List of plants of Doi Suthep–Pui National Park

This article contains a list of the more than 2,200 vascular plant species of Doi Suthep–Pui National Park in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand from Maxwell & Elliott (2011:63-154).^[1]

Representative species by floral zone[]

Doi Suthep–Pui National Park displays altitudinal zonation. This section lists some of the characteristic species of each floral zone.^[1]

Bamboo/deciduous seasonal forest[]

Of the 173 tree species which occur in bamboo/deciduous forest, 125 (72%) are deciduous and 31 are common or abundant.

Trees that are commercially valuable include:

• Tectona grandis (heavily reduced by logging)
• Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii
• Pterocarpus macrocarpus
• Chukrasia tabularis
• Afzelia xylocarpa

Other characteristic trees are:

• Schleichera oleosa
• Terminalia chebula
• Spondias pinnata
• Alstonia scholaris
• Protium serratum
• Metadina trichotoma (especially near streams)

Common understory trees include:

• Cassia fistula
• Antidesma acidum
• Phyllanthus emblica
• Stereospermum neuranthum

Characteristic deciduous understory treelets include:

Woody climbers (lianas) are often quite large. There are 55 species, of which 65% are deciduous. They include:

• Millettia extensa
• Congea tomentosa

There are 30 shrub species, of which 63% are deciduous. Shrubs are represented by many species in bamboo/deciduous forest. Some typical examples are:

• Desmodium gangeticum

Bamboos include:

• Bambusa tulda

Bamboo/deciduous forest supports 38 species of epiphytes, most of which are perennial and 58% of which are evergreen. They mostly belong to 3 groups:

• Moraceae (figs, many of which begin their lives as epiphytes)
• Orchidaceae (orchids)
• Pteridophyta (ferns)

Species particularly characteristic of bamboo/deciduous forest include:

• Ficus heterophylla, an evergreen woody climber
• Ficus microcarpa, an evergreen tree
• Cymbidium aloifolium, a succulent evergreen herb
• , an evergreen hemiparasitic epiphyte

Epiliths include 12 species, usually restricted to rocks in streams. They include ferns such as:

There are also several species of the family Gesneriaceae, include:

The following herbs flower in April before their leaves appear:

• gingers:
  • Kaempferia rotunda
• orchids:
  • Nervilia aragoana
• aroids:

Species appearing in May and June, at the start of the rainy season:

Plants that mature by July and August include ferns, etc. such as:

• (has bimorphic fronds; a characteristic fern)

The grass most characteristic of the ground flora in bamboo/deciduous forest is:

• var. granulata

Other common grasses, which also occur in other habitats and are highly combustible during the hot dry season, are:

A total of 316 herb species has been recorded in bamboo/deciduous forest, of which 294 are ground herbs. Of those, 65% are perennial.

Deciduous dipterocarp-oak seasonal forest[]

In seasonally dry or degraded areas, from the lowlands up to about 800-900 m elevation, deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest replaces bamboo/deciduous forest. It is a secondary, fire climax forest which merges with bamboo/deciduous forest, but is never replaced with mixed evergreen/deciduous forest.

It contains less biodiversity with only 99 tree species, of which 24 are common or abundant.

Dominant tree species of the Dipterocarpaceae include:

• Dipterocarpus tuberculatus (especially common along ridge crests)
• Dipterocarpus obtusifolius (more common on gentle slopes or in slightly moister areas)
• Shorea obtusa
• Shorea siamensis

Common Fagaceae species include:

• Quercus kerrii
• Quercus aliena
• Quercus brandisiana
• (one of the very few evergreen tree species in deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest)

Other characteristic trees are:

• Phoenix loureiroi (a small, fire resistant palm)
• Ochna integerrima

Additional common species:

• Buchanania lanzan
• Eugenia cumini
• Gluta usitata
• Symplocos racemosa
• Strychnos nux-vomica

2 tree species have rapid leaf turnover, flushing new leaves at the same time as the old leaves are shed. They include:

• var. rufescens
• Anneslea fragrans

The following tree is very common at higher elevations (650-800 m), along with the two trees listed above:

• Aporosa villosa

Deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest supports only 14 species of woody climbers, but the deciduous species that are easily found are:

• Aganosma marginata
• Celastrus paniculatus

Shrubs (29 species) and treelets (48 species) are abundant. Some common examples are:

• Helicteres isora
• Desmodium motorium
• Indigofera cassioides
• var. pedunculatus
• Pueraria wallichii (a deciduous shrub; often scandent)
• (a deciduous vine, woody climber, or scandent shrub)

Vines, often found in open, often burned, areas, are also common:

• Solena amplexicaulis

47 of the recorded vascular plant species live as epiphytes. Some of the most characteristic are evergreen, succulent, vines and creepers in the Asclepiadaceae, such as:

• Dischidia major (has two kinds of leaves, i.e. normal and bladder-like ones which have a symbiotic relationship with ants)
• Dischidia nummularia
• Hoya kerrii (less common than )

There are numerous succulent, evergreen and deciduous Orchidaceae (orchids), such as:

• Cymbidium ensifolium
• Dendrobium lindleyi
• Dendrobium secundum
• Eria pannea

2 deciduous Polypodiaceae (fern) species, both with characteristically distinct growth forms, are also frequently seen:

Of the 274 ground herbs which have been recorded, 111 (40%) are annuals. Some of the more common examples are:

• Biophytum umbraculum
• Indigofera hirsuta

Robust, deciduous Poaceae (grasses) dominate and are all very combustible during the hot dry season from March to May. Some of the more common species are:

• Apluda mutica
• Heteropogon contortus

Cyperaceae (sedges) are also common in this fire-prone habitat. Typical species include:

• Bulbostylis barbata
• Cyperus cuspidatus

Zingiberaceae (gingers) species, all of which are deciduous, are quite common. Typical species include:

• Curcuma zedoaria
• Kaempferia rotunda

Other common ground herbs include:

• Barleria cristata
• (parasitic on the roots of other plants)
• Aeginetia indica (parasitic on the roots of other plants)

Common ferns:

• Adiantum philippense
• (a common, deciduous, ground fern ally)

Mixed evergreen/deciduous seasonal forest[]

From about 800 m elevation (600 m near permanent streams) to about 1000 m, there is a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees.

217 tree species have been recorded, with only about 43% of them being deciduous trees. The tree flora is similar to that of the bamboo/deciduous forest.

The characteristic tall, emergent, evergreen, dipterocarps, which have large gray trunks, small leaves, and open, broad crowns, are:

• Dipterocarpus costatus
• Dipterocarpus turbinatus

In contrast, the deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest has large-leaved dipterocarps.

Other common tree species:

• (shared with evergreen forest)

Other tall evergreen trees:

• Duabanga grandiflora
• Irvingia malayana

Some common deciduous canopy trees are:

• var. ovalifolia
• Spondias pinnata
• Engelhardia serrata

Common evergreen understory trees include:

• Lithocarpus elegans
• Scleropyrum wallichianum var. siamensis
• Knema laurina
• Cinnamomum iners
• Baccaurea ramiflora

A common deciduous understory tree:

• Bauhinia variegata

71 treelet and 19 shrub species have been recorded. Common treelets and shrubs include:

• (deciduous)

• var. puberula (evergreen)
• (evergreen)

Woody climbers are common. 62 species have been recorded, including the following deciduous species:

• Combretum trifoliatum

Evergreen species that are common in this biozone, especially along streams, include:

57 of the vascular plant species grow as epiphytes. The most specious groups are the figs (Moraceae, many of which are epiphytes only when young), orchids, and pteridophytes, but the Gesneriaceae and Loranthaceae are also represented.

