List of people who have served in all three branches of a U.S. state government
A number of individuals have achieved the rare distinction of serving in all three branches of the state government of one of the U.S. states:
- in the executive branch (in an elected position, such as governor or state attorney general), or in a high-level state appointed position (such as a member of the governor's cabinet, head of a state agency, or member of a state executive board or commission);[a]
- in the state legislature; and
- as a state judge.
This list excludes service in local government (such as county or city government), as well as military and militia posts.
List[]
Individual | State | Legislative-branch service | Executive-branch service | Judicial-branch service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chester Hardy Aldrich | Nebraska | Nebraska Senate (1907) | Governor of Nebraska (1911–1913) | Justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court (1918–1924) | [1] |
Forrest H. Anderson | Montana | Montana House of Representatives (1943–1945) | Governor of Montana (1968–1972) Montana Attorney General (1957–1968) |
Justice of the Montana Supreme Court (1953–1957) | [2] |
Charles B. Andrews | Connecticut | Connecticut Senate (1868–1870) Connecticut House of Representatives (1878) |
Governor of Connecticut (1879–1881) | Judge of the Connecticut Superior Court (1881–1889) Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court (1889–1901) |
[3] |
Samuel Ashe | North Carolina | North Carolina Senate (1776) (speaker) | Governor of North Carolina (1795–1798) | Presiding justice of the North Carolina Superior Court (1777–1795) | [4] |
Thomas W. Bartley | Ohio | Speaker of the Ohio Senate (1843–1844) | Governor of Ohio (1844) | Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio (1852–1859) | [5] |
Richard Bassett | Delaware | Delaware Senate (1882) Delaware House of Representatives (1886) |
Governor of Delaware (1799–1801) | Chief Justice of the Delaware Court of Common Pleas (1793–1799) | [6] |
Elisha Baxter | Arkansas | Arkansas House of Representatives (1854–1855; 1859–1860) | Governor of Arkansas (1873–1874) | Judge of the Arkansas Circuit Court (1868–1873) | [7] |
Clark Bissell | Connecticut | Connecticut House of Representatives (1829; 1841) Connecticut Senate (1842–1843) |
Governor of Connecticut (1847–1849) | Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors (1829–1839) | [8] |
Thomas E. Bramlette | Kentucky | Kentucky House of Representatives (1841) | Governor of Kentucky (1863–1867) | Judge of the Kentucky District Court (1856–1861) | [9] |
Thaddeus M. Buczko | Massachusetts | Massachusetts House of Representatives (1959–1964)[10] | Massachusetts Auditor (1964–1981)[10] | Justice of the Essex County Probate and Family Court (1981–1996)[11] | |
John Burke | North Dakota | North Dakota House of Representatives (1891–1893) North Dakota Senate (1893–1897) |
Governor of North Dakota (1907–1913) | Judge of the North Dakota District Court (1889–1891; 1897–1899) Justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court (1924–1937) Chief Justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court (1929–1931; 1935–1937) |
[12] |
James Clark | Kentucky | Kentucky House of Representatives (1807–1808) | Governor of Kentucky (1836–1839) | Judge of the Kentucky Court of Appeals (1810–1812) Judge of the Kentucky Circuit Court (1817–1824) |
[13] |
Clement Comer Clay | Alabama | Alabama House of Representatives (speaker of the House) | Governor of Alabama (1835–1837) | Judge of the Alabama Circuit Court (simultaneously a member of the Alabama Supreme Court and chief justice) | [14] |
James P. Coleman | Mississippi | Mississippi House of Representatives (1960–1964) | Mississippi Attorney General (1950–1956) Governor of Mississippi (1956–1960) |
Judge of the Mississippi Circuit Court (1947–1950) Justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi (1950) |
[15] |
Fred Cowan | Kentucky | Kentucky House of Representatives (1982–1987) | Attorney General of Kentucky (1988–1992) | Judge of the Kentucky Circuit Court (2006–2014) | [16] |
Lorenzo Crounse | Nebraska | Nebraska Senate (1901) | Governor of Nebraska (1893–1895) | Justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court (1867–1873) | [17] |
Stephen A. Douglas | Illinois | Illinois House of Representatives (1836–1837) | Illinois Secretary of State (1840–1841) | Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois (1841–1843) | [18] |
