List of foreign nationals detained in Iran
Since the Iran hostage crisis , the Islamic Republic of Iran has engaged in a pattern of detaining foreign nationals for extended periods.[1] Dual nationals are particularly vulnerable to arbitrary detention because Iran does not recognize dual nationality, and if one of the nationalities is Iranian, does not recognise other claims of nationality or allow foreign diplomats to intervene on that person's behalf, in accord with the Master Nationality Rule .[2] According to the Center for Human Rights in Iran , the Iranian government has used imprisoned foreign nationals "as bargaining chips in its dealings with other nations."[3]
In November 2017, Reuters reported that Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) had arrested "at least 30 dual nationals during the past two years, mostly on spying charges."[4] According to Human Rights Watch , "Iranian authorities have violated detainees' due process rights and carried out a pattern of politically motivated arrests."[5]
In September 2019, on the sidelines of the Seventy-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly , families of dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran as well former dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran launched the "Alliance of Families Against State Hostage Taking."[6] [7] [8]
This list of current and former detainees in Iran excludes people abducted in other countries and brought into the country.
U.S. citizens [ ]
Ref.
30 November 2020
In detention
285
Espionage / Spying
Sentenced to 10 years in January 2021.
Had previously been cleared in December 2019
[9] [10]
Michael White
July 2018
19 March 2020
~1168
[11]
Morad Tahbaz
January 2018
In detention
~1349
[12]
Xiyue Wang
8 August 2016
7 December 2019
1216
[13]
11 July 2016
21 March 2017
253
[14]
Karan Vafadari
20 July 2016
21 July 2018
731
Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran.
[15] [16]
Baquer Namazi
22 February 2016
In detention
2028
[17]
Siamak Namazi
13 October 2015
In detention
2158
[18]
Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari
May 2015
16 January 2016
~260
[19]
Matthew Trevithick
7 December 2015
16 January 2016
39
[20]
Jason Rezaian
22 July 2014
16 January 2016
543
[21] [22]
Saeed Abedini
28 July 2012
16 January 2016
1277
[22] [23]
13 May 2012
September 2012
~111
Azadeh was released from detention to house arrest from September 2012 – November 2012. She was not permitted to leave the country until May 2013.
[24]
Amir Hekmati
29 August 2011
16 January 2016
1601
[22] [25]
Joshua Fattal
31 July 2009
21 September 2011
782
Shane Bauer
31 July 2009
21 September 2011
782
Sarah Shourd
31 July 2009
14 September 2010
410
Roxana Saberi
31 January 2009
11 May 2009
100
[26]
Esha Momeni
15 October 2008
10 November 2008
26
Momeni was released on bail in November 2008 but she was not permitted to leave Iran until August 2009.
[27]
May 2008
16 October 2010
~898
[28]
31 October 2007
15 April 2008
167
[29]
Kian Tajbakhsh
11 May 2007
19 September 2007
140
Ali Shakeri
8 May 2007
25 September 2007
140
Haleh Esfandiari
8 May 2007
21 August 2007
105
[30] [31]
10 July 2003
9 November 2003
122
[32]
10 January 1997
16 March 1997
65
Dual U.S.-Swiss citizen. Arrested with South African Stuart Timm.
[33]
31 January 1987
4 February 1987
4
Wall Street Journal reporter who had been visiting Iran with a group of journalists.
[34]
Jon Pattis
16 June 1986
October 1991
~1933
Sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1987 for espionage.
[35] [36]
David Rabhan
1980
6 August 1990
~3616
[37]
U.S. permanent residents [ ]
Ref.
27 June 2020
In detention
441
Released on bail in February 2019 but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran and then arrested again in 2020.
[38]
Afarin Neyssari
20 July 2016
21 July 2018
731
Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran.
[15] [16]
Iran hostage crisis detainees [ ]
Cynthia Dwyer
5 May 1980
10 February 1981
281
Civilian. Freelance writer convicted on trumped-up charges of espionage and other crimes[39]
Mohi Sobhani
6 September 1980
4 February 1981
151
Civilian[40]
Thomas L. Ahern, Jr.
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Clair Cortland Barnes
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
William E. Belk
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Robert O. Blucker
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Donald J. Cooke
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
William J. Daugherty
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Robert Englemann
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
William Gallegos
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Bruce W. German
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Duane L. Gillette
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Alan B. Golacinski
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
John E. Graves
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Joseph M. Hall
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Kevin J. Hermening
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Donald R. Hohman
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Leland J. Holland
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Michael Howland
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Charles A. Jones, Jr.