Characteristic epiphytes are:

• Bulbophyllum propinquum

Typical hemiparasites include:

The ground flora is diverse and includes both annual, perennial, deciduous and evergreen species. Of the 278 ground herbs recorded, 25% are annual. Common deciduous herbs include:

Evergreen herb species are more common (comprising 60% of ground perennials) and include:

• Tacca chantrieri
• Amomum uliginosum

Typical ferns include:

• Cibotium barometz

Primary evergreen seasonal forest (without pine)[]

The upper part of the mixed evergreen/deciduous forest usually merges with the lower part of the evergreen forest at c. 900-950 m elevation.

Evergreen forest supports more tree species than any of the other forest types. 250 species have been recorded, of which only 67 (27%) are deciduous.

The evergreen forest has a wide variety of trees, with no dominant species or genera. Trees belong to diverse families, such as Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae, Moraceae, Magnoliaceae, and other families.

Characteristic evergreen canopy trees include:

Several gigantic "strangling" figs:

• Ficus altissima
• Ficus benjamina

Characteristic Fagaceae species are:

• Quercus glabricupula
• Quercus incana
• Quercus lineata

Castanopsis spp. tend to be shared with other forest types, including:

• Castanopsis acuminatissima

Other characteristic evergreen trees include:

• var. gelonioides
• Elaeocarpus prunifolius
• Diospyros malabarica

A few of the larger deciduous canopy species include:

• Michelia champaca
• Homalium ceylanicum
• Morus macroura

Most also occur in the deciduous forest types.

Some of the deciduous trees which are restricted to evergreen forest are relatively rare, including:

• Hovenia dulcis
• Acrocarpus fraxinifolius

Other deciduous trees more typical of deciduous forest types sometimes spread up into evergreen forest due to fires or human disturbance. Common tree species shared with other forest types include:

• Schima wallichii
• Duabanga grandiflora

The understory is denser than that of forests at lower elevations and is especially diverse in stream valleys. Understory trees include:

• Acronychia pedunculata

The following are also common, but grow in disturbed places.

Some understory evergreen tree species, rarely exceeding 15 m tall, include:

• Elaeocarpus prunifolius
• Eugenia fruticosa
• Helicia nilagirica

Understory deciduous tree species include:

• Engelhardia spicata

Treelets and shrubs (91 and 22 recorded species, respectively) are numerous. Characteristic treelets include:

• Debregeasia longifolia
• Litsea cubeba

Characteristic evergreen shrubs in moist areas include:

Shaded, undisturbed stream valleys often have:

• Musa itinerans

The following species are also common:

• var. wallichii
• Euodia triphylla

A high species richness of woody climbers (78 species) is a notable feature of evergreen forest. Some characteristic evergreen examples include:

• Toddalia asiatica
• ssp. tenuiflora
• ssp. squamosum

The following are also common:

• (also in mixed evergreen/deciduous forest)

Rattans (the following of which are also evergreen woody climbers) include:

• (range from c. 700-1525 m, primarily in mixed and evergreen forests; an evergreen woody climber)
• (known only from the upper Chang Khian valley at 1350-1400 m; an evergreen woody climber)
• (known only from the middle Chang Khian Valley at 1050 m; a treelet or shrub)

There are numerous epiphytes in the evergreen forest. The "strangling" figs begin life as epiphytes:

• Ficus superba
• (very rare)

Characteristic epiphytic shrubs include:

• Rhododendron veitchianum

There are several evergreen hemiparasitic species belonging to the family Loranthaceae:

• Fagraea ceilanica (very rare)

Characteristic epiphytic vines include:

• (uncommon species)
• Hoya siamica

Epiphytic herbs are almost all perennials. Characteristic species include:

• orchids
  • Bulbophyllum bittnerianum
• ferns
• Gesneriaceae

The herbaceous ground flora (321 recorded species) is very diverse and includes numerous species of dicots, monocots, and ferns. Some of the most characteristic ferns in open, fire-damaged place are:

• Brainea insignis
• Dicranopteris linearis

Some characteristic ferns in shaded, mostly pristine areas are:

Some common dicots are:

• var. wallichii

Common herbaceous monocots are:

• Commelina diffusa
• Acorus gramineus, an epilithic rheophyte
• Vanilla siamensis (very rare)
• Carex baccans

Parasitic or saprophytic members of the ground flora include several Balanophora species and others:

• Balanophora fungosa ssp. indica
• Aeginetia indica
• Sapria himalayana

Rare orchids include:

• Epipogium roseum
• Stereosandra javanica

Primary evergreen seasonal forest (with pine)[]

On fire-prone, exposed ridges at elevations of about 950–1,800 m, Pinus kesiya grows together with other evergreen forest tree species. In some areas, it is the dominant tree.

