List of psychoactive plants

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Main article: Psychoactive plant
Salvia divinorum, a dissociative hallucinogenic sage

A list of plants that are used as psychoactive drugs. Some of them have been used entheogenically for millennia. The plants are listed according to the substances they contain.

Cannabinoids[]

Cannabis plant
Main article: Cannabis

Cannabis (Marijuana) is a popular psychoactive plant that is often used medically and recreationally. The psychoactive substance in Cannabis, THC, contains no nitrogen, unlike many (but not all) other psychoactive substances (other substances without nitrogens include kavalactones and salvinorins, from Kava and salvia divinorum, respectively), and is not an indole, tryptamine, phenethylamine, anticholinergic (deliriant), or a dissociative drug. Cannabis plants tend to vary, with different strains producing dynamic balances of cannabinoids (THC, CBD, etc.) yielding markedly different effects. Popular strains are often hybrids of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica.

Some universities and research firms currently study the medicinal effects of cannabis. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating or prohibiting the sale and use of medical and recreational cannabis.

Tryptamines[]

DMT Molecule in 2D
DMT Molecule in 3D

.

Many of the psychedelic plants contain dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), vaporized, or drank with MAOIs (Ayahuasca). It cannot simply be eaten as it is not orally active without an MAOI and it needs to be extremely concentrated to be vaporized.

Acanthaceae[]

Species, Alkaloid content, where given, refers to dried material

Aceraceae[]

  • Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple Tree) was found to contain the indole alkaloid gramine (not active and extremely toxic) 0.05% in the leaves, so it is possible that other members of this plant family contain active compounds.[1]

Aizoaceae[]

  • , DMT, 5-MeO-DMT[2][unreliable source?]
  • Delosperma cooperi, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT[2] (MHNT) Delosperma cooperi - Flower.jpg
  • , DMT[2]
  • , DMT[2]
  • , 5-MeO-DMT[2]
  • , DMT, 5-MeO-DMT[2]
    Delosperma harazianum
    Shibam, DMT[2]
  • , DMT[2]
    Delosperma hallii
    aff. litorale
  • , DMT, 5-MeO-DMT[2] M. Delosperma lydenbergense flower.JPG
  • , 5-MeO-DMT[2] Delosperma nubigenum.jpg
  • , DMT, 5-MeO-DMT[2]
  • , Traces of DMT[2]
  • , DMT[2]

Apocynaceae[]

Erythroxylaceae[]

Fabaceae (Leguminosae)[]