Mack Easley | New Mexico | New Mexico House of Representatives (1951–1952; 1955–1962) Speaker of the New Mexico House of Representatives (1959–1960) New Mexico Senate (1967–1970) |
Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico (1963–1967) | Justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court (1976–1981) Chief Justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court (1981–1982) |
[19] |
Alpheus Felch | Michigan | Michigan House of Representatives (1846–1847) | Governor of Michigan (1846–1847) Michigan Auditor General (1842) |
Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1842–1845) | [20] |
Daniel Gould Fowle | North Carolina | North Carolina House of Commons (1862; 1864–1865)[b] | Governor of North Carolina (1889–1891) | Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1865–1867) | [21] |
Junius Marion Futrell | Arkansas | Arkansas House of Representatives (1896–1904) Arkansas Senate (1913–1917) |
Governor of Arkansas (1913; 1933–1937) | Judge of the Arkansas Circuit Court (1922–1933) | [22] |
John Gayle | Alabama | Alabama House of Representatives (1822–1823) Speaker of the Alabama House of Representatives (1829–1830) |
Governor of Alabama (1831–1835) | Judge of the Alabama Circuit Court (1823–1825) Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama (1828–1829) |
[23] |
Charles Harold Haden II | West Virginia | West Virginia House of Delegates (1963–1964) | West Virginia State Tax Commissioner (1969–1972) | Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (1972–1975) Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (1974–1975) |
[24] |
Warren E. Hearnes | Missouri | Missouri House of Representatives (1951–1961) | Governor of Missouri (1965–1973) Secretary of State of Missouri (1961–1965) |
Judge of the Missouri Circuit Court (1980) | [25] |
Paul M. Herbert | Ohio | Ohio House of Representatives (1922–1926) Ohio Senate (1926–1930) |
Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1939–1945; 1947–1949; 1957–1959) | Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio (1963–1968) | [26] |
Richard Joseph Hopkins | Kansas | Kansas House of Representatives (1909–1911) | Lieutenant Governor of Kansas (1911–1913) Kansas Attorney General (1919–1923) |
Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court (1923–1929) | [27] |
T. Clark Hull | Connecticut | Connecticut Senate (1963–1971) | Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (1971–1973) | Judge of the Connecticut Superior Court (1973–1983) Judge of the Connecticut Appellate Court (1983–1987) Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court (1987–1991) |
[28] |
J. Frank Huskins | North Carolina | North Carolina House of Representatives (1947–1949) | Chairman of the North Carolina Industrial Commission (1949–1955) | Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1955–1965) Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (1968–1982) |
[29] |
John Ireland | Texas | Texas House of Representatives (1873–1874) Texas Senate (1874–1876) |
Governor of Texas (1883–1887) | Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas (1875–1879) | [30] |
Fred Gustus Johnson | Nebraska | Nebraska House of Representatives (1907–1909; 1917–1919) Nebraska Senate (1919–1920) |
Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska (1923–1925) | Judge of the Nebraska District Court (1945–1951) | [31] |
Sandy Keith | Minnesota | Minnesota Senate (1959–1963) | Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota (1963–1967) | Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court (1989–1990) Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court (1990–1998) |
[32] |
Wayne L. Kidwell | Idaho | Idaho Senate (1969–1973) | Idaho Attorney General (1975–1979) | Justice of the Idaho Supreme Court (1999–2005) | [33] |
Ted Kulongoski | Oregon | Oregon House of Representatives (1975–1978) Oregon State Senate (1978–1983) |
Governor of Oregon (2003–2011) Oregon Attorney General (1993–1997) |
Associate justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon (1997–2001) | [34] |
Frank Licht | Rhode Island | Rhode Island Senate (1949–1956) | Governor of Rhode Island (1969–1973) | Associate Justice of the Rhode Island Superior Court (1963–1968) | [35] |
Richard A. Licht | Rhode Island | Rhode Island Senate (1973–1984) | Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island (1985-1989) Rhode Island Director of Administration (2010-2014) |