Some species more commonly found with Pinus kesiya than elsewhere, mostly due to the acidic lower pH of the soil, include:

• Helicia nilagirica
• Myrica esculenta
• Quercus brandisiana (deciduous)

Where fires are particularly frequent, plants of deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest spread up into the pine forests at much higher elevations than is typical, including:

• Anneslea fragrans
• Aporosa villosa

In such areas, trees of the Fagaceae family are also common, including:

• Lithocarpus elegans

Altogether 99 tree species have been recorded, of which only 27 (27%) are deciduous.

The ground flora includes 263 recorded herb species, both annuals (32%) and perennials (68%). Annual herbs include:

• Anaphalis margaritacea
• Lobelia nicotianifolia

Some deciduous, perennial counterparts are:

• , a creeper
• Anthogonium gracile

Epiphytes (86 recorded species) are especially conspicuous and include both evergreen species (68%) and annual or deciduous ones (32%). Epiphytic, hemi-parasitic Loranthaceae, all evergreen shrubs, are common:

Autotrophic evergreen, epiphytic and epilithic shrubs are frequently encountered:

Some common evergreen epiphytic and epilithic herbs are:

Some common deciduous epiphytic and epilithic herbs are:

• Microsorum membranaceum

Evergreen epiphytic Orchidaceae species include:

• Coelogyne trinervis
• Dendrobium christyanum

Deciduous epiphytic Orchidaceae species include:

• Bulbophyllum secundum
• Bulbophyllum suavissimum
• Dendrobium falconeri
• Dendrobium heterocarpum
• (a delicate, deciduous, saprophytic ground herb still commonly found in evergreen/pine areas)

Rare or extinct orchid species include:

• Phaius tankervilleae (a particularly showy, evergreen ground orchid, perhaps extirpated from the park)
• (deciduous, with highly conspicuous inflorescences; extremely rare)

35 vine species have been recorded, including:

• (evergreen)
• Clitoria mariana (deciduous)
• (deciduous)

Summit flora[]

The summit flora has been significantly altered, especially after the original primary evergreen forest was cleared and replaced with cultivated trees on the summit of Doi Pui in 1955. The soil has also become much more acidic.

Some of the original epiphytic flora has returned to the summit of Doi Pui, such as:

• Microsorum membranaceum

Some evergreen herbs which have returned, albeit in diminished populations, include:

Deciduous herbs are more common, including:

• Arisaema erubescens
• Paris polyphylla

9 plant species, all of which are rare or down to a few individuals, are entirely restricted to summit areas between 1620 and 1685 m above sea level. They are:

• Poa annua
• Cymbidium tracyanum

However, several species have disappeared from the summit:

• Euonymus colonoides

Mountains in Thailand that more or less preserve the original vegetation at above 1650 m are Doi Inthanon (2565 m), Doi Chang (1975 m), and Doi Lang Ka (2031 m).

Disturbed areas and secondary growth[]

A total of 288 species of ground herbs survives in disturbed areas or secondary growth. 144 species are annuals, and 144 species are perennials. There are numerous annual tertiary growth herbaceous weeds, all of which require exposure to sunlight for germination and growth. Some of the more common species found at all elevations include:

• Urena lobata
• Triumfetta rhomboidea
• Mimosa pudica var. hispida
• Passiflora foetida
• Ageratum conyzoides
• Bidens pilosa
• Conyza sumatrensis
• Crassocephalum crepidioides
• Eupatorium odoratum
• Synedrella nodiflora
• Vernonia cinerea
• Physalis angulata
• Scoparia dulcis
• Justicia procumbens
• Euphorbia heterophylla
• Euphorbia hirta
• Phyllanthus amarus
• Phyllanthus urinaria