See also: List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids
  • Acacia acuminata, Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of dimethyltryptamine in bark & leaf[5] Also, harman, tryptamine, NMT, other alkaloids in leaf.[citation needed]
  • Alpina mueller.jpg Acacia alpina, Active principles in leaf[6][unreliable source?]
  • Acacia angustissima usgs.png Acacia angustissima, β-methyl-phenethylamine,[7] NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)[8]
  • Acacia-aroma.jpg Acacia aroma, Tryptamine alkaloids.[9] Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.[10]
  • Starr 031013-8001 Acacia auriculiformis.jpg Acacia auriculiformis, 5-MeO-DMT in stem bark[11]
  • Acacia baileyana.jpg Acacia baileyana, 0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman[12]
  • Acacia beauverdiana, Psychoactive[13] Ash used in Pituri.[14]
  • Acacia-berlandieri-flowers4.jpg Acacia berlandieri, DMT, , mescaline, nicotine[15]
  • Acacia catechu - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-003.jpg Acacia catechu, DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark[citation needed]
  • Acaciacaven29b.jpg Acacia caven, Psychoactive[16]
  • Acacia chundra, DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
  • Acacia colei, DMT[17]
  • Acacia complanata, 0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine[18][19][20]
  • Starr 050107-2872 Acacia confusa.jpg Acacia confusa, DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.[6] Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide[21]
  • A-cornigera.jpg Acacia cornigera, Psychoactive,[16] Tryptamines[22] DMT according to C. Rastch.
  • Acacia cultriformis leaves.jpg Acacia cultriformis, Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem[6] and seeds.[10] Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds[10]
  • Acacia cuthbertsonii, Psychoactive[13]
  • Acacia-decurrens-catalina.jpg Acacia decurrens, Psychoactive,[16] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[12]
  • Acacia delibrata, Psychoactive[13]
  • Acacia falcata, Psychoactive,[13] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[12] Psychoactive 0.2-0.3% alkaloids[citation needed]
  • Acaciafarnesiana1web.jpg Acacia farnesiana, Traces of 5-MeO-DMT[23] in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.[24] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[25] Alkaloids are present in the bark[26] and leaves.[27] Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree.[22]
  • Acacia flavescens, Strongly Psychoactive, Bark.
  • Acacia floribunda, Tryptamine, phenethylamine,[28] in flowers[10] other tryptamines,[29] DMT,tryptamine,NMT 0.3-0.4% phyllodes.[30]
  • Acacia georginae, Psychoactive,[16] plus deadly toxins
  • Acacia-horrida.jpg Acacia horrida, Psychoactive[16]
  • A.Implexa.jpg Acacia implexa, Psychoactive[31]
  • Acacia jurema, DMT, NMT
  • Acacia karroo2.jpg Acacia karroo, Psychoactive
  • Acacia laeta, DMT, in the leaf[6]
  • Acacia-longifolia-branch.jpg Acacia longifolia, 0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers,[28] 0.2% DMT in plant.[32] Histamine alkaloids.[12]
  • Acacia sophorae, Tryptamine in leaves, bark[10]
  • Acacia macradenia, Tryptamine[10]
  • Acacia maidenii.jpg Acacia maidenii, 0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves[6]
  • Starr 031013-8002 Acacia mangium.jpg Acacia mangium, Psychoactive[16]
  • Acacia melanoxylon branch.jpg Acacia melanoxylon, DMT, in the bark and leaf,[33] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[12]
  • Acacia mellifera 3D-Modell.jpg Acacia mellifera, DMT, in the leaf[6]
  • Acacia-nilotica.jpg Acacia nilotica, DMT, in the leaf[6]
  • Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens, Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf
  • Acacia neurophylla DMT in bark, Harman in leaf.[34]
  • Acacia obtusifolia, Tryptamine, DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,[35] 0.4-0.5% in dried bark,0.15-0.2% in leaf, 0.07% in branch tips.[36]
  • Acacia oerfota, Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[37] NMT
  • Acacia penninervis, Psychoactive[13]
  • Acacia phlebophylla.jpg Acacia phlebophylla, 0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT[6]
  • Starr 020911-0004 Acacia podalyriifolia.jpg Acacia podalyriaefolia, Tryptamine in the leaf,[6] 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts.[28] Although this species is claimed to contain 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark the reference for this is invalid as there is no reference to Acacia Podalyriffolia anywhere in the reference article. Additionally, well known and proven extraction techniques for DMT have failed to produce any DMT or alkaloids from fresh bark or the leaves on multiple sample taken at various seasons. Should DMT actually exist in this species of Acacia then it exists in extremely small amounts and have failed to produce any alkaloids with Acid/Base extraction techniques using HCl/Na(OH)2. On the same note, more academic research is definitely required into the DMT content of this and other Australian Acacia species with proper chemical analysis of sample.[citation needed]
  • Acacia polycantha.png Acacia polyacantha, DMT in leaf[6] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
  • Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha, Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark[38]
  • Acacia rigidula.jpg Acacia rigidula, DMT, NMT, tryptamine, traces of amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others[39]
  • Acacia sassa, Psychoactive[16]
  • Acacia-schaffneri-seed-pods.jpg Acacia schaffneri, β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine[40] Amphetamines and mescaline also found.[22]
  • Acacia senegal - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-004.jpg Acacia senegal, Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[6] NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,[24] DMT in bark.[10]
  • Acacia seyal, DMT, in the leaf.[6] Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass.[25]
  • Img00522-A-sieberiana.jpg Acacia sieberiana, DMT, in the leaf[6]
  • Acacia simplex.jpg Acacia simplex, DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT[6][41]
  • Eat267.jpg Acacia tortilis, DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines[31]
  • Acacia vestita.jpg Acacia vestita, Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,[6] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[12]
  • Acacia victoriae, tryptamines, 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine[10]
  • List of acacia species having little or no alkaloids in the material sampled:[12]
    (0% C 0.02%, Concentration of alkaloids)
  • Albizia inundata leaves contain DMT.[16]
  • Anadenanthera colubrina.jpg Anadenanthera colubrina, Bufotenin, Beans,[42][43] Bufotenin oxide, Beans,[42] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Beans,[42][43] pods,[42]
  • Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil - Bufotenin and Dimethyltryptamine have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods, 5-MeO-DMT from the bark of the stems.[44] The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% DMT.[45]
  • Anadenanthera peregrina.jpg Anadenanthera peregrina,