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Malcolm K. Kalp
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Moorhead C. Kennedy, Jr.
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
William F. Keough, Jr.
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Steven W. Kirtley
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Kathryn L. Koob
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Frederick Lee Kupke
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Bruce Laingen
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Steven Lauterbach
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Gary E. Lee
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Paul Edward Lewis
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
John Limbert
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
John D. McKeel, Jr.
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Michael J. Metrinko
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Jerry J. Miele
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Michael E. Moeller
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Bert C. Moore
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Richard Morefield
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Paul M. Needham, Jr.
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Robert C. Ode
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Gregory A. Persinger
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Jerry Plotkin
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Civilian
Regis Ragan
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
David M. Roeder
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Barry M. Rosen
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
William B. Royer, Jr.
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Thomas E. Schaefer
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Charles W. Scott
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Donald A. Sharer
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Rodney V. Sickmann
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Joseph Subic, Jr.
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Elizabeth Ann Swift
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Victor L. Tomseth
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Phillip R. Ward
4 November 1979
20 January 1981
444
Richard Queen
4 November 1979
11 July 1980
250
Wesley Williams
4 November 1979
20 November 1979
16
Joan Walsh
4 November 1979
20 November 1979
16
David Walker
4 November 1979
20 November 1979
16
Joseph Vincent
4 November 1979
20 November 1979
16
Terri Tedford
4 November 1979
20 November 1979
16
Neal Robinson
4 November 1979
20 November 1979
16
Lloyd Rollins
4 November 1979
20 November 1979
16
Elizabeth Montagne
4 November 1979
20 November 1979
16
Lillian Johnson
4 November 1979
20 November 1979
16
James Hughes
4 November 1979
20 November 1979
16
Kathy Gross
4 November 1979
19 November 1979
15
Ladell Maples
4 November 1979
19 November 1979
15
William Quarles
4 November 1979
19 November 1979
15
British citizens [ ]
Ref.
Kameel Ahmady
11 August 2019
17 November 2019
762
Released on bail. Fled the Regime[41]
[11] [42]
Abbas Edalat
15 April 2018
December 2018
~230
Morad Tahbaz
January 2018
In detention
~1349
Sentenced to 10 years in prison for espionage.
Iranian national who also holds US and UK citizenship
[3]
Anoush Ashoori
August 2017
In detention
~1502
Convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad and sentenced to 12 years in prison.
[11]
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe
3 April 2016
Paroled under electronic tag in March 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic
1987
Iran/UK (2013) dual citizen
[43] [44] [45]
Kamal Foroughi
5 May 2011
1 April 2020
3284
[46]
Ghoncheh Ghavami
20 June 2014
23 November 2014
156
[47]
Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht
October 2013
25 August 2017
~1424
Subject to travel ban after release. Unclear if she has been permitted to depart Iran.
[11] [48]
Andrew Barber
21 June 2010
18 August 2010
58
[49]
Iason Athanasiadis
17 June 2009
5 July 2009
18
Also holds Greek citizenship.
[50] [51]
Roger Cooper
7 December 1985
1 April 1991
1941
[52]
Frank Skinner
27 April 1981
13 April 1982
351
Flight engineer for Iran Air held without charge.
[53] [54]
Andrew Pyke
27 August 1980
28 January 1982
519
British businessman who worked for Dutch-Iranian helicopter firm, accused of spying but was never charged.
[53]
List of British permanent residents [ ]
Ref.
14 March 2018
In detention
1277
Sentenced to 10 years in prison for spying.
[55]
Canadian citizens [ ]
Ref.
Kavous Seyed-Emami
24 January 2018
8 February 2018
15
Died in custody under suspicious circumstances. Authorities say he committed suicide.
[12] [56]
Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani
August 2016
In detention
~1867
In May 2017, convicted on espionage charges, including "collaborating with the British secret service," and sentenced to five years in prison.
[57]
Homa Hoodfar
6 June 2016
26 September 2016
112
Undisclosed "security" charges
Before arrest, had been prevented from leaving country from March 2016.
[58]
Maziar Bahari
21 June 2009
17 October 2009
118
[59]
Hossein Derakhshan
1 November 2008
19 November 2014
2209
Sentenced to 19.5 years on "several national security, obscenity and religious insult charges in connection with his online activism."
[60]
Hamid Ghassemi-Shall
24 May 2008
23 September 2013
1948
[61]
Zahra Kazemi
23 June 2003
10 July 2003
17
Died in custody as a result of torture .
