List of long species names

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Living organisms are known by scientific names. These binomial names can vary greatly in length, and some of them can become very long depending on the meanings they try to convey. This list of longest species names lists the longest scientific binomials.[1] Species in this list are grouped by length of their name. Only binomials are considered, not subgenera, trinomial names of subspecies or infraspecific names. Family is given for each species (or the closest taxonomic rank if family is unassigned), with a short explanation. The shortest scientific species names can be found in the List of short species names.

73 letters[]

50 letters[]

  • Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis Dybowski 1926. This was once the longest scientific name, proposed by Polish naturalist Benedykt Dybowski for amphipods from Lake Baikal (family Acanthogammaridae). The long names in that publication were all invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, including the following lengthy names as well: Siemienkiewicziechinogammarus siemenkiewitschii (46 letters), Rhodophthalmokytodermogammarus cinnamomeus (41 letters), Toxophthalmoechinogammarus toxophthalmus (39 letters), Zienkowiczikytodermogammarus zienkowiczi (39 letters), Parapallaseakytodermogammarus abyssalis (38 letters), Crassocornoechinogammarus crassicornis (37 letters) and Cancelloidokytodermogammarus loveni (34 letters).

44 letters[]

  • † Archaeohystrichosphaeridium contortuplicatum Timofeev 1959 - phylum Acritarcha. When Russian palynologist Boris Timofeev described in 1959 this fossil microorganism, collected from Ordovician deposits of the Baltic region, it received the longest binomial of its time (after the invalidation of Dybowski’s amphipod names). However, it was found that the genus Archaeohystrichosphaeridium, also created by Timofeev, had not been properly defined, and it was invalidated as well. Timofeev had described many species under this genus, other examples were Archaeohystrichosphaeridium semireticulatum (42 letters), Archaeohystrichosphaeridium quadridentatum (41 letters), Archaeohystrichosphaeridium acutangulatum (40 letters), Archaeohystrichosphaeridium cuneidentatum (40 letters) and Archaeohystrichosphaeridium patentissimum (40 letters). [3][4]

42 letters[]

Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides (42 letters)

40 letters[]

Butternut canker (Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum, 40 letters) on a stem
  • Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum (Nair, Kostichka, & Kuntz) Broders & Boland - family Gnomoniaceae. Butternut canker is a lethal fungal disease of butternut trees, Juglans cinerea. It was originally described as Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum (37 letters), already a long name, but after it was moved in 2011 to the genus Ophiognomonia,[6] it became the then third (now fourth) longest accepted binomial.

39 letters[]

  • × Crepidiastrixeris denticulatoplatyphylla - family Asteraceae. This daisy relative from Japan was once the longest accepted plant name, but it has since been recognised as an intergeneric hybrid and taxonomists have placed the name in synonymy within the genus Crepidiastrum as H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi.[7]
  • Yamaguti 1970 - family Didymozoidae. A parasitic trematode worm found in the gills of the (Mulloidichthys pfluegeri) in Hawaii.[8]
  • Methanothermococcus thermolithotrophicus (Huber et al. 1984) Whitman 2002 - family Methanococcaceae. An anaerobic, thermophilic archaeon that was isolated from geothermally heated sea floor.[9] It was originally named Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus (33 letters), but later became one of the longest scientific names upon being reclassified in the genus Methanothermococcus.[10][11]
  • Salisediminibacterium haloalkalitolerans Sultanpuram et al. 2015 - family Bacillaceae. A Gram-positive, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium which has been isolated from Lonar crater lake in India. Its name means "a rod from salt sediment", "briny and alkali-tolerant".[12][13][14]
  • Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus (Klaushofer & Parkkinen 1965) Lee et al. 1993 - family Thermoanaerobacteraceae. A thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium that reduces sulfites to hydrogen sulfide.[15] It was previously named Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum (32 letters), but later became one of the longest scientific names upon being reclassified in the genus Thermoanaerobacter.[16]
  • (Schink & Zeikus 1983) Lee et al. 1993 - family Thermoanaerobacterales Family III. Another species of the aforementioned genus , isolated from thermal springs at Yellowstone National Park. It was originally named Clostridium thermosulfurigenes (29 letters), but later became one of the longest scientific names upon being reclassified. The specific epithet translates as "releasing sulfur in heat".[17][16][18]

38 letters[]