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant,[46] 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant,[43] 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark,[43] 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark,[43] Bufotenin, plant,[43] beans,[42] Bufotenin N-oxide, Fruit,[43] beans,[42] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit[43][47]

  • Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina, Bufotenine is in the seeds.[48]
  • Fern1.jpg Desmanthus illinoensis, 0–0.34% DMT in root bark, highly variable.[49] Also NMT, N-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 2-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, and gramine (toxic).[50]
  • Desmanthus leptolobus drawing.jpeg Desmanthus leptolobus, 0.14% DMT in root bark, more reliable than D. illinoensis[49]
  • Desmodium caudatum[51] (syn. Ohwia caudata), Roots: 0.087% DMT,
  • Desmodium intortum, Bufotentine, DMT[52]
  • Codariocalyx motorius Taub39.png Codariocalyx motorius(syn. Desmodium gyrans), DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, leaves, roots
  • , 5-MeO-DMT
  • Starr 020803-0111 Desmodium triflorum.jpg Desmodium triflorum, 0.0004% DMT-N-oxide, roots,[53] less in stems[53] and trace in leaves.[53]
  • Lespedeza capitata habit.jpg Lespedeza capitata,
  • Lespedeza ja02.jpg Lespedeza bicolor, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and roots[54]
  • , DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and root bark
  • Mimosa ophthalmocentra, Dried root: DMT 1.6%, NMT 0.0012% and hordenine 0.0065%[55]
  • Mimosa-scabrella.jpg Mimosa scabrella, tryptamine, NMT, DMT and N-methyltetrahydrocarboline in bark[56]
  • Mimosa somnians, tryptamines and MMT
  • Mimosa tenuiflora (syn. "Mimosa hostilis"), 0.31-0.57% DMT (dry root bark).[57]
  • Mimosa verrucosa01.jpg Mimosa verrucosa, DMT[58] in root bark
  • Mucuna-pruriens-fruit.jpg Mucuna pruriens, "The leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain L-Dopa, Serotonin, 5-HTP, and Nicotine, as well as N,N-DMT, Bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT."[59]
  • , 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[54]
  • , DMT in leaves and stems
  • Phyllodium pulchellum(syn. Desmodium pulchellum), 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT[54] DMT (dominates in seedlings and young plants), 5-MeO-DMT (dominates in mature plant), whole plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers
  • Erythrina flabelliformis, other Erythrina species, seeds contain the alkaloids and [60]

Subfamily Caesalpinioideae[]

Lauraceae[]

    • , NMT[63][unreliable source?]

Malpighiaceae[]

Myristicaceae[]

Ochnaceae[]

Pandanaceae[]

  • Genus Pandanus (Screw Pine): DMT in nuts[54]

Poaceae (Gramineae)[]

Some Graminae (grass) species contain gramine, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death in sheep.[68]

  • Arundo.donax2web.jpg Arundo donax, 0.0057% DMT in dried rhizome, no stem, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT[69]
  • Phalaris aquatica.jpg Phalaris aquatica, 0.0007-0.18% Total alkaloids,[70] 0.100% DMT,[71] 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT,[71] 0.005% 5-OH-DMT[71]
  • Rietgras bloeiwijze Phalaris arundinacea.jpg Phalaris arundinacea, 0.0004-0.121% Total alkaloids[70]
  • Phalaris brachystachys, aerial parts up to 3% total alkaloids, DMT present[citation needed]
  • Phragmites australis Schilfrohr.jpg Phragmites australis, DMT in roots.