Associate Justice of the Rhode Island Superior Court (2014–present) | [36] |
Levi Lincoln Jr. | Massachusetts | Massachusetts Senate (1812–1814, 1844–1845) Massachusetts House of Representatives (1814–1823) |
Governor of Massachusetts (1825–1834) Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1823–1824) |
Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1824–1825) | |
William Paine Lord | Oregon | Oregon State Senate (1879–1880) | Governor of Oregon (1895–1899) | Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon (1878–1880; 1886–1888; 1892–1894) | [37] |
Charles Lynch | Mississippi | Mississippi Senate (1827–1835) | Governor of Mississippi (1833; 1836–1838) | Judge of the Mississippi Probate Court (1821–1827) | [38] |
Thomas J. Mabry | New Mexico | New Mexico Senate (1912–1917) | Governor of New Mexico (1947–1951) | Judge of the New Mexico District Court (1937–1939) Chief Justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court (1939–1946) |
[39] |
Isaac Marston | Michigan | Michigan House of Representatives (1872–1873) | Michigan Attorney General (1874–1875) | Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1875–1883) Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1880–1881) |
[40] |
William T. Minor | Connecticut | Connecticut Senate (1854–1855) Connecticut House of Representatives (1867) |
Governor of Connecticut (1855–1857) | Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court (1868–1873) | [41] |
Alfred Moore | North Carolina | North Carolina General Assembly | North Carolina Attorney General (1782–1792) | Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1798–1799) | [42] |
Andrew B. Moore | Alabama | Alabama House of Representatives (speaker of the house) | Governor of Alabama (1857–1861) | Judge of the Alabama Circuit Court (1851–1857) | [43] |
Dan K. Moore | North Carolina | North Carolina House of Representatives (1941) | Governor of North Carolina (1965–1969) | Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1948–1958) | [44] |
Samuel B. Moore | Alabama | Alabama House of Representatives (1823) Alabama Senate (1828–1835) |
Governor of Alabama (1831) | Judge of the Alabama District Court (1835–1841) | [45] |
Marcus Morton | Massachusetts | Massachusetts House of Representatives (1858)[46] | Governor of Massachusetts (1825, 1840–1841, 1843–1844) Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1824–1825) |
Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1825–1840) | |
Charles W. Mullan | Iowa | Iowa Senate (1898–1901) | Iowa Attorney General (1901–1907) | Judge of the Iowa District Court (1913–1919) | [47] |
Gordon Mydland | South Dakota | South Dakota Senate (1963–1968) | Attorney General of South Dakota (1969–1973) | Judge of the South Dakota Circuit Court (1973–1987) | |
Nathaniel Niles | Vermont | Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives (1784–85) | Vermont Executive Council (1785; 1787) | Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court (1784–1788) | [48] |
C. William O'Neill | Ohio | Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives (1947–1949) | Governor of Ohio (1957–1959) Ohio Attorney General (1951–1957) |
Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio (1960–1970) Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio (1970–1978) |
[49] |
Steven Pierce | Massachusetts | Massachusetts House of Representatives (1979–1991)[50] | Secretary of Communities and Development (1991) | Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Housing Court (2002–2015)[51][52] | |
Elisha R. Potter | Rhode Island | Rhode Island House of Representatives (1838–1840) Rhode Island Senate (1847–1852; 1861–1863) |
Rhode Island Commissioner of Public Schools (1849–1854) | Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court (1868–1882) | [53] |
William W. Potter | Michigan | Michigan Senate (1899–1900) | Member of the Michigan Public Utilities Commission (1919–1927) Michigan Attorney General (1927–1928) |
Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1928–1940) Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1935) |
[54] |
John M. Rankin | Iowa | Iowa House of Representatives (1921–1927) | Iowa Attorney General (1940–1947) | Judge of the Iowa District Court (1925–1938) | [55] |
Daniel Lindsay Russell | North Carolina | North Carolina House of Commons (1864–1866) | Governor of North Carolina (1897–1901) | Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1868–1874) | [56] |
