List of monocotyledons of Montana

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Broadleaf cattail

Monocotyledon species found in Montana number at least 615.[1] The has identified a number of monocot species as Species of Concern.[2]

Monocotyledons are one of two major groups of flowering plants (or angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots. Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon (seed-leaf), in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots. Monocots have been recognized at various taxonomic ranks, and under various names (see below). The APG II system recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank. There are between 50,000 and 60,000 species within this group; according to IUCN there are 59,300 species. The largest family in this group (and in the flowering plants as a whole) by number of species are the orchids (family Orchidaceae), with more than 20,000 species.[3] In agriculture the majority of the biomass produced comes from monocots.[4] The true grasses, family Poaceae (Gramineae), are the most economically important family in this group. These include all the true grains (rice, wheat, maize, etc.), the pasture grasses, sugar cane, and the bamboos. True grasses have evolved to become highly specialised for wind pollination. Grasses produce much smaller flowers, which are gathered in highly visible plumes (inflorescences). Other economically important monocot families are the palm family (Arecaceae), banana family (Musaceae), ginger family (Zingiberaceae) and the onion family Alliaceae, which includes such ubiquitously used vegetables as onions and garlic.

Arrow-grass family[]

Order: Najadales, family: Juncaginaceae[5]

  • Common bog arrow-grass, Triglochin maritima
  • Flowering quillwort, Lilaea scilloides
  • Slender bog arrow-grass, Triglochin palustris

Arum family[]

Order: Arales, family: Araceae[6]

  • Yellow skunk-cabbage, Lysichiton americanus

Bur-reeds[]

Order: Typhales, family: Sparganiaceae[7]

  • Branching bur-reed, Sparganium androcladum
  • Large bur-reed, Sparganium eurycarpum
  • Narrowleaf bur-reed, Sparganium angustifolium
  • Small bur-reed, Sparganium natans

Cattails[]

Order: Typhales, family: Typhaceae[8]

  • Broadleaf cattail, Typha latifolia
  • Narrow-leaved cattail, Typha angustifolia

Ditch-grass family[]

Order: Najadales, family: Ruppiaceae[9]

  • Ditch-grass, Ruppia maritima

Duckweeds[]

Order: Arales, family: Lemnaceae[10]

Flowering-rush family[]

Order: Alismatales, family: Butomaceae[11]

Grasses[]

Order: Cyperales, family: Poaceae[12]