  • (Nogi et al. 2005) Patel & Gupta 2020 - family Bacillaceae. An aerobic, spore-forming, mesophilic bacterium that was isolated from soil. Originally described as Bacillus hemicellulosilyticus (28 letters), and later moved to the new genus Alkalihalobacillus, meaning: "bacillus living in alkaline and salty conditions". The specific epithet means "hemicellulose-dissolving".[19][20][21]
  • Austrocephalocereus dolichospermaticus Buining & Brederoo - family Cactaceae. This cactus from Brazil would be the longest plant name if the genus Austrocephalocereus was still accepted, but that name has been placed in synonymy with Micranthocereus dolichospermaticus (Buining & Brederoo) F.Ritter,[22] which has a mere 33 letters.
  • Song & Dong 2009 - family .[23] An anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile bacterium which ferments sugars and generates hydrogen, and was first isolated in an UASB reactor.[24]
  • † Fleck & Nel 2003 - family . A fossil dragonfly from the Jurassic of Kimmeridge Bay, United Kingdom. With 31 letters, is the longest valid genus name.
  • (Miyashita et al. 2015) Zheng et al. 2020 - Family Lactobacillaceae. This lactic acid bacterium was first isolated from traditional Thai dishes of fermented fish (pla-som) and meat (mum). Originally described as Lactobacillus modestisalitolerans (32 letters) and later moved to the genus Lactiplantibacillus in the 2020 taxonomic revision of Lactobacillus.[25][26]
  • (Sakuma et al. 2006) Togo et al. 2019 - family Lachnospiraceae. An anaerobic, mesophilic bacterium that was isolated from human feces from a healthy 51 year old man.[27] Originally described as Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum (31 letters) and later reclassified in genus .[28] Its name means "a rod from the Mediterranean Sea", "glycyrrhizin-dissolving".[29]
  • (U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies) - family Asparagaceae. This monocot from the Great Karoo desert of South Africa is one of the world's most miniature bulb species (under 3 cm tall) and yet it has the longest valid plant name. The specific epithet means “inclined towards the north”.[30][31]
  • † Parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis Croft, Flynn & Wyss 2007 - family Chlamyphoridae. A fossil glyptodont from the Miocene of Northern Chile, which is one of the two prehistoric mammals that share the record for the longest name of any vertebrate animal.[32]
  • Pseudohalocynthiibacter aestuariivivens Won et al. 2015 - family Rhodobacteraceae. A Gram-negative, aerobic and non-motile bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediments from the South Sea in Korea.[33][34][35][36]
  • Pérez Ponce de León et al., 2016 - family Allocreadiidae. A parasitic fluke found in rivers of southern Mexico, where it affects freshwater fish of the genus Profundulus.[37][38][39]
  • † Marshall, de Muizon & Sigé 1983 - suborder . A fossil marsupial from the Paleocene of Bolivia; the generic name honours French taxonomist Robert Hoffstetter "in recognition of his contributions to knowledge of mammalian evolution in South America in general and in Bolivia in particular", while the specific name is for the National Geographic Society, which sponsored the field work that enabled the discovery of this species. It is the other prehistoric mammal that shares the record for the longest name of any vertebrate animal.[40][41][42]
  • Zhao et al. 2019 - family Hyphomonadaceae. An aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium isolated from marine sediments collected in the Bohai Sea, China. Its name means "a rod-shaped microbe of the sea", "from marine sediments".[43][44]
  • Sorokin et al. 2005 - family Ectothiorhodospiraceae. A mesophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, capable of photosynthesis, that was isolated from mixed sediment samples from 8 hypersaline, alkaline lakes.[45][46]

37 letters[]

Reconstruction of Diandongpetalichthys liaojiaoshanensis (37 letters)
Reconstruction of Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis (37 letters)
Pseudorhabdosynochus bunkleywilliamsae (37 letters

36 letters[]