None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in Phalaris californica, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.[70]

Polygonaceae[]

Rubiaceae[]

Rutaceae[75][76][]

  • Dictyoloma incanescens.png , 5-MeO-DMT in leaves,[66] 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT in bark[54]
  • , > 0.4% 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[31]
  • , 5-MeO-DMT in leaves
  • Rutaceae sp SZ21.png Tetradium ruticarpum(syn. Evodia rutaecarpa), 5-MeO-DMT in leaves, fruit and roots
  • Limonia acidissima syn Limonia elephantum or Fernonia limonia (wood-apple) in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8334.jpg Limonia acidissima, 5-MeO-DMT in stems
  • (formerly Melicope), 0.2% total alkaloids, 0.07% 5-MeO-DMT; 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and stems, also "5-MeO-DMT-Oxide and a beta-carboline"[61]
  • , DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[77] (Might also contain pilocarpine)
  • , Up to 0.2% DMT in leaves and branches[54]
  • , DMT in leaves
  • Zanthoxylum procerum, DMT in leaves
  • Citrus limon, DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaves [78][79]
  • Citrus sinesis,DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative [78][79]
  • Citrus bergamia,DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative [78][79]
  • Mandarin_orange Traces of N-methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf. [80][79]
  • Chinotto Tree, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf [80][79]
  • Citrus medica, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf [80][79]

Phenethylamines[]

Species, Alkaloid Content (Fresh) - Alkaloid Content (Dried)

  • Coryphantha contains various phenethylamine alkaloids including macromerine, , O-methyl-candicine, corypalmine, and N-methyl-corypalmine.[81][82]
  • Echinopsis lageniformis Baby Bridgesii.jpg (syn. Trichocereus bridgesii), Mescaline > 0.025%,[83] also DMPEA < 1%, < 1%, tyramine < 1%; Mescaline 2%[84]
  • Echinopsis scopulicola E.scopulicola.png (syn. Trichocereus scopulicola), Mescaline[85]Lycaeum</ref>
  • Echinopsis pachanoi Echinopsis-pachanoi-close-up.jpg (syn. Trichocereus pachanoi), Mescaline 0.006-0.12%, 0.05% Average;[86] Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[86]
  • Echinopsis spachiana Lightmatter cactusflower.jpg (syn. Trichocereus spachianus), Mescaline;[87] Mescaline[87]
  • Lophophora williamsii Peyote Cactus.jpg (Peyote), 0.4% Mescaline;[85] 3-6% Mescaline[87]
  • Opuntia acanthocarpa Opuntia acanthocarpa.jpg Mescaline[88]
  • Opuntia basilaris Opuntia basilaris form.jpg Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine[87]
  • (syn. Opuntia cylindrica),[89] Mescaline[87]
  • Cylindropuntia echinocarpa Cylindropuntia echinocarpa 2.jpg (syn. Opuntia echinocarpa), Mescaline 0.01%, DMPEA 0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%[87]
  • Cylindropuntia spinosior (syn. Opuntia spinosior),[90] Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%, tyramine 0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine.[87]
  • Echinopsis macrogona E.macrogona.png (syn. Trichocereus macrogonus), > 0.01-0.05% Mescaline[91]
  • Echinopsis peruviana KK242 Vs Standard Peruvian Torch.jpg (syn. Trichocereus peruvianus), Mescaline 0.0005%-0.12%;[86] Mescaline
  • Echinopsis tacaquirensis subsp. taquimbalensis (syn. Trichocereus taquimbalensis),[92] > 0.005-0.025% mescaline[91]
  • Echinopsis terscheckii Echinopsis terscheckii 5.jpg (syn. Trichocereus terscheckii, Trichocereus werdemannianus)[93] > 0.005-0.025% Mescaline;[91] mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[86]
  • , 0.025% mescaline[85]
  • , mescaline[85]

Beta-carbolines[]

Harmaline, a Beta-carboline

Beta-carbolines are "reversible" MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make Ayahuasca. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own. β-carboline is a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist and can therefore have convulsive, anxiogenic and memory enhancing effects.[94]

Apocynaceae[]

Bignoniaceae[]

  • Newbouldia laevis, Harman

Calycanthaceae[]

Chenopodiaceae[]

  • , Tetrahydroharman, etc.
  • Kochia scoparia, Harmine, etc.