Monocot weeds are also diverse and abundant. Some common examples are:

• Commelina diffusa
• Cyperus cyperoides
• Fimbristylis dichotoma
• Paspalum conjugatum
• Setaria palmifolia
• Setaria parviflora

Robust perennial grasses are especially common in upland areas. They are robust, evergreen, and very persistent weeds in open, fire-damaged, upland areas, and include:

• Apluda mutica
• Imperata cylindrica var. major
• Pennisetum pedicellatum
• Themeda triandra
• Thysanolaena latifolia
• Eupatorium adenophorum
• Pteridium aquilinum

Naturalized woody weeds that often dominate open, disturbed areas are:

• Mimosa pigra
• Solanum verbascifolium
• Lantana camara

Secondary growth treelets (36 species) and trees (81 species) are common seen. If left undisturbed, they are replaced by primary forest trees. Some typical examples are:

• Albizia chinensis
• Leucaena leucocephala (both introduced and cultivated, and often becomes locally naturalized)
• Rhus chinensis
• Macaranga denticulata
• Mallotus philippensis
• Ficus fistulosa
• Ficus hispida
• Trema orientalis

In human settlements[]

Common shade trees include:

• Samanea saman
• Ficus religiosa
• Ceiba pentandra

Some flowers and shrubs are:

• Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
• Bougainvillea spectabilis
• Oroxylum indicum (has flowers and young fruits which are edible)
• Eryngium foetidum
• Canna hybrid spp.

Medicinal plants:

• Jatropha curcas
• Ricinus communis (castor)

Exotic ornamental plants:

• Bauhinia purpurea
• Delonix regia
• Senna spectabilis
• Lagerstroemia speciosa
• ssp. rhombifolia

Plants species with large, colourful inflorescences, which have now escaped cultivation and are extirpating native species:

• Tithonia diversifolia
• Euphorbia pulcherrima

Plants used by local people[]

In the Hmong village of Doi Pui, located within the park boundaries, plant species utilized by the local people include the following.^[2]

• wild fruits: Phyllanthus emblica, Protium serratum
• local vegetation: Diplazium,
• orchards: Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Diplazium esculentum
• general healing: Betula alnoides, Cryptolepis dubia, ,
• fever relief: Thunbergia laurifolia,
• healing and body anti-infective: , Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis
• buffer zone between forest and agricultural areas: , Sterculia urens, Sterculia villosa
• dyes: Tephrosia purpurea, Artocarpus chama, Artocarpus lacucha
• burial ceremonies: Ixora sp.,
• communication with ancestral spirits: Pavetta indica
• placed on ears of sick people: Bombax anceps
• coffin wood: ,
• hunting dart poison: resin of Antiaris toxicaria
• fish poison:
• irritants for humans: , Dendrocnide sp.
• construction, low strength: , Castanopsis acuminatissima, Schima wallichii
• construction, preferred: Protium serratum, , Canarium subulatum
• agricultural tools: Memecylon plebejum,
• charcoal production: ,
• bamboos: Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Thyrsostachys siamensis, Bambusa sp.
• animal feed: Cyperus iria,

List of species by family[]

Angiospermae, Dicotyledoneae[]

Ranunculaceae[]

• Clematis smilacifolia

Dilleniaceae[]

• Dillenia pentagyna

Magnoliaceae[]

• Magnolia liliifera
• Michelia champaca

Schisandraceae[]

Annonaceae[]

Menispermaceae[]

Berberidaceae[]

Lardizabalaceae[]

Papaveraceae[]

• Papaver somniferum

Cruciferae[]

• Brassica juncea

Capparaceae[]

• Capparis pyrifolia
• Capparis sepiaria
• Cleome rutidosperma
• Cleome viscosa
• Crateva magna
• Crateva religiosa

Violaceae[]

Pittosporaceae[]