Pseudorhabdosynochus hyphessometochus (36 letters)
  • Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Klinger, 1912) Nørskov-Lauritsen and Kilian, 2006 - family Pasteurellaceae. A Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, nonmotile bacterium often found in association with localized aggressive periodontitis, and also suspected to be involved in chronic periodontitis. It was originally described as Bacterium actinomycetemcomitans (30 letters) but later transferred to other genera, finally being assigned to Aggregatibacter.[70][71][72][73]
  • (Vishnuvardhan Reddy et al. 2013) Sravanthi et al. 2016 - family Spirochaetaceae. A a halo-alkaliphilic, anaerobic spirochaete bacterium isolated from Lonar Lake, India. It was originally described as Spirochaeta sphaeroplastigenens (30 letters), and later transferred to the genus .[74][75]
  • Yamaguti, 1965 - family Didymozoidae. A marine fluke that parasitises the escolar (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum), found in Hawaii.[76]
  • Davis, Cleven, Brown & Balish, 1976 - family Succinivibrionaceae. A bacterium found in the gastrointestinal flora of dogs and cats. It can be potentially lethal to humans, but infections are rare.[77][78]
  • † Kozur, Moix & Ozsvárt, 2007 - family . A fossil radiolarian from the Triassic of Turkey.[79]
  • Li et al., 2017 - family Spirosomaceae. An aerobe, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that forms circular colonies and was isolated from Arctic seawater collected at Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway. The specific epithet luteifluviistationis means "of the Yellow River Station", since it was collected and identified by scientists of this Chinese research station located in Svalbard.[80]
  • Cyrtodactylus australotitiwangsaensis Grismer et al., 2012 - family Gekkonidae. The southern Titiwangsa bent-toed gecko, endemic to peninsular Malaysia, has the longest binomial name of any extant reptile.[81][82]
  • † Currah, Stockey & B.A.LePage 1998 - order Pleosporales. A fossil hyperparasitic fungus found in the Princeton Chert deposits in Canada.[83]
  • Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum L'Haridon et al., 1998 - Family Desulfurobacteriaceae. A species of autotrophic, sulphur-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent sample collected at the Mid-Atlantic ridge. It is the type species of its genus, being thermophilic, anaerobic, Gram-negative, motile and rod-shaped.[84]
  • Villeneuve et al., 2013 - family Piscirickettsiaceae. A Gram-negative bacterium isolated from the biofilm of the methanol-fed denitrification system treating the seawater at the Montreal Biodome, Canada. Its name means "methyl eating", "growing with the reduction of nitrate".
  • Nichols & Griscom, 1917 - family Distichodontidae. This freshwater fish from the Congo river basin has the longest name of any extant fish.[85]
  • Novosphingobium chloroacetimidivorans Chen et al. 2014 - family Sphingomonadaceae. A Gram-negative, chloroacetamide-degrading and non-spore-forming bacterium which was isolated from activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in Kunshan City, China.[86]
  • Li et al., 2020 - family Rhodospirillaceae. A Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium, isolated from oil reservoir water collected from Liaohe oil field in northeastern China. Its name means "A rod from oil reservoir water", "nitrogen-fixing".[87]
  • Nikolaeva & Dubina, 1978 - family Didymozoidae. A marine fluke that parasitises the albacore, found in the Indian Ocean near the Comoro Islands.[88]
  • Pseudonocardia tetrahydrofuranoxydans Kämpfer et al., 2006 - family Pseudonocardiaceae. A Gram-positive, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium, isolated from sludge from a waste water treatment plant in Göttingen, Germany.[89]
  • Pseudorhabdosynochus beverleyburtonae (Oliver, 1984) and Pseudorhabdosynochus hyphessometochus Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015 - family Diplectanidae. Two more species from this aforementioned genus of parasitic flatworms. The former affects the gills of the dusky grouper, the latter is a parasite of the yellowmouth grouper.[61]
  • Beier, 1968 and Beier 1969 - family Chthoniidae. Two cave-dwelling Australian species of the aforementioned genus of pseudoscorpions . The first one is named after Elery Hamilton-Smith, and the second after the state of Queensland.[90]
  • (Zou et al., 2013) Zheng et al. 2020 - family Lactobacillaceae. A lactic acid bacterium isolated from a fermented dairy beverage sold in a market in Shenzhen, China. Originally described as Lactobacillus shenzhenensis (26 letters), it was transferred to the newly created genus Schleiferilactobacillus (named after microbiologist Karl-Heinz Schleifer) in the 2020 taxonomic revision of Lactobacillus.[91][25]
  • Streptomyces phaeogriseichromatogenes Goodfellow et al., 2008 - family Streptomycetaceae. A bacterium that produces antibiotic compounds and was isolated from soil collected in Sri Lanka. The specific epithet means "producing brown and gray colors".[92][93][94]
  • Kawamoto et al., 1975 - family Streptomycetaceae. An antibiotic-producing actinobacterium isolated from swamp soil collected in Kitagunma District, Japan. The specific name violaceochromogenes ("producing violet colour") refers to characteristic violet or rose-coloured pigments produced by this bacterium in natural nutritional agar media.[95]
  • López et al., 2019, Lee et al., 1993 and Romano et al., 2011 - family Thermoanaerobacterales Family III. Three more species in the aforementioned genus . The first two were isolated from thermal springs: T. butyriciformans ("producing butyric acid") in the Colombian Andes and T. saccharolyticum ("sugar dissolving") in Yellowstone National Park.[96][16] T. thermostercoris ("thermophilic bacterium from dung") was isolated from Italian buffalo dung collected in a buffalo farm in Caserta.[97] Its name was originally published as Thermoanaerobacterium thermostercus (34 letters), but subsequently corrected following Latin grammar rules.[98]