Romulus Mitchell Saunders | North Carolina | Speaker of the North Carolina House of Commons (1815–1820); speaker of the House (1819) | North Carolina Attorney General (1828–1831) | Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1835–1940) | [57] |
Bill Schuette | Michigan | Michigan Senate (1995–2003) | Director of the Michigan Department of Agriculture (1991–1993) Michigan Attorney General (2011–2019) |
Judge of the Michigan Court of Appeals (2003–2009) | [58] |
William L. Sharkey | Mississippi | Mississippi House of Representatives (1828–1829) | Governor of Mississippi (1865) | Judge of the Mississippi Circuit Court (1832) Justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi (1832–1851) |
[59] |
James Shields | Illinois | Illinois House of Representatives (1836) | Illinois Auditor of Public Accounts (1841–1843) | Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois (1843–1845) | [60] |
Samuel E. Smith | Maine | Maine House of Representatives (1820–1821) | Governor of Maine (1831–1834) | Chief Justice of the Maine Circuit Court of Common Pleas (1821) Justice of the Maine Court of Common Pleas (1822–1830; 1835–1837) |
[61] |
Samuel L. Southard | New Jersey | New Jersey General Assembly (1815) | Governor of New Jersey (1832–1833) | Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court (1815–1820) | [62] |
Chauncey Sparks | Alabama | Alabama House of Representatives (1919–1923; 1931–1939) | Governor of Alabama (1943–1947) | Judge of the Alabama Inferior Court (1911–1915) | [63] |
David Stone | North Carolina | North Carolina House of Commons (1791–1794; 1811–1812) | Governor of North Carolina (1808–1810) | Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1974–1798) | [64] |
David Lowry Swain | North Carolina | North Carolina House of Representatives (1824–1830) | Governor of North Carolina (1832–1835) | Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1830–1832) | [65] |
John Swainson | Michigan | Michigan Senate (1954–1958) | Governor of Michigan (1961–1963) Lieutenant Governor of Michigan (1959–1961) |
Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1971–1975) | [66] |
Lacy Thornburg | North Carolina | North Carolina House of Representatives (1961–1966) | North Carolina Attorney General (1985–1993) | Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1967–1983) | [67] |
Charles Upson | Michigan | Michigan Senate (1855–1856; 1881–1882) | Michigan Attorney General (1861–1862) | Judge of the Michigan Circuit Court (1869–1872) | [68] |
Samuel Wells | Maine | Maine House of Representatives (1836–1840) | Governor of Maine (1856–1857) | Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court (1847–1854) | [69] |
Otis M. Whitney | Massachusetts | Massachusetts House of Representatives (1937–1943) | Massachusetts Commissioner of Public Safety (1953–1959) | Presiding justice of the Concord District Court (1962–1968) | [70] |
Isaac Wilbour | Rhode Island | Rhode Island House of Representatives (1805–1806) (speaker) | Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island (1806–1807; 1810–1811) Acting Governor of Rhode Island (1806–1807) |
Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court (1818–1819) Chief Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court (1819–1827) |
[71] |
George A. Wilson | Iowa | Iowa Senate (1925–1935) | Governor of Iowa (1939–1943) | Judge of the Iowa District Court (1917–1921) | [72] |
See also[]
- List of people who have served in all three branches of the United States federal government
- List of people who have held multiple United States Cabinet-level positions
- List of United States Supreme Court Justices who also served in Congress
Notes[]
- ^ For instance, this list would excludes those whose only state-level executive service was as a deputy state attorney general or assistant state attorney general.
- ^ Confederate legislature.
References[]
- ^ Governor Chester Hardy Aldrich, National Governors Association (accessed September 10, 2017).
- ^ Chris Carlson, Forrest H. Anderson: The transformative governor, Missoulian (July 20, 2014).
- ^ Norton, Frederick Calvin Charles Bartlett Andrews Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine, The Governers of Connecticut (published 1905) (accessed September 5, 2017).
- ^ North Carolina Governor Samuel Ashe, National Governors Association (accessed April 1, 2016).
