Tetrastigma

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Tetrastigma
Poster Tetrastigma.png
Some Tetrastigma species
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Vitales
Family: Vitaceae
Tribe: Cayratieae
Genus: Tetrastigma
(Miq.) Planch.[1]

Tetrastigma is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized by their four-lobed stigmas.[2] The species are found in subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, Malaysia, and Australia, where they grow in primary rainforest, gallery forest and monsoon forest and moister woodland. Species of this genus are notable as being the sole hosts of parasitic plants in the family Rafflesiaceae, one of which, Rafflesia arnoldii, produces the largest single flower in the world.[3] Tetrastigma is the donor species for horizontal gene transfer to Sapria and Rafflesia due to multiple gene theft events.[4]

Within the Vitaceae, Tetrastigma has long been considered closely related to Cayratia and Cyphostemma[5] and is now placed in the tribe Cayratieae.

Fossil record[]

A fossil seed fragment from the early Miocene of Tetrastigma sp., has been found in the Czech part of the Zittau Basin.[6] Tetrastigma macrofossils have been recovered from the late Zanclean stage of Pliocene sites in Pocapaglia, Italy.[7]

Etymology[]

Tetrastigma is derived from Greek and means 'four stigmas', in reference to its four-lobed stigma.[8]

Species[]

Plants of the World Online currently includes:[9]

  1. (Miq.) Planch.
  2. (King) Suess.
  3. (Roxb.) Planch.
  4. Gagnep.
  5. Gagnep.
  6. (Collett & Hemsl.) Momiy.
  7. (Miq.) Planch.
  8. (Kurz) C.L.Li ex Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi
  9. Gagnep.
  10. Craib
  11. Gagnep.
  12. (Wall.) Planch.
  13. Merr.
  14. (Collett & Hemsl.) Momiy.
  15. Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi
  16. Pierre ex Gagnep.
  17. (Kurz) Planch.
  18. Merr. & Chun
  19. Merr.
  20. C.Y.Wu
  21. Merr.
  22. Merr.
  23. (DC.) Gagnep.
  24. Merr.
  25. Jackes
  26. Craib & Gagnep.
  27. (Ridl.) Suess.
  28. Gagnep.
  29. (Miq.) Planch.
  30. (Miq.) Latiff
  31. (M.A.Lawson) Planch.
  32. Gagnep.
  33. Merr.
  34. Ridl.
  35. Planch.
  36. Merr.
  37. (Hemsl.) Gagnep.
  38. C.L.Li
  39. B.V.Shetty & P.Singh
  40. Planch.
  41. Lauterb.
  42. Lauterb.
  43. Planch. – Ayo, ariuat, kalit, iyo
  44. Ridl.
  45. Diels & Gilg
  46. Gagnep.
  47. Planch.
  48. Planch.
  49. C.L.Li ex Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi
  50. C.L.Li
  51. C.L.Li
  52. C.L.Li
  53. C.L.Li
  54. (Blume) Gagnep.
  55. C.E.Chang
  56. Veldkamp
  57. Gilg
  58. Merr.
  59. C.Y.Wu
  60. Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston
  61. C.L.Li
  62. W.T.Wang ex C.Y.Wu & C.L.Li
  63. Merr.
  64. T.Yamaz.
  65. Gagnep.
  66. C.L.Li
  67. Gagnep.
  68. Gagnep. ex J.Wen, Boggan & Turland
  69. Merr.
  70. Latiff
  71. Merr.
  72. (Blume) Planch.
  73. (Miq.) B.V.Shetty
  74. Tetrastigma nitens (F.Muell.) Planch.[10]
  75. Gagnep.
  76. (Wall. ex M.A.Lawson) Planch. ex Franch.
  77. Planch.
  78. (Hemsl.) Chun
  79. (Hance) C.Y.Wu
  80. (Blume) Planch.
  81. (Miq.) Planch.
  82. (Wall. ex M.A.Lawson) Planch.
  83. (Blume) Planch.
  84. Jackes
  85. Lauterb.
  86. C.L.Li
  87. (Hook.f.) Gagnep.
  88. Gagnep.
  89. C.L.Li
  90. (Miq.) Suess.
  91. Merr. & Chun
  92. Lauterb.
  93. (Collett & Hemsl.) P.Singh & B.V.Shetty
  94. Gagnep.
  95. Gagnep. & Craib
  96. Planch.
  97. (Miq.) Planch.
  98. Planch.
  99. Planch.
  100. Merr.
  101. Planch.
  102. (M.A.Lawson) Planch.
  103. Planch.
  104. (Blume) Planch.
  105. Lauterb.
  106. Lauterb.
  107. (King) Gagnep.
  108. Merr.
  109. (Roxb.) Planch.
  110. Lauterb.
  111. Gagnep. & Craib
  112. C.L.Li
  113. Elmer ex J.Wen & Boggan
  114. (Merr.) J.Wen & Boggan
  115. Latiff
  116. Planch.
  117. C.L.Li
  118. (M.A.Lawson) Gamble
  119. C.L.Li
  120. N.Balach. & K.Ravik.
  121. Gagnep.
  122. (Miq.) Planch.
  123. Planch.
  124. Jackes
  125. Gagnep.
  126. Gagnep.
  127. Merr.
  128. (Gagnep.) W.T.Wang
  129. C.Y.Wu
  130. C.Y.Wu
  131. (A.Gray) A.C.Sm.
  132. Tetrastigma voinierianum (Sallier) Pierre ex Gagnep.
  133. Lauterb.
  134. C.L.Li
  135. C.L.Li
  136. C.L.Li
  137. Gagnep.

References[]

  1. ^  GRIN (April 3, 2006). "Tetrastigma information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
  2. ^ Chen, Pingting; Chen, Longqing; Wen, Jun (2011). "The first phylogenetic analysis of Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch., the host of Rafflesiaceae". Taxon. 60 (2): 499–512. doi:10.1002/tax.602017.
  3. ^ "Forest Department, Sarawak". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  4. ^ Cai, Liming; Arnold, Brian J.; Xi, Zhenxiang; Khost, Danielle E.; Patel, Niki; Hartmann, Claire B.; Manickam, Sugumaran; Sasirat, Sawitree; Nikolov, Lachezar A.; Mathews, Sarah; Sackton, Timothy B. (January 2021). "Deeply Altered Genome Architecture in the Endoparasitic Flowering Plant Sapria himalayana Griff. (Rafflesiaceae)". Current Biology. 31 (5): 1002–1011.e9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.045. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 33485466.
  5. ^ Soejima, A.; Wen, J. (2006). "Phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (Vitaceae) based on three chloroplast markers". American Journal of Botany. 93 (2): 278–87. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.2.278. PMID 21646189.
  6. ^ Acta Palaeobotanica - 43(1): 9-49, January 2003 - Early Miocene carpological material from the Czech part of the Zittau Basin - Vasilis Teodoridis
  7. ^ Messian to Zanclean vegetation and climate of Northern and Central Italy by Adele Bertini & Edoardo Martinetto, Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 47 (2), 2008, 105-121. Modena, 11 lugio 2008.
  8. ^ Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 376
  9. ^ Plants of the World Online: Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. (retrieved 24 December 2021)
  10. ^  "Name - Tetrastigma nitens (F.Muell.) Planch". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
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