene furcata ssp. furcata – native
• – introduced
• Silene sorensenis – native
• Silene uralensis ssp. uralensis – native
• Silene vulgaris – introduced^[3]
• Spergula arvensis – introduced
• Spergularia canadensis – native
• Stellaria borealis – native
• Stellaria humifusa – native
• Stellaria longifolia – native
• Stellaria longipes – native
• Stellaria media – introduced

Chenopodiaceae[]

• Atriplex longipes ssp. praecox – native
• Atriplex patula – introduced
• Chenopodium album – introduced

Cornaceae[]

• Cornus canadensis – native
• Cornus suecica – native
• Cornus × unalaschkensis – native (hybrid)

Crassulaceae[]

• Rhodiola rosea ssp. rosea – native
• Sedum acre – native
• – native
• Sedum villosum – native

Cupressaceae[]

• Juniperus communis ssp. nana – native

Cyperaceae[]

• Carex acuta – native
• Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis – native
• Carex aquatilis ssp. stans – native
• Carex arctogena – native
• Carex atrata – native
• Carex atrofusca – native
• Carex bicolor – native
• Carex bigelowii ssp. bigelowii – native
• Carex bigelowii ssp. rigida – native
• – native
• Carex brunnescens ssp. brunnescens – native
• Carex buxbaumii – native
• Carex capillaris ssp. fuscidula – native
• Carex capillaris ssp. chlorostachys – native
• Carex capitata – native
• Carex chordorrhiza – native
• Carex curta – native
• Carex deflexa – native
• Carex demissa – native
• Carex disperma – native
• Carex fuliginosa ssp. misandra – native
• Carex glacialis – native
• Carex glareosa – native
• – native
• – native
• ssp. porsildiana – native
• Carex lachenalii – native
• – native
• Carex lyngbyei ssp. lyngbyei – native
• Carex mackenziei – native
• – native
• Carex magellanica ssp. irrigua – native
• ssp. marina – native
• ssp. pseudolagopina – native
• Carex maritima – native
• Carex microglochin – native
• ssp. hepburnii – native
• Carex nigra ssp. nigra – native
• – native
• Carex panicea – native
• ssp. parallela – native
• Carex praticola – native
• – native
• Carex rariflora – native
• Carex rostrata – native
• Carex rufina – native
• Carex rupestris – native
• – native
• – native
• Carex scirpoidea – native
• – native
• Carex subspathacea ssp. subspathacea – native
• Carex supina ssp. spaniocarpa – native
• Carex trisperma – native
• Carex umbellata – native
• – native
• Eleocharis acicularis ssp. acicularis – native
• Eleocharis palustris – native
• Eleocharis quinqueflora ssp. fernaldii – native
• Eleocharis uniglumis – native
• Eriophorum angustifolium – native
• Eriophorum callitrix – native
• Eriophorum scheuchzeri – native
• – native
• – native
• Eriophorum vaginatum ssp. spissum – native
• Kobresia myosuroides – native
• Kobresia simpliciuscula ssp. subholarctica – native
• Trichophorum cespitosum – native

Diapensiaceae[]

• Diapensia lapponica ssp. lapponica – native

Droseraceae[]

• Drosera rotundifolia – native

Dryopteridaceae[]

• Dryopteris expansa – native
• Dryopteris filix-mas – native
• Dryopteris fragrans – native
• Dryopteris marginalis – native
• Polystichum lonchitis – native

Empetraceae[]

• Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum – native

Equisetaceae[]

• Equisetum arvense ssp. arvense – native
• Equisetum arvense ssp. boreale – native
• Equisetum hyemale – native^[4]
• Equisetum scirpoides – native
• Equisetum sylvaticum – native
• Equisetum variegatum ssp. variegatum – native

Ericaceae[]

• Andromeda polifolia ssp. glaucophylla – native
• Andromeda polifolia ssp. polifolia – native
• Arctostaphylos alpinus – native
• Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – native
• Cassiope tetragona – native
• Harrimanella hypnoides – native
• Ledum groenlandicum – native
• Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens – native
• Loiseleuria procumbens – native
• – native
• Phyllodoce caerulea – native
• Pyrola grandiflora – native
• Pyrola minor – native
• Rhododendron lapponicum – native
• Vaccinium myrtillus – native
• Vaccinium oxycoccos ssp. microphyllus – native
• Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum – native
• Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus – native
• – native, endemic (intergeneric hybrid)^[5]