Polygalaceae[]

Caryophyllaceae[]

• Myosoton aquaticum

Portulacaceae[]

• Portulaca oleracea

Guttiferae[]

Flacourtiaceae[]

Theaceae[]

Actinidiaceae[]

Saururaceae[]

• Houttuynia cordata
• Saurauia napaulensis

Dipterocarpaceae[]

Malvaceae[]

Bombacaceae[]

• Bombax anceps
• Bombax ceiba

Sterculiaceae[]

Tiliaceae[]

Elaeocarpaceae[]

• Elaeocarpus lanceifolius
• Elaeocarpus prunifolius
• Elaeocarpus stipularis
• Sloanea tomentosa

Linaceae[]

• Reinwardtia indica

Erythroxylaceae[]

Malpighiaceae[]

• Hiptage benghalensis

Oxalidaceae[]

• Biophytum sensitivum
• Biophytum umbraculum
• Oxalis corniculata

Balsaminaceae[]

Rutaceae[]

Simaroubaceae[]

• Brucea javanica
• Eurycoma longifolia
• Harrisonia perforata
• Picrasma javanica

Irvingiaceae[]

• Irvingia malayana

Ochnaceae[]

• Ochna integerrima

Burseraceae[]

• Canarium subulatum
• Garuga pinnata
• Protium serratum

Meliaceae[]

Olacaceae[]

• Olax scandens

Icacinaceae[]

• Apodytes dimidiata

Cardiopteridaceae[]

Aquifoliaceae[]

• Ilex umbellulata
• Ilex sp.

Celastraceae[]

• Celastrus paniculatus
• Euonymus similis
• Siphonodon celastrineus

Rhamnaceae[]

• Hovenia dulcis
• Ziziphus oenoplia
• Ziziphus rugosa

Vitaceae[]

Leeaceae[]

• Leea indica

Sapindaceae[]

• Allophylus cobbe
• Dimocarpus longan
• Harpullia cupanioides
• Lepisanthes tetraphylla
• Litchi chinensis
• Sapindus rarak
• Schleichera oleosa

Aceraceae[]

• Acer laurinum

Staphyleaceae[]

Sabiaceae[]

• Meliosma simplicifolia

Anacardiaceae[]

Connaraceae[]

• Rourea minor

Fabaceae[]

Mimosoideae[]

Caesalpinioideae[]

Papilionoideae[]

Rosaceae[]

• Parinari anamensis
• Prunus arborea
• Prunus cerasoides
• Prunus javanica
• Prunus wallichii
• Rubus ellipticus
• Rubus sorbifolius

Saxifragaceae[]

Grossulariaceae (Escalloniaceae)[]

Droseraceae[]

• Drosera burmannii
• Drosera peltata

Rhizophoraceae[]

• Carallia brachiata

Combretaceae[]

Myrtaceae[]

Lecythidaceae[]

• Careya arborea

Melastomataceae[]

• Melastoma malabathricum
• Memecylon plebejum
• Osbeckia chinensis
• Osbeckia stellata

Lythraceae[]

• Ammannia baccifera
• Lagerstroemia macrocarpa
• Rotala rotundifolia

Crypteroniaceae[]

Sonneratiaceae[]

• Duabanga grandiflora

Onagraceae[]

• Ludwigia adscendens
• Ludwigia hyssopifolia

Passifloraceae[]

• Passiflora foetida

Cucurbitaceae[]

Begoniaceae[]

• Begonia laciniata

Datiscaceae[]

• Tetrameles nudiflora

Aizoaceae[]

Umbelliferae[]

• Centella asiatica
• Hydrocotyle asiatica
• Oenanthe javanica

Araliaceae[]

• Brassaiopsis glomerulata
• Macropanax dispermus
• Schefflera pueckleri
• Trevesia palmata

Alangiaceae[]

• Alangium chinense
• Alangium kurzii
• Alangium salviifolium

[]

Nyssaceae[]

Caprifoliaceae[]

• Sambucus javanica

Rubiaceae[]

