List of large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include Basin and Range eruptions in California, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming and Oregon, as well as those of the Long Valley Caldera geological province and the Yellowstone hotspot.

Volcanic fields[]

Some of the volcanic fields within the Basin and Range Province: Northwestern Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, Central Nevada, the Great Basin, Southwestern Nevada, the Mojave Desert, and the Long Valley Caldera region. Named ones include: Coso Volcanic Field, Mono Lake Volcanic Field, Marysvale Volcanic Field, San Juan volcanic field, Indian Peak, Central Colorado volcanic field, Jemez volcanic lineament, Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, Santa Rosa-Calico, and Boot Heel volcanic field.

Geological features[]

Many geological features in Western United States have a Northeastern orientation, the North American craton motion has the same orientation as well.[1] For example: the Trans-Challis fault zone, Idaho; the Snake River in Oregon; the Garlock Fault, California; the Colorado River in Utah; the Colorado Mineral Belt; Crater Flat-Reveille Range-Lunar Crater lineament, the Northwestern Nevada volcanic field; the San Juan caldera cluster, Colorado; the Socorro-Magdalena caldera cluster, New Mexico; Jemez volcanic lineament (Raton hotspot trail); and the Yellowstone hotspot trail. But the Yellowstone hotspot trail was modified through faults and extension.

Geology[]

Prior to the Eocene Epoch (55.8 ± 0.2 to 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma) the convergence rate of the Farallon and North American Plates was fast and the angle of subduction was shallow. During the Eocene the Farallon Plate subduction-associated compressive forces of the Laramide orogeny ended, plate interactions changed from orthogonal compression to oblique strike-slip, and volcanism in the Basin and Range Province flared up. It is suggested that this plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 Ma, at which time it was completely consumed and volcanic activity ceased, in part. Olivine basalt from the oceanic ridge erupted around 17 Ma and extension began.[2][3][4][5][6] The extension resulted in roughly north-south-trending faults, the Great Basin, the Walker trough, the Owens graben, and the Rio Grande rift, for instance.

List of large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province[]

Main article: List of large volcanic eruptions
See also: Timeline of volcanism on Earth and List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions

The large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include:

  • Long Valley Caldera; Mono County, California, USA; 758.9 ± 1.8 ka; VEI 7; 600 km3 (140 cu mi) of Bishop Tuff.[7][8]
  • Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.15 Ma; VEI 7; around 600 km3 (140 cu mi) of the Tshirege formation, Upper Bandelier eruption.[8][9][10]
  • Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.47 Ma (Lower Bandelier eruption, the Otawi).[8][9][11][12]
  • Yellowstone hotspot (?), Lake Owyhee volcanic fields; 15.0 to 15.5 Ma.[13]
  • Yellowstone hotspot (?), Northwest Nevada volcanic field, Virgin Valley, High Rock, Hog Ranch, and unnamed calderas; West of the Pine Forest Range, Nevada; 15.5 to 16.5 Ma; Tuffs: Idaho Canyon, Ashdown, Summit Lake, and Soldier Meadow.[14][15][16][17][18]
  • : Yellowstone hotspot releases a huge pulse of volcanic activity, the first eruptions were near the Oregon-Idaho-Washington border. Columbia River and Steens flood basalts, Pueblo Mountains, Steens Mountain, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; most vigorous eruptions were from 14 to 17 Ma.[8]
  • (17 km × 12 km (10.6 mi × 7.5 mi)), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 19 Ma; 150 km3 (36 cu mi) of tephra (Joe Lott member).[8][24]
  • (10 km × 6 km (6.2 mi × 3.7 mi)), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 22 Ma; 50 km3 (12 cu mi) of Delano Peak Tuff member.[8]
  • (20 km × 16 km (12.4 mi × 9.9 mi)), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 23 Ma; 200 km3 (48 cu mi) of Osiris Tuff.[8][24]
  • (20 km (12 mi) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 23.1 Ma; 300 km3 (72 cu mi) of Sunshine Peak Tuff.[8][25][26]
  • (25 km (16 mi) wide), Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona; 25 Ma; 500 km3 (120 cu mi) of Rhyolite Canyon Formation.[8][27]
  • Lake City calderas (25 km (16 mi) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 25.9 Ma; 200 to 500 km3 (48 to 120 cu mi) of tephra.[8][28]
  • (15 km (9.3 mi) wide), Questa-Latir volcanic locus, Questa, New Mexico; 26 Ma, 400 km3 (96 cu mi) of Amalia Tuff.[8][24]
  • (24 km (15 mi) wide), San Juan Mountains, Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.7 Ma; less than 500 km3 (120 cu mi) of Snowshoe Mountain Tuff.[28][29]
  • (18 km (11 mi) wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.8 Ma, 562 km3 (135 cu mi) of Nelson Mountain Tuff.[8][28]
  • San Luis caldera complex (18 km (11 mi) wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.9 Ma, 250 km3 (60 cu mi) of Cebola Creek Tuff.[28]
  • San Luis caldera complex (18 km (11 mi) wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27 Ma, 150 km3 (36 cu mi) of Rat Creek Tuff.[8][28]
  • (8 km (5.0 mi) wide), Marysvale Volcanic Field, Cove Fort-Sulphurdale area, southwestern Utah; 27 Ma; 100 to 200 km3 (24 to 48 cu mi) of Three Creeks Tuff Member of the Bullion Canyon Volcanics.[8][24]
  • , Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.1 Ma, more than 500 km3 (120 cu mi) of Wason Park Tuff.[8][28]
  • (concealed), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.2 Ma, 250 km3 (60 cu mi) of Blue Creek Tuff.[8][28]
  • (20 km × 28 km (12 mi × 17 mi)), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.35 Ma; 1,200 km3 (290 cu mi) of Carpenter Ridge Tuff.[29]
  • (20 km (12 mi) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.6 Ma, 50 to 100 km3 (12 to 24 cu mi) of Crystal Lake Tuff.[8][28]
  • La Garita Caldera (100 km × 35 km (62 mi × 22 mi)), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; VEI 8; more than 5,000 km3 (1,200 cu mi) of Fish Canyon Tuff was blasted out in a major single eruption about 27.8 Ma.[29][30][31]
  • (22 km × 24 km (14 mi × 15 mi)), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28 Ma; more than 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) of Sapinero Mesa Tuff.[8]
  • (23 km × 20 km (14 mi × 12 mi)), Uncompahgre National Forest, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.1 Ma; more than 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) of Dillon/Sapinero Mesa Tuffs.[8][32]
  • (10 km (6.2 mi) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.2 Ma, 100 to 500 km3 (24 to 120 cu mi) of Blue Mesa Tuff.[8]
  • , San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 28.2 Ma; 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) of Chiquito Peak Tuff.[8]
  • (concealed), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.3 Ma; 500 km3 (120 cu mi) of Masonic Park Tuff.[8][28]
  • , Central Colorado volcanic field, Colorado; 28.3 Ma; 500 km3 (120 cu mi) of Ute Ridge Tuff.[8][33]
Large volume eruptions of the (SWNVF)
Caldera name State (volcanic field) age size
Black Mountain Caldera (18 km wide) Nevada (SWNVF) 7 Ma ±1 300 km3 (72 cu mi) of Thirsty Canyon Tuff.[8][24]
Timber Mountain caldera complex (30 km × 25 km (19 mi × 16 mi)) Nevada (SWNVF) 11.45 Ma 900 km3 (220 cu mi) of Timber Mountain Tuff – Ammonia Tanks member.[8][34]
Timber Mountain caldera complex Nevada (SWNVF) 11.6 Ma 1,200 km3 (290 cu mi) of Timber Mountain Tuff – Rainer Mesa member.[8][34]
Paintbrush Caldera (20 km (12 mi) wide) Nevada (SWNVF) 12.7 Ma 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) of Paintbrush Tuff – Topopah Spring member.[8][34]
Paintbrush Caldera Nevada (SWNVF) 12.8 Ma 1,200 km3 (288 cu mi) of Paintbrush Tuff – Tiva Canyon member[8][34]
Silent Canyon Caldera (20 km × 16 km (12.4 mi × 9.9 mi)) Nevada (SWNVF) 13 Ma 200 km3 (48 cu mi).[8][24]
Crater Flat Group Nevada (SWNVF) 13.25 Ma 650 km3 (156 cu mi) of Belted Range Tuff[8]