Fabaceae[]

• Astragalus alpinus ssp. arcticus – probably introduced
• Lathyrus japonicus – native
• Lathyrus pratensis – introduced
• Medicago lupulina – introduced
• Trifolium hybridum – casual
• Trifolium pratense – introduced
• Trifolium repens – introduced
• Vicia cracca – introduced (Norsemen)
• Vicia hirsuta – introduced
• – introduced
• Vicia sepium – introduced

Gentianaceae[]

• Gentiana nivalis – native
• Gentianella amarella ssp. acuta – native
• Gentianella aurea – native
• – native
• Gentianella tenella – native
• – native

Geraniaceae[]

• Erodium cicutarium – introduced
• Geranium pusillum – introduced
• Geranium sylvaticum – native

Haloragaceae[]

• Myriophyllum alterniflorum – native
• Myriophyllum sibiricum – (Haloragaceae) - native

Hippuridaceae[]

• Hippuris vulgaris – native

Iridaceae[]

• Sisyrinchium montanum – native

Isoetaceae[]

• Isoetes echinospora ssp. muricata – native
• Isoetes lacustris – native

Juncaceae[]

• Juncus alpinoarticulatus ssp. alpestris – native
• Juncus arcticus ssp. arcticus – native
• Juncus biglumis – native
• Juncus bufonius ssp. bufonius – introduced
• Juncus bufonius ssp. ranarius – native
• Juncus castaneus ssp. castaneus – native
• Juncus filiformis – native
• Juncus gerardii ssp. gerardii – native
• Juncus squarrosus – native
• – native
• Juncus trifidus – native
• Juncus triglumis ssp. albescens – native
• Juncus triglumis ssp. triglumis – native
• Luzula nivalis – native
• Luzula arcuata – native
• Luzula confusa – native
• – native
• Luzula multiflora ssp. frigida – native
• Luzula multiflora ssp. multiflora – native
• Luzula parviflora ssp. parviflora – native
• Luzula spicata – native
• Luzula wahlenbergii – native

Juncaginaceae[]

• Triglochin palustris – native

Lamiaceae[]

• Lamium amplexicaule – introduced
• – introduced
• Lamium purpureum – introduced
• Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus – native

Lentibulariaceae[]

• Pinguicula vulgaris – native
• Utricularia intermedia – native
• Utricularia minor – native
• Utricularia ochroleuca – native

Linnaeaceae[]

• Linnaea borealis ssp. americana – native

Lycopodiaceae[]

• Diphasiastrum alpinum – native
• Diphasiastrum complanatum – native
• Diphasiastrum sitchense – native^[6]
• – native
• – native
• Huperzia selago – native
• Lycopodium annotinum ssp. annotinum – native
• – native
• Lycopodium lagopus – native

Malaceae[]

• Sorbus groenlandica – native

Melanthiaceae[]

• – native
• Tofieldia pusilla – native

Menyanthaceae[]

• Menyanthes trifoliata – native

Myrsinaceae[]

• Anagallis arvensis – introduced
• Trientalis europaea – native^[7]

Onagraceae[]

• Chamaenerion latifolium – native
• Epilobium anagallidifolium – native
• Epilobium angustifolium – native
• ssp. arcticum – native
• – native
• Epilobium lactiflorum – native
• Epilobium latifolium – native
• Epilobium palustre – native

Ophioglossaceae[]

• Botrychium boreale – native
• Botrychium lanceolatum – native
• Botrychium lunaria – native
• Botrychium minganense – native
• Botrychium multifidum – native
• Botrychium simplex – native
• Ophioglossum azoricum – native

Orchidaceae[]

• Amerorchis rotundifolia – native
• Corallorhiza trifida – native
• Neottia cordata – native
• Platanthera hyperborea – native
• – native

Orobanchaceae[]

• Bartsia alpina – native
• – native
• Melampyrum sylvaticum – native
• – native
• Pedicularis lanata – native
• Pedicularis flammea – native
• Pedicularis groenlandica – native
• Pedicularis hirsuta – native
• – native
• – native
• – native
• Pedicularis sudetica ssp. albolabiata – native^[6][7]
• – native
• – native