35 letters[]

Crowned slaty flycatcher (Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus, 35 letters)
  • (Nielsen et al. 1995) Patel and Gupta 2020 - family Bacillaceae. Another species in this aforementioned genus of bacteria, isolated from soil samples at Heriot-Watt University. It was originally described as Bacillus pseudalcalophilus (25 letters); the specific epithet was corrected to pseudalcaliphilus upon validation, and the species was subsequently transferred to genus Alkalihalobacillus in 2020.[99][100][20]
  • Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus Rainey et al., 1995[101] - family Thermoanaerobacterales Family III. A thermophilic, anaerobic cellulolytic bacterium, which was isolated from a piece of wood floating in the flow from a freshwater thermal spring in New Zealand in 1987, and tentatively named Caldocellum saccharolyticum (26 letters).[102] In 1994, the isolate was more thoroughly characterized physiologically, and classified to a new genus, Caldicellulosiruptor, based on 16S RNA sequence. It is the type species, and most thoroughly studied member of its genus. Its name means "cellulose-breaker under hot conditions", "breaking up polysaccharides".[103]
  • (Cai et al. 1999) Zheng et al. 2020 - family Lactobacillaceae. Another lactic acid bacterium from the aforementioned genus Companilactobacillus; its original name before the genus transfer was Lactobacillus paralimentarius (28 letters). This species was isolated from sourdough in Japan.[25][104]
  • Yamaguti, 1966 - family Gastrocotylidae. A monogenean parasitic flatworm which affects the gills of the stained flying fish (Cheilopogon spilonotopterus) (named Cypselurus spilonotopterus when this parasite was described).[105]
  • Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens Moe et al., 2009 - family . An anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, isolated from a Superfund site in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It is useful in bioremediation for its ability to reductively dehalogenate chlorinated alkanes. The generic name refers to this ability, while the specific epithet means "repelling werewolves", because compounds exhibiting a pungent garlic aroma are produced when these organisms grow in certain conditions; garlic being said to repel werewolves in some fiction literature.[106]
  • Desulfonatronovibrio hydrogenovorans Zhilina et al., 1997 - family Desulfohalobiaceae. An alkaliphilic, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a soda-depositing lake, Lake Magadi in Kenya.[107]
  • Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis (Weiss and Schillinger 1984) Zheng et al. 2020 - family Lactobacillaceae. A lactic acid bacterium which helps give sourdough bread its characteristic taste. It is named after the city of San Francisco, where sourdough was found to contain the variety, though it is dominant in Type I sourdoughs globally. Originally described as Lactobacillus sanfrancisco (25 letters), the specific epithet was amended to become an adjective ("from San Francisco"), and it was later transferred to new genus Fructilactobacillus in the 2020 taxonomic revision of genus Lactobacillus.[108][109][110][25]
  • Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) - family Tyrannidae. The crowned slaty flycatcher from South America, after being moved from the genus Empidonomus to its own monotypic genus Griseotyrannus, holds the record of longest scientific binomial for any bird (extant or fossil).
  • Shivani et al., 2017 - family Desulfovibrionaceae. An antibiotic-producing, anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, isolated from marine soil samples collected in Gujarat, India.[111]
  • † (Nieszkowski, 1859) - family Cheiruridae. A fossil trilobite from the Ordovician of Estonia. It was originally described as Sphaerexochus pseudohemicranium (30 letters) and subsequently transferred to the genus Hemisphaerocoryphe. There has been some discussion as to whether Hemisphaerocoryphe is a valid genus or just a junior synonym of Sphaerocoryphe, but most authors who mention this species place it in the former.[112][113]
  • (Gu et al. 2013) Zheng et al. 2020 - family Lactobacillaceae. A lactic acid bacterium isolated from traditional sourdough in Heilongjiang province, China, and named after the Songhua River, which flows through this province. Originally described as Lactobacillus songhuajiangensis and transferred to Lacticaseibacillus in the 2020 taxonomic revision of Lactobacillus.[114][25]
  • Feng et al., 2020 - family Methylobacteriaceae. A gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, motile bacterium with a flagellum (monotrichous), isolated from tungsten mine tailings in Jiangxi Province, China.[115]
  • (Itoh et al., 2005) Sorokin et al., 2020 - family Natrialbaceae. A archaeon isolated from a soda lake in Inner Mongolia, China. It was originally described as Natronolimnobius innermongolicus (31 letters), and subsequently transferred to newly created genus , which means "an organism living in soda lakes".[116][117]