List of Rupelian calderas[]

The Rupelian age/stage (Paleogene period/system, Oligocene epoch/series) spans the time between 33.9 ±0.1 Ma and 28.4 ±0.1 Ma (million years ago).

  • (size: 40 x 30 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, New Mexico; 28.5 Ma ±0.5; 1,050 cubic kilometres (250 cu mi) of Bloodgood Canyon Tuff.[8][35]
  • Bursum Caldera (size: 40 x 30 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, New Mexico; 28.5 Ma ±0.5; 1,200 cubic kilometres (290 cu mi) of Apache Springs Tuff.[8][35]
  • (size: 24 x 22 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.5 Ma; 900 cubic kilometres (220 cu mi) of tephra.[8][32]
  • (size: 12 x 8 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.5 Ma; 100 to 500 cubic kilometers (24 to 120 cu mi) of Ojito Creek/ La Jadero Tuffs.[8][36][37]
  • Mount Hope (size: 15 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 29 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Masonic Park Tuff.[8][25]
  • Around (size: 50 km North-South), White Rock Mountains, Great Basin, Nevada; 29.02 Ma ±0.04; 2,600 cubic kilometres (620 cu mi) of Lund Tuff.[8][38]
  • (size: 8 km wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 29 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Ute Ridge Tuff.[8][25]
  • (size: 12 x 18 km), San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 29.5 Ma; 500 cubic kilometers (120 cu mi) of Black Mountain Tuff.[8][36][37]
  • , Eastern Nevada; 29.5 Ma; more than 3,200 cubic kilometers (768 cu mi) of Wah Wah Springs Tuff.[8][39]
  • (size: 18 x 22 km), San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 30 Ma; 592 cubic kilometers (142 cu mi) of La Jara Canyon Tuff.[8][29][36]
  • (Bell Top Formation), south-central New Mexico; 30.5 Ma ±1.5, 295 cubic kilometres (71 cu mi) of tephra (Bell Top Formation).[8][40]
  • , Central Nevada; 31.4 Ma; 3,500 cubic kilometres (840 cu mi) of Windous Butte Tuff.[8][41]
  • North Pass Caldera, Cochetopa Hills, Central Colorado volcanic field; 32.25 Ma; 400 to 500 cubic kilometers (96 to 120 cu mi) of Saguache Creek Tuff.[8][42]
  • (size: 16 km wide), Organ Mountains, New Mexico; 32 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Cueva Soledad Rhyolite.[8][40]
  • (size: 30 x 20 km), Chinati Mountains, Texas; 32.5 Ma ±0.5, 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi) of Mitchel Mesa Rhyolite.[8][43]
  • Bonanza (size: 12 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 32.5 Ma, more than 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Bonanza Tuff.[8][44]
  • Cowboy Rim (size: 26 x 18 km), Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 33 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Gillespie Tuff.[8][45]
  • Emory Caldera (size: 25 x 55 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, City of Rocks State Park; 33 Ma; VEI 8; 1,310 cubic kilometers (314 cu mi) of Kneeling Nun Tuff.[8][46][47][48][49]
  • (size: 25 x 35 km), Rio Grande rift, Socorro, New Mexico; 33 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Hells Mesa Rhyolite.[8][29][50]
  • Marshall Creek, Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 33.7 Ma; more than 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Thorn Ranch Tuff.[8][51]
  • (size: 10 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 33.81 Ma, 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Badger Creek Tuff.[8][52]
  • Grizzly Peak Caldera (size: 12 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 34.31 Ma; 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Grizzly Peak Rhyolite.[8][52]