Papaveraceae[]

• Papaver dahlianum – native
• Papaver radicatum ssp. labradoricum – native

Parnassiaceae[]

• – native

Plantaginaceae[]

• Plantago coronopus – casual
• Plantago lanceolata – introduced
• Plantago major – introduced
• Plantago maritima ssp. borealis – native
• Veronica alpina ssp. alpina – native
• Veronica alpina ssp. pumila – native
• Veronica arvensis – casual
• Veronica fruticans – native
• Veronica officinalis – introduced^[3]
• Veronica persica – casual
• Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia – introduced
• Veronica wormskjoldii – native

Plumbaginaceae[]

• Armeria maritima ssp. maritima – native
• Armeria maritima ssp. sibirica – native

Poaceae[]

• Agrostis canina – native^[6]
• Agrostis capillaris – introduced
• Agrostis gigantea – native
• Agrostis mertensii – native
• Agrostis scabra – native
• Agrostis stolonifera – native
• Agrostis vinealis – native
• Alopecurus aequalis – native
• ssp. borealis – native
• Alopecurus geniculatus – introduced
• Alopecurus pratensis – introduced
• – native
• Arctagrostis latifolia ssp. latifolia – native
• Arctophila fulva – native
• Avenella flexuosa – native
• Bromus hordeaceus – introduced
• Bromus tectorum – introduced
• Calamagrostis canadensis ssp. langsdorfii – native
• – native
• Calamagrostis lapponica – native
• Calamagrostis neglecta ssp. neglecta – native
• Calamagrostis neglecta ssp. groenlandica – native
• Calamagrostis purpurascens var. purpurascens – native
• Calamagrostis purpurascens var. laricina – native
• Catabrosa aquatica – native
• Dactylis glomerata – introduced
• Danthonia spicata – native
• – native
• – native
• Deschampsia cespitosa – introduced
• ssp. borealis – native
• Dupontia fisheri – native
• Elymus alaskanus ssp. hyperarcticus – native
• Elymus repens – introduced
• Elymus trachycaulus ssp. virescens – native, endemic (subspecies)
• – native
• – native
• Festuca brachyphylla – native
• Festuca edlundiae – native
• Festuca groenlandica – native, endemic^[6]
• – native
• Festuca pratensis – introduced
• Festuca rubra spp. fallax – introduced^[6]
• Festuca rubra ssp. arctica – native
• Festuca rubra spp. rubra – native
• Festuca saximontana – native
• Festuca vivipara ssp. hirsuta – native
• Festuca vivipara ssp. vivipara – native
• Festuca vivipara ssp. glabra – native^[6]
• – native
• Hierochloë odorata ssp. arctica – native
• Leymus arenarius – native
• Leymus mollis ssp. mollis – native
• Lolium perenne – introduced
• Nardus stricta – native
• ssp. algidiformis – native^[7]
• ssp. algida – native
• Phleum alpinum – native
• – native
• – native
• – native
• Poa alpina – native
• Poa annua – introduced
• Poa arctica ssp. arctica – native
• Poa arctica ssp. caespitans – native
• – native
• Poa glauca – native
• – native
• Poa nemoralis – native
• Poa palustris – introduced
• Poa pratensis – native
• – native
• – native
• – native
• Poa trivialis – introduced
• – native
• – native
• – native^[6][7]
• Puccinellia capillaris – native^[6]
• – native
• – native, endemic
• Puccinellia laurentiana – native
• Puccinellia maritima – native
• Puccinellia nutkaensis – native
• Puccinellia phryganodes – native
• – native
• Puccinellia pumila – native^[6]
• – native, endemic
• – native
• – native
• – native
• Trisetum spicatum – native
• – native

Polemoniaceae[]

• Polemonium boreale – native

Polygalaceae[]

• Polygala serpyllifolia – probably introduced

Polygonaceae[]

• Bistorta vivipara – native
• Fallopia convolvulus – introduced
• Koenigia islandica – native
• Oxyria digyna – native
• Persicaria lapathifolia – introduced
• Persicaria maculosa – introduced
• Polygonum aviculare ssp. boreale – introduced
• Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella – introduced
• Rumex acetosella ssp. tenuifolius – native
• Rumex acetosella ssp. arenicola – native
• ssp. lapponicus – native
• Rumex longifolius – introduced
• Rumex obtusifolius – introduced