- ^ The History of Ohio Law (vol. 1: Ohio University Press, 2004; eds. Michael Les Benedict & John F. Winkl), p. 193, note 115.
- ^ BASSETT, Richard, (1745–1815), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (accessed September 8, 2017).
- ^ Elisha Baxter (1827–1899), Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture (accessed August 29, 2017).
- ^ Governor Clark Bissell, National Governors Association (accessed September 5, 2017).
- ^ Governor Thomas Elliott Bramlette, National Governors Association (accessed August 30, 2017).
- ^ Jump up to: a b Pidgeon, Norman L. (1967). "1967-1968 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts". Boston, MA: Commonwealth of Massachusetts. p. 25.
- ^ "EX-JUDGE NETS PENSION PAYDAY; Loophole ups yearly benefits by $20G". Boston, MA: Boston Herald. August 15, 2007. p. 6.
- ^ Governor John Burke, National Governors Association (accessed September 19, 2017).
- ^ Kentucky Governor James Clark, National Governors Association (accessed April 2, 2016).
- ^ J. Mills Thornton, Clement Comer Clay (1835–37), Encyclopedia of Alabama (published March 27, 2008, last updated February 12, 2015).
- ^ Governor James Plemon Coleman, National Governors Association (accessed September 13, 2017).
- ^ Heleringer, Bob (December 2, 2014). "Fred Cowan: A profile in service". Courier-Journal. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
- ^ Governor Lorenzo Crounse, National Governors Association (accessed September 10, 2017).
- ^ Biography, Stephen A. Douglas Association (accessed September 1, 2017).
- ^ "Former Lieutenant Gov., Supreme Court Justice, Lawmaker Dies". Albuquerque Journal. Associated Press. March 2, 2006.
- ^ Alpheus Felch, University of Michigan Law School (accessed April 2, 2016).
- ^ North Carolina Governor Daniel Gould Fowle, National Governors Association (accessed April 1, 2016).
- ^ Junius Marion Futrell (1870–1955), Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture (accessed August 29, 2017).
- ^ Gayle, John, Biographical Directory of Federal Judges (accessed September 12, 2017).
- ^ Penny Loeb, Moving Mountains: How One Woman and Her Community Won Justice from Big Coal (University Press of Kentucky, 2007), p. 181.
- ^ Governor Warren E. Hearnes, National Governors Association (accessed September 1, 2017).
- ^ PAUL MORGAN HERBERT, The Supreme Court of Ohio & the Ohio Judicial System (accessed September 4, 2017).
- ^ Hopkins, Richard Joseph, Biographical Directory of Federal Judges (accessed September 11, 2017).
- ^ Judson, George (July 26, 1996). "T. Clark Hull, 75, Ex-Politician and Judge". New York Times.
- ^ Sarah Parker, Presentation of the Portrait of J. Frank Huskins, Associate Justice, Supreme Court of North Carolina, 1968–1982 (November 8, 2007).
- ^ John Ireland, Legislative Reference Library of Texas.
- ^ JOHNSON, Fred Gustus, (1876–1951), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (accessed September 11, 2017).
- ^ Keith, Alexander MacDonald "Sandy, A.M." , Minnesota Legislative Reference Library (accessed September 16, 2017).
- ^ Fick, Bob (January 5, 1999). "Kidwell sworn in as Idaho high court justice". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. Idaho-Washington. Associated Press. p. 5A.
- ^ Harry Esteve, Ted Kulongoski defends legacy as he bids good-bye to Oregon governor's office, Oregonian (January 3, 2011).
- ^ "FRANK LICHT, AN EX-GOVERNOR; LED RHODE ISLAND IN LATE 60'S". New York Times. Associated Press. May 31, 1987.
- ^ "Chafee nominates Richard Licht for Superior Court". 10 WJAR. NBC 10 News.
- ^ "Governor William P. Lord's Administration". Oregon State Archives. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
- ^ Governor Charles Lynch, National Governors Association (accessed September 13, 2017).
- ^ Governor Thomas Jewett Mabry, National Governors Association (accessed September 15, 2017).
- ^ Isaac Marston, Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society (accessed September 5, 2017).