Combretaceae[]

Cyperaceae[]

Elaeagnaceae[]

  • Elaeagnus angustifolia, Harman, etc. Elaeagnus angustifolia 20050608 852.jpg
  • Elaeagnus commutata, Beta-carbolines[95] Elaeagnus-commutata-total.JPG
  • , Tetrahydroharman, etc.
  • , Tetrahydroharman
  • , Tetrahydroharman
  • Hippophae rhamnoides, Harman, etc.
  • Shepherdia argentea, Tetrahydroharmol SilverBuffaloberry-SK..jpg
  • Shepherdia canadensis, Tetrahydroharmol Shepherdia canadensis 38574.JPG

Gramineae[]

  • Arundo donax, Tetrahydroharman Arundo.donax2web.jpg
  • Festuca arundinacea, Harman, etc. Starr 030603-0006 Festuca arundinacea.jpg
  • Lolium perenne, (Perennial Ryegrass), Harman, etc. Starr 001026-9002 Lolium perenne.jpg
  • Phalaris aquatica, Beta-carbolines[95]
  • Phalaris arundinacea, Beta-carbolines[95]

Lauraceae[]

  • , Beta-carbolines[95]

Leguminosae[]

Loganiaceae[]

  • , Beta-carbolines[95]
  • Strychnos usambarensis, Harman[95]

Malpighiaceae[]

Myristicaceae[]

Ochnaceae[]

Palmae[]

  • , Beta-carbolines[95]

Papaveraceae[]

Passifloraceae[]

  • Passiflora actinia, Harman
  • Passiflora alata, Harman Flor de maracujá.JPG
  • , Harman
  • , Harman
  • Passiflora caerulea, Harman PassifloraCaerulea Bluete von oben.jpg
  • Passiflora capsularis, Harman
  • , Harman
  • Passiflora edulis, Harman, 0-7001 ppm[24] in fruit Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa.jpg
  • , Harman
  • Passiflora foetida, Harman Passiflora foetida.bloem.jpg
  • Passiflora incarnata (with bee), Harmine, Harmaline, Harman, etc. 0.03%.[101] Alkaloids in rind of fruit 0.25%[101]Photos-photos 1088121309 BeelyBee.jpg
  • Passiflora quadrangularis, Harman Badea.jpg
  • , Harman
  • Passiflora subpeltata, Harman Starr 031114-0020 Passiflora subpeltata.jpg
  • , Harman

Polygonaceae[]

  • , Beta-carbolines[95]
  • Leptactinia densiflora, Leptaflorine, etc.
  • , Harman
  • , Harman
  • , Harman
  • , Harman
  • , Harman
  • , Harman
  • , Harman

Rubiaceae[]

Rutaceae[]

  • Tetradium (syn. Evodia) species: Some contain carbolines
  • Beta-carboline[61]
  • , Beta-carbolines[95]
  • Flindersia laevicarpa, Beta-carbolines[95]
  • , Beta-carbolines[95]

Sapotaceae[]

  • , Norharman etc.
  • Scutellaria
  • Scutellaria nana

Simaroubaceae[]

Solanaceae[]

Symplocaceae[]

  • Symplocos racemosa, Harman

Tiliaceae[]

Zygophyllaceae[]

  • Fagonia cretica, Harman Fagonia cretica.jpg
  • , Beta-carbolines[95]
  • Peganum harmala, (Syrian Rue), The seeds contain about 2-6% alkaloids, most of which is harmaline.[102] Peganum harmala is also an abortifacient. Peganum harmala1.jpg
  • Peganum nigellastrum, Harmine[103]
  • Tribulus terrestris, Harman Starr 030612-0063 Tribulus terrestris.jpg
  • Zygophyllum fabago, Harman, harmine Morsana1.JPG

Plants containing other psychoactive substances[]

Substance Plant Comment
Asarone Acorus calamus Asarone
Yohimbine Alchornea floribunda Yohimbine
Arecoline Areca catechu Areca nut or betel
Unknown Stachelmohn.JPG

Argemone mexicana

Used by Chinese residents of Mexico during the early 20th century as a legal substitute for opium and currently smoked as a marijuana substitute.
Ergine.png

Ergine

Starr 050107-2974 Argyreia nervosa.jpg

Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose)