Valerianaceae[]

Compositae[]

Campanulaceae[]

• Lobelia alsinoides
• Lobelia nicotianifolia

Sphenocleaceae[]

• Sphenoclea zeylanica

Ericaceae[]

• Lyonia ovalifolia
• Rhododendron moulmainense
• Rhododendron veitchianum

Monotropaceae[]

• Monotropa hypopitys

Primulaceae[]

Plantaginaceae[]

• Plantago major

Myrsinaceae[]

Sapotaceae[]

Ebenaceae[]

Symplocaceae[]

• Symplocos cochinchinensis
• Symplocos racemosa

Styracaceae[]

Oleaceae[]

Apocynaceae[]

Asclepiadaceae[]

Loganiaceae[]

• Buddleja asiatica
• Fagraea ceilanica
• Strychnos nux-vomica

Gentianaceae[]

• Canscora diffusa
• Exacum tetragonum

Hydrophyllaceae[]

Boraginaceae[]

• Cynoglossum lanceolatum
• Ehretia acuminata
• Heliotropium indicum

Convolvulaceae[]

Solanaceae[]

• Capsicum aff. chamaecerasus
• Physalis angulata
• Solanum nigrum
• Solanum torvum
• Solanum verbascifolium

Scrophulariaceae[]

Orobanchaceae[]

• Aeginetia indica

Lentibulariaceae[]

• Utricularia aurea
• Utricularia bifida
• Utricularia caerulea
• Utricularia exoleta
• Utricularia scandens
• Utricularia striatula

Gesneriaceae[]

Bignoniaceae[]

Acanthaceae[]

Verbenaceae[]

Labiatae[]

Nyctaginaceae[]

• Boerhavia diffusa
• Mirabilis jalapa

Basellaceae[]

• Basella alba

Chenopodiaceae[]

• Chenopodium ficifolium

Amaranthaceae[]

• Achyranthes bidentata
• Alternanthera pungens
• Amaranthus spinosus
• Amaranthus viridis

Polygonaceae[]

• Fagopyrum esculentum
• Polygonum barbatum
• Polygonum chinense
• Polygonum nepalense
• Polygonum odoratum
• Polygonum plebeium

Aristolochiaceae[]

• Aristolochia tagala

Rafflesiaceae[]

• Sapria himalayana

Piperaceae[]

• Peperomia pellucida
• Peperomia tetraphylla
• Piper longum
• Piper retrofractum

Chloranthaceae[]

• Sarcandra glabra

Myristicaceae[]

• Knema conferta
• Knema laurina

Lauraceae[]

Hernandiaceae[]

Proteaceae[]

• Helicia nilagirica

Thymelaeaceae[]

• Aquilaria crassna
• Daphne sureil

Loranthaceae[]

Santalaceae[]

• Scleropyrum wallichianum

Opiliaceae[]

• Cansjera rheedei
• Lepionurus sylvestris
• Melientha suavis

Balanophoraceae[]

• Balanophora fungosa

Euphorbiaceae[]

Ulmaceae[]

• Celtis tetrandra
• Celtis timorensis
• Holoptelea integrifolia
• Trema orientalis
• Ulmus lanceifolia

Moraceae[]

Urticaceae[]

Juglandaceae[]

• Engelhardia serrata
• Engelhardia spicata

Betulaceae[]

• Betula alnoides

Myricaceae[]

• Myrica esculenta

Fagaceae[]

Salicaceae[]

• Salix tetrasperma

Angiospermae, Monocotyledoneae[]

Butomaceae[]

• Limnocharis flava

Alismataceae[]

• Sagittaria trifolia

Triuridaceae[]

• Sciaphila thaidanica

Commelinaceae[]

Xyridaceae[]

Eriocaulaceae[]

Musaceae[]

• Musa acuminata
• Musa balbisiana
• Musa itinerans
• Musa sikkimensis

Zingiberaceae[]

Marantaceae[]

• Donax canniformis

Liliaceae[]

Agavaceae[]

• Dracaena angustifolia

Amaryllidaceae[]