  • Alaskan oniongrass, Melica subulata
  • Alkali cordgrass, Spartina gracilis
  • Alkali muhly, Muhlenbergia asperifolia
  • Alkali sacaton, Sporobolus airoides
  • Alpine bluegrass, Poa alpina
  • American mannagrass, Glyceria grandis
  • American sloughgrass, Beckmannia syzigachne
  • Annual bluegrass, Poa annua
  • , Eremopyrum triticeum
  • Annual hairgrass, Deschampsia danthonioides
  • Annual muhly, Muhlenbergia minutissima
  • Arctic bluegrass, Poa arctica
  • , Elymus submuticus
  • , Festuca baffinensis
  • , Poa laxa ssp. banffiana
  • Barnyard grass, Echinochloa crus-galli
  • , Bromus polyanthus
  • , Trisetum wolfii
  • Beardless wild rye, Leymus triticoides
  • Bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon
  • Big bluestem, Andropogon gerardii
  • Blue grama, Bouteloua gracilis
  • Blue wild rye, Elymus glaucus
  • Blue-joint reedgrass, Calamagrostis canadensis
  • Bluebunch wheatgrass, Pseudoroegneria spicata
  • Bog bluegrass, Poa leptocoma
  • Boreal mannagrass, Glyceria borealis
  • Bottlebrush squirrel-tail, Elymus elymoides
  • Bristly bristle grass, Setaria verticillata
  • Bristly dogtail grass, Cynosurus echinatus
  • , Bromus latiglumis
  • Brome fescue, Vulpia bromoides
  • , Catabrosa aquatica
  • Buffalo grass, Bouteloua dactyloides
  • Bulbous bluegrass, Poa bulbosa
  • California brome, Bromus carinatus
  • California oatgrass, Danthonia californica
  • Canada bluegrass, Poa compressa
  • Canada wild rye, Elymus canadensis
  • , Calamagrostis tweedyi
  • Cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum
  • , Bromus berteroanus
  • Colonial bentgrass, Agrostis capillaris
  • Columbia needlegrass, Stipa nelsonii ssp. dorei
  • Common barley, Hordeum vulgare
  • , Phalaris canariensis
  • Common hardgrass, Sclerochloa dura
  • Common reed, Phragmites australis
  • Common velvetgrass, Holcus lanatus
  • , Oryzopsis contracta
  • Corn brome, Bromus squarrosus
  • Creeping foxtail, Alopecurus arundinaceus
  • Crested dogtail grass, Cynosurus cristatus
  • Crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum
  • Cultivated oat, Avena sativa
  • , Secale cereale
  • , Triticum aestivum
  • Cusick's bluegrass, Poa cusickii
  • Darnel ryegrass, Lolium temulentum
  • , Calamagrostis koelerioides
  • , Apera interrupta
  • , Calamagrostis scopulorum
  • Drooping woodreed, Cinna latifolia
  • , Zizania aquatica
  • False buffalograss, Monroa squarrosa
  • , Danthonia unispicata
  • , Dichanthelium oligosanthes
  • Field brome, Bromus arvensis
  • Fowl bluegrass, Poa palustris
  • Fowl mannagrass, Glyceria striata
  • , Crypsis alopecuroides
  • Foxtail barley, Hordeum jubatum
  • , Vulpia myuros
  • Foxtail muhly, Muhlenbergia andina
  • Fringed brome, Bromus ciliatus
  • Great Basin wild rye, Leymus cinereus
  • Green bristle grass, Setaria viridis
  • Green needlegrass, Stipa viridula
  • Hairy crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis
  • , Phippsia algida
  • Idaho bentgrass, Agrostis idahoensis
  • Idaho fescue, Festuca idahoensis
  • Indian goosegrass, Eleusine indica
  • Indian ricegrass, Oryzopsis hymenoides
  • Indiangrass, Sorghastrum nutans
  • , Poa interior
  • Intermediate wheatgrass, Thinopyrum intermedium
  • , Setaria italica
  • Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum
  • Japanese brome, Bromus japonicus
  • Johnson grass, Sorghum halepense
  • Jointed goatgrass, Aegilops cylindrica
  • Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis
  • , Agrostis pallens
  • Lemmon's alkaligrass, Puccinellia lemmonii
  • Lemmon's needlegrass, Stipa lemmonii
  • , Poa lettermanii
  • Letterman's needlegrass, Stipa lettermanii
  • Little barley, Hordeum pusillum
  • Little bluestem, Schizachyrium scoparium
  • , Eragrostis minor
  • , Oryzopsis exigua
  • , Oryzopsis micrantha
  • , Cenchrus longispinus
  • Marsh muhly, Muhlenbergia racemosa
  • Mat muhly, Muhlenbergia richardsonis
  • Meadow barley, Hordeum brachyantherum
  • Meadow fescue, Festuca pratensis
  • Meadow foxtail, Alopecurus geniculatus
  • Meadow foxtail, Alopecurus pratensis
  • , Phleum pratense
  • Mediterranean or sea barley, Hordeum marinum
  • , Trisetum x orthochaetum
  • , Elymus albicans
  • , Agrostis humilis
  • Mountain fescue, Festuca viridula
  • , Alopecurus alpinus
  • Mountain hairgrass, Vahlodea atropurpurea
  • Mountain muhly, Muhlenbergia montana
  • Mountain timothy, Phleum alpinum
  • Mouse barley, Hordeum murinum
  • , Poa laxa
  • Muttongrass, Poa fendleriana
  • , Trisetum spicatum
  • , Poa stenantha