Seeds contain high amounts of ergine (also known as LSA, lysergamide, or lysergic acid amide), often 50-150X the amounts found in Ipomoea violacea.
Thujone Artemisia absinthium Additive to absinthe. Also called "wormwood"
Unknown L. Identical alkaloid to morphine[104]
Tropane alkaloids Atropa belladonna Deadly nightshade
Tropane alkaloids Brugmansia Angel's trumpets
Unknown Calea zacatechichi cutting.jpg

Calea zacatechichi

Produces vivid dreams after smoking. It is also employed by the Chontal people as a medicinal herb against gastrointestinal disorders, and is used as an appetizer, cathartic anti-dysentery remedy, and as a fever-reducing agent. Its psychedelic properties do not become apparent until the user is asleep. Reports describe rituals that involve drinking it as a tea to induce divinatory or lucid dreams due to its properties as an oneirogen.[105]
Caffeine Camellia sinensis Tea leaves, tea, native to Asia
S-Cathinone.svg

Cathinone

Catha edulis.jpg

Catha edulis

Khat[106]
Vincristine Catharanthus roseus Catharanthus roseus is (perhaps unpleasantly) "hallucinogenic."[107]
Unknown Cestrum nocturnum Night-blooming jasmine
Caffeine Coffea arabica Coffee beans, coffee, native to Africa
Caffeine Cola Cola or kola nut, traditional additive to cola, native to Africa
Unknown Coleus-1.jpg

Coleus

Unknown
Bulbocapnine skeletal.svg

Bulbocapnine

Corydalis ambigua.jpg

Corydalis solida, cava

Bulbocapnine, Nantenine, Tetrahydropalmatine
Tropane alkaloids Datura Thorn apple, devil's trumpets, loco weed, Jimson weed
Cytisine Dermatophyllum Mescal bean
Unknown Desfontainia spinosa Causes visions[108]
Nicotine Duboisia hopwoodii Pituri
Unknown Entada rheedii African dream herb
Ephedrine Ephedra sinica Ephedra
Cocaine Erythroxylum coca Coca. Widely used illegal stimulant, produces hallucination in overdose, native to South America
Unknown Fittonia albivenis Nerve or mosaic plant, said to produce vision of eyeballs
Himbacine.svg

Himbacine

Galbulimima belgraveana Galbulimima belgraveana is rich in alkaloids and twenty-eight alkaloids have been isolated including himbacine.
Glaucine.png

Glaucine

Glaucium flavum03.jpg

Glaucium flavum

Glaucine
Unknown Heimia myrtifolia Auditory
Unknown Heimia salicifolia Auditory[109]
Lobeline Hippobroma longiflora Star of Bethlehem
Hyperforin Hypericum perforatum Saint John's wort
Tropane alkaloids Hyoscyamus Henbane
Caffeine, Theobromine, Dimethylxanthines Ilex guayusa Ilex guayusa is used as an additive to some versions of Ayahuasca. According to the Ecuadorian indigenous, it is also slightly hallucinogenic on its own, when drunk in high enough quantities.
Ergine Ipomoea violacea.jpg

Ipomoea tricolor & Ipomoea violacea

Ergine in seeds; up to 0.12% total[110]
Unknown Justicia pectoralis Unknown
Lactucarium Lactuca virosa - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-213.jpg

Lactuca virosa

Lactucarium
Lagochilin.png

Lagochilin

Lagochilus inebrians Lagochilin is thought to be responsible for the sedative, hypotensive and hemostatic effects of this plant.
Pukateine.png

Pukateine

Old Rimu in Kaitoke Park.jpg

Laurelia novae-zelandiae

Pukateine
Unknown Rollinia mucosa Rollinia mucosa is said to be narcotic [104]
Leonurine structure.png

Leonurine

Leonotis leonurus flower.jpg

Leonotis leonurus

Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana)
Nicotine[111] Leucas aspera plant.jpg
Leucas aspera 		Nicotine
Leonurine structure.png

Leonurine

Leonotis nepetifolia1.jpg

Leonotis nepetifolia

Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana)
Lobeline Lobelia inflata Indian tobacco
Unknown Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Comparison 4400px.jpg