- ^ Governor William Thomas Minor, National Governors Association (accessed September 5, 2017).
- ^ John V. Orth, "Moore, Alfred" in The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law (ed. Roger K. Newman: Yale University Press, 2009), p. 387.
- ^ Alabama Governors: Andrew Barry Moore, Alabama Department of Archives and History (accessed August 29, 2017).
- ^ Jack D. Fleer, Governors Speak (University Press of America, 2007), p. 107.
- ^ Alabama Governors: Samuel B. Moore, Alabama Department of Archives and History (accessed August 29, 2017).
- ^ Emery, Samuel (1893). History of Taunton, Massachusetts. Syracuse, NY: D. Mason and Co. OCLC 2689718.
- ^ Charles Mullan, Waterloo Times-Tribune, Waterloo, Iowa: Sunday, March 1, 1914, p. 32 (accessed September 2, 2017).
- ^ Paul S. Gillies, The Remains of Nathaniel Niles, Vermont Bar Journal (Dec. 2011).
- ^ Jerome Mushkat, "O'Neill, C. William" in American Legislative Leaders in the Midwest, 1911–1994 (Greenwood Press, 1997: eds. Nancy Weatherly Sharp & James Roger Sharp), p. 191.
- ^ Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1989-90.
- ^ Elisabeth J. Beardsley (December 19, 2002). "Swift crony made judge amid furor on Gov's Council". Boston Herald. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
- ^ http://www.mass.gov/courts/news-pubs/sjc/housing-court-chief-justice-steven-pierce-to-retire-2015.html
- ^ POTTER, Elisha Reynolds, (1811–1882), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (accessed September 4, 2017).
- ^ William Potter, Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society (accessed September 5, 2017).
- ^ Representative John Mercer Rankin, Iowa Legislature (accessed September 2, 2017).
- ^ North Carolina Governor Daniel Lindsay Russell, National Governors Association (accessed April 1, 2016).
- ^ The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, Vol. 9 (eds. Rossiter Johnson & John Howard Brown: The Biographical Society, 1904.
- ^ Biography of Attorney General Bill Schuette, Office of the Attorney General of Michigan (accessed August 27, 2017).
- ^ Governor William Lewis Sharkey, National Governors Association (accessed September 13, 2017).
- ^ James Shields: Previous Illinois Supreme Court Justice Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine, Illinois Courts (accessed April 1, 2016).
- ^ Governor Samuel Emerson Smith, National Governors Association (accessed September 5, 2017).
- ^ Michael J. Birkner, Samuel L. Southard: Jeffersonian Whig (Associated University Presses, 1984), p. 9.
- ^ Alabama Governors: Chauncey Sparks, Alabama Department of Archives and History (accessed August 29, 2017).
- ^ North Carolina Governor David Stone, National Governors Association (accessed April 1, 2016).
- ^ North Carolina Governor David Lowry Swain, National Governors Association (accessed April 1, 2016).
- ^ Michigan Governor John Burley Swainson, National Governors Association (accessed April 2, 2016).
- ^ Commending the Service of Judge Lacy Thornburg to Western North Carolina Archived 2016-04-13 at the Wayback Machine (statement of Rep. Heath Shuler) (September 21, 2011), Congressional Record Extensions of Remarks, Vol. 157, No. 141, pp. E1674-E1675.
- ^ UPSON, Charles, (1821–1885), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (accessed September 5, 2017).
- ^ Governor Samuel Wells, Representative Men of Maine: A Collection of Biographical Sketches of all the Governors since the formation of the State. (The Lakeside Press, 1893) (accessed September 5, 2017).
- ^ "Otis Whitney, 73, Was Mass. Judge, Public Safety Chief and YD General". The Boston Globe. July 8, 1982.
- ^ WILBOUR, Isaac, (1763–1837), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (accessed September 8, 2017).
- ^ Journal of the Senate of the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, Vol. 56, pt. 1955, page 1266 (1955).
Categories:
- Lists of political office-holders in the United States
- Lists of state political office-holders in the United States
- State government in the United States
- State political office-holders in the United States