  • Narrow-flowered brome, Bromus vulgaris
  • Needle-and-thread, Stipa comata
  • , Stipa nelsonii
  • , Stipa nevadensis
  • , Poa reflexa
  • Nodding fescue, Festuca subulata
  • , Trisetum canescens
  • Northern bentgrass, Agrostis borealis
  • Northern fescue, Festuca viviparoidea
  • , Hierochloe hirta
  • Northern wild rye, Leymus innovatus
  • Nuttall's alkali grass, Puccinellia nuttalliana
  • Oniongrass, Melica bulbosa
  • Orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata
  • Oregon bentgrass, Agrostis oregonensis
  • , Puccinellia pauciflora
  • Panic grass, Dichanthelium acuminatum
  • , Danthonia parryi
  • , Poa abbreviata ssp. pattersonii
  • Perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne
  • Persian ryegrass, Lolium persicum
  • , Stipa pinetorum
  • Pinegrass, Calamagrostis rubescens
  • Plains muhly, Muhlenbergia cuspidata
  • Plains reedgrass, Calamagrostis montanensis
  • Plains rough fescue, Festuca hallii
  • Porcupine needlegrass, Stipa spartea
  • , Bromus porteri
  • Poverty oatgrass, Danthonia spicata
  • , Poa arida
  • Prairie cordgrass, Spartina pectinata
  • Prairie dropseed, Sporobolus heterolepis
  • , Koeleria macrantha
  • Prairie sandreed, Calamovilfa longifolia
  • , Sphenopholis obtusata
  • Proso millet, Panicum miliaceum
  • Pullup muhly, Muhlenbergia filiformis
  • Pumpelly's brome, Bromus inermis ssp. pumpellianus
  • Purple lovegrass, Eragrostis pectinacea
  • , Schizachne purpurascens
  • Purple reedgrass, Calamagrostis purpurascens
  • , Aristida purpurea
  • Quackgrass, Elymus repens
  • , Polypogon monspeliensis
  • Rattlesnake brome, Bromus briziformis
  • Red fescue, Festuca rubra
  • Redtop, Agrostis stolonifera
  • Reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea
  • Rice cutgrass, Leersia oryzoides
  • Richardson's needlegrass, Stipa richardsonii
  • , Festuca saximontana
  • Rough barnyard grass, Echinochloa muricata
  • Rough bentgrass, Agrostis scabra
  • Rough bluegrass, Poa trivialis
  • Rough fescue, Festuca scabrella
  • , Oryzopsis asperifolia
  • , Psathyrostachys juncea
  • Rye brome, Bromus secalinus
  • Saltgrass, Distichlis spicata
  • Sand bluestem, Andropogon hallii
  • Sand dropseed, Sporobolus cryptandrus
  • , Leymus flavescens
  • Sandberg bluegrass, Poa secunda
  • , Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum
  • Scribner's wild rye, Elymus scribneri
  • Sheathed dropseed, Sporobolus vaginiflorus
  • Sheep fescue, Festuca ovina
  • , Alopecurus aequalis
  • , Poa arnowiae
  • , Festuca brachyphylla
  • Showy oniongrass, Melica spectabilis
  • Side-oats grama, Bouteloua curtipendula
  • Six-weeks grama, Bouteloua barbata
  • Six-weeks fescue, Vulpia octoflora
  • Slender hairgrass, Deschampsia elongata
  • Slender oat, Avena barbata
  • , Sphenopholis intermedia
  • Slender wheatgrass, Elymus trachycaulus
  • Slimstem reedgrass, Calamagrostis stricta
  • , Sporobolus neglectus
  • , Vulpia microstachys
  • , Festuca minutiflora
  • Smith's melicgrass, Melica smithii
  • Smooth brome, Bromus inermis ssp. inermis
  • Smooth crabgrass, Digitaria ischaemum
  • Soft brome, Bromus hordeaceus
  • Spike bentgrass, Agrostis exarata
  • Spike fescue, Leucopoa kingii
  • Spike muhly, Muhlenbergia glomerata
  • , Helictotrichon hookeri
  • , Bromus racemosus
  • Sprangletop, Leptochloa fusca
  • Sprangletop, Scolochloa festucacea
  • , Puccinellia distans
  • Stinkgrass, Eragrostis cilianensis
  • , Cinna arundinacea
  • Sweet vernalgrass, Anthoxanthum odoratum
  • Switchgrass, Panicum virgatum
  • Tall dropseed, Sporobolus compositus
  • Tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea
  • , Glyceria elata
  • Tall oatgrass, Arrhenatherum elatius
  • Tall trisetum, Trisetum cernuum
  • Teal lovegrass, Eragrostis hypnoides
  • Thickspike wheatgrass, Elymus lanceolatus
  • , Agrostis thurberiana
  • Thurber's needlegrass, Stipa thurberiana
  • Timber oatgrass, Danthonia intermedia
  • , Alopecurus carolinianus
  • Tufted hairgrass, Deschampsia cespitosa
  • Tumble grass, Schedonnardus paniculatus
  • , Agrostis variabilis
  • Virginia wild rye, Elymus virginicus
  • Western fescue, Festuca occidentalis
  • Western needlegrass, Stipa occidentalis
  • Western porcupine grass, Stipa curtiseta
  • Western wheatgrass, Pascopyrum smithii
  • , Poa wheeleri
  • White bluegrass, Poa glauca
  • , Dichanthelium wilcoxianum
  • Wild oats, Avena fatua
  • Wirestem muhly, Muhlenbergia mexicana
  • , Panicum capillare
  • Yellow bluestem, Bothriochloa ischaemum
  • Yellow foxtail, Setaria pumila