• Curculigo capitulata
• Curculigo latifolia

Iridaceae[]

Smilacaceae[]

• Smilax zeylanica

Araceae[]

Araceae species listed in Sungkajanttranon et al. (2019):^[3]

Species	Forest type	Notes	> 1400 m
	lower montane forest	evergreen; geophyte
	deciduous dipterocarp forest	evergreen; geophyte
	lower montane forest	deciduous; geophyte
	dry evergreen forest	deciduous; geophyte
	lower montane forest	deciduous; geophyte
Amorphophallus yunnanensis	lower montane forest	deciduous; geophyte
Arisaema consanguineum	lower montane forest	deciduous; geophyte	Y
	lower montane forest	deciduous; geophyte	Y
	dry evergreen forest, lower montane forest	deciduous; geophyte
	dry evergreen forest, lower montane forest	deciduous; geophyte
Colocasia esculenta	deciduous dipterocarp forest	evergreen; helophyte
	dry evergreen forest	deciduous; geophyte
	lower montane forest	evergreen; geophyte/lithophyte
	dry evergreen forest	evergreen; helophyte
Lemna sp.	deciduous dipterocarp forest	evergreen; hydrophyte
	lower montane forest	deciduous; epiphyte	Y
	dry evergreen forest	evergreen; epiphyte/lithophyte
	dry evergreen forest	evergreen; epiphyte/lithophyte
	lower montane forest	evergreen; epiphyte/lithophyte	Y
	lower montane forest	deciduous; geophyte	Y

Stemonaceae[]

• Stemona tuberosa

Dioscoreaceae[]

Palmae[]

• Livistona speciosa
• Phoenix loureiri

Pandanaceae[]

Apostasiaceae[]

• Apostasia wallichii

Taccaceae[]

• Tacca chantrieri
• Tacca integrifolia

Burmanniaceae[]

• Burmannia coelestis

Orchidaceae[]

Cyperaceae[]

Poaceae[]

Bambusoideae[]

Gymnospermae[]

Cycadaceae[]

Podocarpaceae[]

• Podocarpus neriifolius

Pinaceae[]

• Pinus kesiya
• Pinus merkusii

Cephalotaxaceae[]

• Cephalotaxus griffithii

Cupressaceae[]

• Cupressus torulosa

Gnetaceae[]

Pteridophyta[]

Psilotaceae[]

• Psilotum nudum

Lycopodiaceae[]

• Lycopodium cernuum

Selaginellaceae[]

• Selaginella involvens

Equisetaceae[]

• Equisetum debile

Ophioglossaceae[]

• Ophioglossum petiolatum

Marattiaceae[]

• Angiopteris evecta

Gleicheniaceae[]

• Dicranopteris linearis

Schizaeaceae[]

• Lygodium japonicum

Hymenophyllaceae[]

Cyatheaceae[]

• Cyathea chinensis
• Cyathea gigantea
• Cyathea podophylla

Dennstaedtiaceae[]

• Hypolepis punctata
• Microlepia strigosa
• Pteridium aquilinum

Lindsaeaceae[]

• Sphenomeris chinensis

Davalliaceae[]

• Davallia trichomanoides
• Gymnogrammitis dareiformis

Oleandraceae[]

• Nephrolepis biserrata
• Nephrolepis cordifolia

Parkeriaceae[]

• Adiantum edgeworthii
• Adiantum philippense
• Ceratopteris thalictroides

Vittariaceae[]

Pteridaceae[]

Aspleniaceae[]

Blechnaceae[]

• Brainea insignis

Lomariopsidaceae[]

Dryopteridaceae[]

Thelypteridaceae[]

Athyriaceae[]

Polypodiaceae[]

Marsileaceae[]

• Marsilea crenata

Salviniaceae[]

Azollaceae[]

• Azolla pinnata

See also[]

• List of trees of northern Thailand, based on Gardner, Sidisunthorn & Anusarnsunthorn (2007)^[4]
• List of Thai provincial trees

References[]