Polypodiaceae[]

• – native

Portulacaceae[]

• Montia fontana – native

Potamogetonaceae[]

• Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius – native
• Potamogeton gramineus – native
• – native, endemic
• Potamogeton natans – native
• Potamogeton perfoliatus ssp. perfoliatus – native
• Potamogeton praelongus – native
• – native
• – native

Primulaceae[]

• Androsace septentrionalis – native
• – native
• – native

Ranunculaceae[]

• Anemone richardsonii – native
• – native
• – native
• Ranunculus acris ssp. acris – native
• Ranunculus arcticus – native
• Ranunculus auricomus – native
• Ranunculus cymbalaria – native
• Ranunculus glacialis – native
• Ranunculus hyperboreus ssp. hyperboreus – native
• Ranunculus lapponicus – native
• Ranunculus nivalis – native
• Ranunculus pygmaeus – native
• Ranunculus repens – introduced
• Ranunculus reptans – native
• – native
• Ranunculus sulphureus – native
• Thalictrum alpinum – native

Rosaceae[]

• – native
• Alchemilla alpina – native
• Alchemilla filicaulis – native
• Alchemilla glomerulans – native
• – native
• – native
• Argentina anserina – native
• Argentina egedei ssp. egedei – native
• Comarum palustre – native
• Dryas integrifolia – native
• Dryas octopetala ssp. punctata – native
• Geum rivale – native
• Potentilla chamissonis – native
• Potentilla crantzii – native
• – native
• Potentilla hyparctica ssp. hyparctica – native
• – native
• Potentilla nivea ssp. nivea – native
• Potentilla nivea ssp. subquinata – native
• Potentilla norvegica ssp. norvegica – introduced
• Potentilla pulchella ssp. pulchella – native
• – native
• – native, endemic
• – native
• – native
• – native
• Rubus chamaemorus – native
• Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus – native
• Rubus saxatilis – native
• Sibbaldia procumbens – native
• Sibbaldiopsis tridentata – native

Rubiaceae[]

• Galium album – introduced
• Galium aparine – introduced
• Galium boreale – native
• – native
• Galium triflorum – native
• Galium uliginosum – introduced
• Galium verum – introduced^[3]

Salicaceae[]

• Salix arctica – native
• – native
• Salix glauca ssp. callicarpaea – native
• Salix glauca ssp. glauca – native
• Salix herbacea – native
• Salix reticulata – native
• – native

Saxifragaceae[]

• – native
• Saxifraga aizoides – native
• Saxifraga cernua – native
• Saxifraga cespitosa ssp. cespitosa – native
• – native
• Saxifraga hieracifolia – native
• Saxifraga hirculus – native
• Saxifraga hyperborea – native
• Saxifraga nathorstii – native, endemic
• Saxifraga nivalis – native
• Saxifraga oppositifolia ssp. oppositifolia – native
• Saxifraga paniculata – native
• Saxifraga platysepala – native
• Saxifraga rivularis – native
• Saxifraga rosacea – native
• Saxifraga stellaris – native
• – native
• – native

Scrophulariaceae[]

• Limosella aquatica – native
• Linaria vulgaris – introduced
• Verbascum thapsus – casual

Selaginellaceae[]

• Selaginella rupestris – native
• Selaginella selaginoides – native

Sparganiaceae[]

• Sparganium angustifolium – native
• – native

Thelypteridaceae[]

• Phegopteris connectilis – native

Urticaceae[]

• Urtica dioica ssp. dioica – introduced
• Urtica urens – introduced

Violaceae[]

• Viola adunca – native
• Viola arvensis – introduced
• Viola canina ssp. montana – native
• Viola palustris – native
• Viola selkirkii – native

Woodsiaceae[]

• Athyrium distentifolium ssp. americanum – native
• Athyrium filix-femina ssp. angustum – native
• Cystopteris fragilis – native
• Cystopteris montana – native
• Gymnocarpium dryopteris – native
• Woodsia alpina – native
• – native
• Woodsia ilvensis – native

Zosteraceae[]

• Zostera marina – native

References[]