Greenbriars[]

Order: Liliales, family: Smilacaceae[13]

Horned pondweeds[]

Order: Najadales, family: Zannichelliaceae[14]

  • Horned pondweed, Zannichellia palustris

Irises[]

Order: Liliales, family: Iridaceae[15]

  • Idaho blue-eyed-grass, Sisyrinchium idahoense
  • Northern blue-eyed-grass, Sisyrinchium septentrionale
  • Strict blue-eyed-grass, Sisyrinchium montanum
  • Western blue iris, Iris missouriensis
  • Western blue-eyed-grass, Sisyrinchium halophilum
  • Yellow iris, Iris pseudacorus

Lilies[]

Order: Liliales, family: Liliaceae[16]

  • American false-hellebore, Veratrum viride
  • , Calochortus apiculatus
  • Beargrass, Xerophyllum tenax
  • , Calochortus eurycarpus
  • Brandegee's onion, Allium brandegeei
  • Bruneau mariposa lily, Calochortus bruneaunis
  • California false-hellebore, Veratrum californicum
  • Chives, Allium schoenoprasum
  • Chocolate lily, Fritillaria atropurpurea
  • Clasping twisted-stalk, Streptopus amplexifolius
  • Columbia lily, Lilium columbianum
  • , Allium columbianum
  • Common alpine-lily, Lloydia serotina
  • Common camas, Camassia quamash
  • Dwarf onion, Allium simillimum
  • Elegant mariposa lily, Calochortus elegans
  • False Solomon's-seal, Maianthemum racemosum
  • Foothill death camas, Zigadenus paniculatus
  • Fringed onion, Allium fibrillum
  • Garden asparagus, Asparagus officinalis
  • , Allium geyeri var. tenerum
  • Geyer's onion, Allium geyeri
  • Glacier lily, Erythronium grandiflorum
  • Green-band mariposa lily, Calochortus macrocarpus
  • Gunnison's mariposa lily, Calochortus gunnisonii
  • Hooker's fairybells, Prosartes hookeri
  • Large-flower triteleia, Triteleia grandiflora
  • Meadow death camas, Zigadenus venenosus
  • Meadow onion, Allium canadense
  • Mountain death camas, Zigadenus elegans
  • Mountain star-lily, Leucocrinum montanum
  • Nodding onion, Allium cernuum
  • Nuttall's mariposa lily, Calochortus nuttallii
  • Orange daylily, Hemerocallis fulva
  • Queencup bead lily, Clintonia uniflora
  • Rosy twisted-stalk, Streptopus lanceolatus
  • Rough-fruited fairybells, Prosartes trachycarpa
  • , Allium brevistylum
  • Small onion, Allium parvum
  • Small tofieldia, Tofieldia pusilla
  • Starry false Solomon's-seal, Maianthemum stellatum
  • Tapertip onion, Allium acuminatum
  • Three-leaf false Solomon's-seal, Maianthemum trifolium
  • Western false asphodel, Triantha occidentalis
  • , Stenanthium occidentale
  • Western trillium, Trillium ovatum
  • White glacier lily, Erythronium grandiflorum var. candidum
  • White wild onion, Allium textile
  • Wild lily-of-the-valley, Maianthemum canadense
  • Wood lily, Lilium philadelphicum
  • Yellowbells, Fritillaria pudica

Orchids[]

Order: Orchidales, family: Orchidaceae[17]