  • (Parukhin, 1969) - family Didymozoidae. Another species in this aforementioned genus of marine flukes, which in this case affects the cobia (Rachycentrum canadum) and was identified in the Gulf of Tonkin. It was originally described as Nematobothrium rachycentri (25 letters), and subsequently transferred to genus .[118][119]
  • Yamaguti, 1970 - family Didymozoidae. Another species in this aforementioned genus of marine flukes, which in this case which affects the bigeye tuna[120]
  • (Kallimanis et al., 2009) Busse, 2016 - family Micrococcaceae. An aerobic, gram-positive bacterium isolated from a sample of creosote-contaminated soil collected in Greece. Originally described as Arthrobacter phenanthrenivorans (30 letters), and later transferred to newly created genus Pseudarthrobacter. Its name means "Similar to a jointed rod", "that can digest phenanthrene".[121][122]
  • (Yamaguti, 1934) - family Gorgoderidae. A parasitic fluke that affects freshwater shrimp, such as Macrobrachium nipponense. It is found in Japan. Originally described as Phyllodistomum macrobrachicola (29 letters) and later transferred to newly created genus .[123]
  • Gupta & Gupta 1972 - family Illiosentidae. A marine parasitic acanthocephalan worm that has been found in the intestines of Indian fish such as the blacktip sea catfish (Plicofollis dussumieri) and the crescent banded grunter.[124][125]
  • (Nahhas & Cable, 1964) - family Haplosplanchnidae. A marine parasitic fluke found in the Caribbean Sea, affecting the rainbow parrotfish. It was originally described as Schikhobalotrema heterocotylum (29 letters), and subsequently transferred to genus .[126][119]
  • † Collignon, 1969 - family . A fossil species of ammonite from the Cretaceous of Madagascar, found near the village of Antsirasira.[127]
  • Beier, 1966 - family Chthoniidae. Another Australian species in this aforementioned genus of pseudoscorpions.[128]
  •  Domínguez Camacho, 2010 - family Scutigerellidae. A species of garden centipede from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[129]
  •  Zheng & Sun, 2020 - family Sphingomonadaceae. A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, yellow-pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, isolated from a deep-sea cold seep. Its name means "sphingosine-containing rod bacterium from the sea" "of the darkness".[130]
  • A.S.Rob. - family Orchidaceae. A small orchid endemic to the island of Palawan in the Philippines, where it is called "dalaga ng Palawan" in Tagalog: the 'Maiden of Palawan'.[131] One of two species that share the title of the second longest accepted plant name.
  • Streptomyces phaeoluteichromatogenes Goodfellow et al., 2008 and Streptomyces purpurogeneiscleroticus Pridham, 1970 (Approved Lists, 1980) - family Streptomycetaceae. Two species of actinobacteria; the first was isolated at Rothamsted Research (UK) and its specific epithet means "producing brown and yellow colors".[92][132][133] The second, which comes from India, was originally described as Chainia purpurogena (only 18 letters); when the genus Chainia was synonymised with Streptomyces, this species was assigned the replacement name Streptomyces purpurogeniscleroticus (34 letters), and the spelling of this name was later amended to the current version for grammatical correctness, by adding one letter. The specific epithet means "producing purple colour and sclerotia".[134][135][136]
  • Zepeda et al., 2015 - family Halomonadaceae. A Gram-negative, helical gammaproteobacterium cultivated from an anchialine pool on Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Its name means "Terasaki's spiral" (honouring microbiologist Yasuke Terasaki, for his contributions to the study of spiral-shaped bacteria) "from Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument".[137]
  • Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense Sonne-Hansen & Ahring, 2000 - family Thermodesulfobacteriaceae. Another species in this aforementioned genus of bacteria; this one was isolated from hotsprings in Iceland and named after the town of Hveragerði, where it was found.[138]
  • Lee et al., 2006 - family . An anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium that was isolated from deep sea sediments of the Peru margin collected during the Ocean Drilling Program.[139]
  • Rettenmaier et al., 2021 - family Lachnospiraceae. An anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium isolated from a lab-scale biogas fermenter fed with maize silage. Its name means "rod shaped cells with variable morphology", "sugar-fermenting".[140]
  • (Werderm. & Backeb.) F.Ritter - family Cactaceae. This Peruvian cactus was originally described as Cereus cephalomacrostibas (24 letters), and later transferred to genus Weberbauerocereus, named for German botanist August Weberbauer.[141] The second of two species that share the title of the second longest accepted plant name.

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