  • (size: 25 km), Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 35 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Oak Creek Tuff.[8][45]
  • Mount Princeton (eroded), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 35.3 Ma ±0.6; more than 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi) of Wall Mountain Tuff.[8][44][53]
  • Davis Mountains, Texas; 35.35 Ma ±0.6; 210 cubic kilometres (50 cu mi) of tuffs of Wild Cherry, Lavas of Casket Mountain.[8][54]
  • Davis Mountains, Texas; 35.61 Ma ±0.09; 200 cubic kilometres (48 cu mi) of Barrel Springs Formation and ash flow tuff.[8][54]
  • (size: 15 x 10 km), Quitman Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas; 36 Ma; 300 cubic kilometres (72 cu mi) of Square Peak Volcanics.[8][24]
  • Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.2 Ma ±0.6; 300 cubic kilometres (72 cu mi) of Mafic lavas.[8][54]
  • Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.33 Ma ±0.13; 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of tephra (Paisano Volcano).[8][54]
  • Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.51 Ma ±0.05; 210 cubic kilometres (50 cu mi) of Adobe Canyon and Limpia Formations.[8][54]
  • Davis Mountains (fissures), Texas; 36.82 Ma ±0.08; 1,250 cubic kilometres (300 cu mi) of Flood rhyolites, rhyolite domes, and Gomez Tuff.[8][54]
  • (size: 26 x 18 km wide), Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 37 Ma; 300 cubic kilometres (72 cu mi) of Woodhaul Canyon tephra.[8][24][55]
  • Infernito Caldera (size: 12 km wide), Trans-Pecos, Texas; 37.5 Ma ±0.5; 70 to 100 cubic kilometers (17 to 24 cu mi) of Buckshot Tuff.[8][24]
  • (size: 16 x 25 km wide), Delta, Utah; 39 Ma; 400 cubic kilometres (96 cu mi) of Mount Laird Tuff.[8][24]
  • (size: 20 km), Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 45 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Challis Creek Tuff.[8][56]
  • (size: 34 x 48 km), Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 46 Ma ±0.6; unknown amount of Elis Creek Tuff.[8][57]
  • (size: 8 km wide), Arizona; 55.8 Ma; unknown amount of Mount Laird Tuff.[8][58]
  • Silver Bell Caldera (size: 8 km wide), Arizona; 68 Ma; 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of Lithic Tuff.[8][24]
  • Tucson Mountain Caldera (size: 25 km wide), Tucson Mountains, Arizona; 73 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Cat Mountain Tuff.[8][28][59]

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Sources[]

Columbia River Basalt Province-sources[]

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  • Olivier Bachmann; Michael A. Dungan; Peter W. Lipman (2002). "The Fish Canyon Magma Body, San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado: Rejuvenation and Eruption of an Upper-Crustal Batholith". Journal of Petrology. 43 (8): 1469–1503. Bibcode:2002JPet...43.1469B. doi:10.1093/petrology/43.8.1469.
  • Lipman, Peter W. & Calvert, A. (2003). "Southward migration of mid-Tertiary volcanism: Relations in the Cochetopa Area, North-Central San Juan Mountains, Colorado". Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs. 35: 14.
  • Peter W. Lipman; William C. McIntosh (July 2008). "Eruptive and noneruptive calderas, northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Where did the ignimbrites come from?". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 120 (7–8): 771–795. Bibcode:2008GSAB..120..771L. doi:10.1130/B26330.1.

Maps[]

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