  • Alaska rein orchid, Piperia unalascensis
  • Broad-leaved twayblade, Neottia convallarioides
  • Clustered lady's-slipper, Cypripedium fasciculatum
  • Early coralroot, Corallorhiza trifida
  • Eastern helleborine, Epipactis helleborine
  • Fairy slipper, Calypso bulbosa
  • Giant helleborine, Epipactis gigantea
  • Giant rattlesnake-plantain, Goodyera oblongifolia
  • Heartleaf twayblade, Neottia cordata
  • Hillside rein orchid, Piperia elegans
  • Hooded ladies'-tresses, Spiranthes romanzoffiana
  • Huron green orchid, Platanthera huronensis
  • , Cypripedium x columbianum
  • Large roundleaf orchid, Platanthera orbiculata
  • Loesel's twayblade, Liparis loeselii
  • Long-bract green orchis, Coeloglossum viride
  • Mertens' coralroot, Corallorhiza mertensiana
  • Mountain lady's-slipper, Cypripedium montanum
  • , Platanthera aquilonis
  • Northern rattlesnake-plantain, Goodyera repens
  • Northern twayblade, Neottia borealis
  • Round-leaved orchis, Amerorchis rotundifolia
  • Slender bog orchid, Platanthera stricta
  • Small northern bog orchid, Platanthera obtusata
  • Small yellow lady's-slipper, Cypripedium parviflorum
  • Sparrow's-egg lady's-slipper, Cypripedium passerinum
  • Spotted coralroot, Corallorhiza maculata
  • Spring coralroot, Corallorhiza wisteriana
  • Striped coralroot, Corallorhiza striata
  • Ute ladies'-tresses, Spiranthes diluvialis
  • Western twayblade, Neottia banksiana
  • White bog orchid, Platanthera dilatata

Pod-grasses[]

Order: Najadales, family: Scheuchzeriaceae[18]

Pondweeds[]

Order: Najadales, family: Potamogetonaceae[19]

Rushes[]

Order: Juncales, family: Juncaceae[20]

Sedges[]

Order: Cyperales, family: Cyperaceae [21]

Spiderwort family[]

Order: Commelinales, family: Commelinaceae[22]

Sweetflag / calamus family[]

Order: Arales, family: Acoraceae[23]

  • Sweetflag, Acorus americanus

Water-hyacinth family[]

Order: Liliales, family: Pontederiaceae[24]

Water-nymph family[]

Order: Najadales, family: Najadaceae[25]

Water-plantains[]

Order: Alismatales, family: Alismataceae[26]

  • Common arrowhead, Sagittaria latifolia
  • Narrow-leaf water-plantain, Alisma gramineum
  • Northern arrowhead, Sagittaria cuneata
  • Northern water-plantain, Alisma triviale

Waterweeds[]

Order: Hydrocharitales, family: Hydrocharitaceae[27]

Yuccas / agaves[]

Order: Liliales, family: Agavaceae[28]

  • Small soapweed yucca, Yucca glauca

Further reading[]

  • Rydberg, Per Axel (1900). Catalogue of the flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park (PDF). New York: New York Botanical Garden.
  • Booth, W. E. (1950). Flora of Montana, Part I Conifers and Monocots. Bozeman, Montana: The Research Foundation at Montana State College.
  • Wilson, Barbara L. (2008). Field Guide to the Sedges of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87071-197-8.

See also[]

  • Coniferous plants of Montana
  • Lichens of Montana
  • Dicotyledons of Montana

Notes[]

  1. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Monocots". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  2. ^ Species of Concern are native taxa that are at-risk due to declining population trends, threats to their habitats, restricted distribution, and/or other factors. Designation as a Montana Species of Concern or Potential Species of Concern is based on the Montana Status Rank, and is not a statutory or regulatory classification. Rather, these designations provide information that helps resource managers make proactive decisions regarding species conservation and data collection priorities. See the latest Species of Concern Reports for more detailed explanations and assessment criteria. "Montana Field Guide-Species of Concern". Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  3. ^ Peter H. Raven; Ray Franklin Evert; & Susan E. Eichhorn. (2005) Biology of Plants, 7th ed., page 459
  4. ^ Reed, Barbara (2008). Plant cryopreservation a practical guide. New York: Springer. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-387-72276-4. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03.
  5. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Arrow grass". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  6. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Arum". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  7. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Bur-reeds". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  8. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Cattails". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  9. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Ditch-grass". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
  10. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Duckweeds". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  11. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Flowering rush". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  12. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Grasses". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  13. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Greenbriars". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
  14. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Horned pondweed". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
  15. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Irises". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
  16. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Lilies". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
  17. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Orchids". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
  18. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Pod-grasses". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
  19. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Pondweeds". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
  20. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Rushes". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
  21. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Sedges". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
  22. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Spiderworts". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
  23. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Sweetflag". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  24. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Water-hyacinth". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  25. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Water-nymph". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  26. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Water-plantains". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  27. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Waterweeds". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  28. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Yuccas". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
Retrieved from ""