Magnolia virginiana

[112]
Tropane alkaloids Mandragora officinarum Mandrake
Ergine Some Mirabilis spp. Possibly contains ergine[citation needed]
Mitragynine Mitragyna speciosa Kratom
Myristicin Myristica fragrans Nutmeg
Aporphine Nelumbo nucifera Sacred lotus
Nepetalactone Nepeta cataria Catnip
Nicotine Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco. Can cause hallucination in very large doses
Aporphine.svg

Aporphine, Apomorphine

Nymphaea caerulea.jpg

Nymphaea caerulea

Blue lotus or lily. Recent studies have shown Nymphaea caerulea to have psychedelic properties, and may have been used as a sacrament in ancient Egypt and certain ancient South American cultures. Dosages of 5 to 10 grams of the flowers induces slight stimulation, a shift in thought processes, enhanced visual perception, and mild closed-eye visuals. Nymphaea caerulea is related to, and possesses similar activity as Nelumbo nucifera, the Sacred Lotus. Both Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids nuciferine and apomorphine, which have been recently isolated by independent labs.[citation needed]

These psychoactive effects make Nymphaea caerulea a likely candidate (among several) for the lotus plant eaten by the mythical Lotophagi in Homer's Odyssey.

Used in aromatherapy, Nymphaea caerulea is purported to have a "divine" essence, bringing euphoria, heightened awareness and tranquility.[citation needed]

Other sources cite anti-spasmodic and sedative, purifying and calming properties.

Heliamine Pachycereus pringlei Largest cactus in the world. Heliamine bears some similarities to mescaline
Ginsenosides Panax Ginseng
Morphine Papaver somniferum Opium. Widely used analgesic, native to the Old World
Unknown Phytolacca americanaL. Narcotic and toxic when root is consumed.[104]
Yohimbine Pausinystalia johimbe Yohimbe
Unknown Pedicularis densiflora Indian warrior
Kavalactone General Structure.PNG

Kavalactones

Starr 040318-0058 Piper methysticum.jpg

Piper methysticum

Kavalactones
Ergine Rivea corymbosa Seeds contain ergine, lysergol, and turbicoryn; lysergic acid alkaloids up to 0.03%[113]
Salvinorin A structure.svg

Salvinorin A

Salvia divinorum - Herba de Maria.jpg

Salvia divinorum

Salvinorin A, 0.89-3.87 mg/g, also Salvinorin B and Salvinorin C[114]
Mesembrine Sceletium tortuosum Kanna
Baicalein Scutellaria Skullcaps
Unknown Silene capensis (flowering).jpg

Silene capensis

Produces vivid dreams after smoking.
Unknown Tagetes lemmonii flower.jpg

Tagetes lucida

Anethole, Chavicol, Coumarin, Estragole, Isorhamnetin, Methyleugenol, Quercitin
Ibogaine.png

Ibogaine

Iboga.jpg

Tabernanthe iboga

Ibogaine in root bark[115]
Ibogaine.png

Ibogaine

Tabernanthe orientalis

Ibogaine in root leaves[115]
Voacangine Crape Jasmine.jpg

Tabernaemontana divaricata

Voacangine is similar to ibogaine. It potentiated effect of barbituarates.
Ibogaine.png

Ibogaine

Tabernanthe pubescens

Ibogaine and similar alkaloids[115]
Ibogaine.png

Ibogaine

Tabernaemontana sp.

Ibogaine[115]
Theobromine Theobroma cacao Cocoa or cacao bean, chocolate, native to the Americas
Ibogaine.png

Ibogaine

Confederate Jasmine, Star Jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides).jpg

Trachelospermum jasminoides

Ibogaine, coronaridine, voacangine, apparicine, conoflorine, and 19-epi-voacangarine[116][117]
Damianin Tunera diffusa 2.jpg

Turnera diffusa

Damianin
Actinidine Valeriana officinalis Valerian
Vincamine Vinca minor Vincamine
Voacangine Voacanga africana Voacangine is similar to ibogaine, also contains voacamine and small amount of ibogaine
Unknown Zornia latifolia Zornia latifolia is mentioned in Food of the Gods as "an hallucinogenic substitute for cannabis". It is nicknamed Maconha brava because locals use it as a cannabis substitute.

See also[]

References[]

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Bibliography[]

  • Al Zarouni, Yousif (2015). The Effects of Khat (Catha Edulis). London: Yousif Al Zarouni.

External links[]

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