[62]
Ramin Jahanbegloo
27 April 2006
30 August 2006
125
Plotting a "velvet revolution "
[63]
3 December 1986
8 February 1987
67
Manager of oil services company, held in solitary confinement and interrogated at Evin Prison on ““Suspicion of espionage”’, never formally charged, and then released unharmed.
Concessions were made by his employer on their contract for services with NIOC while he was detained.
[64]
Canadian permanent residents [ ]
Australian citizens [ ]
Lebanese citizens [ ]
Ref.
Nizar Zakka
15 September 2015
11 June 2019
1395
Permanent resident of the U.S. at time of arrest.
[11]
French citizens [ ]
Ref.
Roland Marchal
~June 2019
20 March 2020
~833
[72]
Fariba Adelkhah
~5 June 2019
In detention
~829
[73]
Nelly Erin-Cambervelle
21 October 2018
~21 February 2019
~123
"signing an illegal mining contract and carrying out an unauthorized trip"
Erin-Cambervelle is a businesswoman from the French Caribbean island of Martinique.
[74]
Nazak Afshar
12 March 2016
In detention
2009
[11]
Clotilde Reiss
1 July 2009
16 May 2010
319
29 November 2005
25 February 2007
453
Detained with German Donald Klein.
[75]
French permanent residents [ ]
German citizens [ ]
Ref.
Marcus Hellwig
10 October 2010
19 February 2011
132
[77]
10 October 2010
19 February 2011
132
[77]
Donald Klein
29 November 2005
12 March 2007
468
[75] [78]
Helmut Hofer
September 1997
January 2000
852
Initially sentenced to death for having illicit sexual relations with an Iranian woman.
[79] [80]
Helmut Szimkus
1989
14 June 1994
~1737
[81] [82]
Nahid Taghavi
12 October 2020
In detention
[83]
Austrian citizens [ ]
Further information:
Russian citizens [ ]
Dutch citizens [ ]
Ref.
19 April 2016
May 2018
[86] [87]
Zahra Bahrami
27 December 2009
-
398
Arrested while participating in the 2009 Ashura protests . Charged with the capital crime of drug trafficking. Executed by hanging on 29 January 2011.
[88]
Swedish citizens [ ]
Ref.
Ahmad Reza Jalali
24 April 2016
In detention
1966
[89] [90]
Stefan Johansson
26 February 2006
16 April 2007
414
Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison.
[91]
Jari Hjortmar
26 February 2006
16 April 2007
414
Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison.
[91]
Finnish citizens [ ]
Ref.
Ana Diamond
10 January 2016
August 2016
~204
Arbitrary detention, later falsely accused of espionage for "MI6 , CIA , Mossad , and others."
Subjected to travel ban shortly after her arrival in Iran in August 2014, ~500-days before her arrest in January 2016. Travel ban imposed again following her release from Evin prison on bail in August 2016. Acquitted of all charges in 2017 and travel ban lifted in May 2018.
[92] [93]
Belgian citizens [ ]
Further information:
Ref.
Diego Mathieu
16 September 2009
8 December 2009
83
[94]
Vincent Boon Falleur
5 September 2009
8 December 2009
94
[95]
Idesbald van den Bosch
5 September 2009
8 December 2009
94
[95]
Armenian citizens [ ]
Ref.
26 June 2008
10 March 2009
257
Convicted of promoting a "soft" revolution in Iran on January 19, 2009, and sentenced to 3 years in prison.
At the time of her arrest, Harotonian was an administrative officer for a maternal and child health project in Tehran for International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX), a U.S. government-funded organization.
[96]
South African citizens [ ]
Ref.
Stuart Timm
10 January 1997
17 February 1997
38
[33]
See also [ ]
References [ ]
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^ "Iran frees Russian journalist 'accused of working for Israel' " . Al Jazeera. 10 October 2019. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019.
^ "Iran: Dutch-Iranian prisoner denied heart surgery: Sabri Hassanpour" . Amnesty International. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020.
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^ "Sweden grants citizenship to academic facing Iran death sentence" . The Local SE . 17 February 2018. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019.
^ Jump up to: a b "Iran frees 2 Swedes held for spying" . AP. 16 April 2007. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019.
^ "Student held in same Iranian prison as Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe says she was psychologically tortured" . Channel 4 News. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
^ "' There are countless Nazanins': Student reveals psychological torture in Iran prison on charges of spying for UK" . The Telegraph . 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
^ "Les trois Belges arrêtés en Iran reviennent sur leur mésaventure" (in French). 7sur7. 8 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Freed Belgians cite fears for U.S. hikers in Iran" . CNN. 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
^ "Silva Harotonian Released from Iranian Prison" . The Armenian Weekly . 29 March 2010. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019.
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