List of research stations in the Arctic

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"Polar station" redirects here. For analogous stations in Antarctica, see Research stations in Antarctica.
Location of some of the major research stations in the Arctic

A number of governments maintain permanent research stations in the Arctic. Also known as Arctic bases, polar stations or ice stations, these bases are widely distributed across the northern polar region of the earth.

Historically few research stations have been permanent. Most of them were temporary, being abandoned after the completion of the project or owing to lack of funding to continue the research. Some of these were military or intelligence stations (listening posts) created as a result of the proximity of the U.S. and Soviet Union to each other's landmass across the polar region.

Ice stations are constructed on land or on ice that rests on land, while others are drifting ice stations built on the sea ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean.[1]

Research stations[]

Station
name		 Location Operating
country		 Year
opened		 Year
closed
Abisko Scientific Research Station Abisko, Sápmi Sweden 1903 Active
Adam Mickiewicz University Polar Station Petuniabukta, Svalbard, Norway Poland 2011 Active
[2] Andøya Space, Andøya, Svalbard Norway 1994 Active
Arctic Yellow River Station Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway China 2003 Active
AWIPEV Arctic Research Station Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway France
Germany		 2003 Active
[3] Point Barrow, Alaska United States 1973 Active
Maly Begichev Island, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union
Russia		 NA Abandoned
[4] Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island. Sakha Soviet Union
Russia		 NA Abandoned
Brønlundhus Peary Land, Greenland Denmark 1947 Transformed into a museum
[5] Buor-Khaya Gulf, Sakha Soviet Union
Russia		 NA Abandoned
Canadian High Arctic Research Station[6] (CHARS) campus Cambridge Bay, Nunavut Canada TBA Active
Centrum Lake, Greenland Denmark 1954 Abandoned
[7] Cape Chelyuskin, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union
Russia		 1932 Active
[8] Medvezhyi Islands, Sakha Soviet Union
Russia		 1933 Active
[9] (CNSC) Churchill, Manitoba Canada 1976 Active
, Svalbard, Norway Czechia 2014 Active
Daneborg Wollaston Foreland, Greenland Denmark 1944 NA
Danmarkshavn Dove Bay, Greenland Denmark 1906 Active
Dirigibile Italia Arctic Station Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway Italy 1997 Active
Dr. Neil Trivett Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory Alert, Nunavut Canada 1986 Active
Dye 3 Four different locations in southern Greenland United States 1971 1991
Ernst Krenkel Observatory Heiss Island, Arkhangelsk Oblast Soviet Union 1956 1980
Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station Devon Island, Nunavut Canada 2001 Active
[10][11] Sredniy Island, off Severnaya Zemlya Soviet Union
Russia		 1954 NA
[12] Heiberg Islands, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union
Russia		 1940 1995
Himadri[13] Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway India 2008 Active
[14] Igloolik, Nunavut Canada 1975 Active
IndARC[15] Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway India 2014 Active
[16] Tiksi, Sakha Russia 1995 Active
[17][18] Iqaluit, Nunavut Canada 1978 Active
Isachsen Station Ellef Ringnes Island, Nunavut Canada 1948 1978
Komsomolets Island, Severnaya Zemlya, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union
Russia		 NA Abandoned
[19] Kevo Finland 1958 Active
Kap Harald Moltke Peary Land, Greenland Denmark 1972 NA
[20] Kigilyakh Peninsula, Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island, New Siberian Islands Soviet Union
Russia		 NA NA
[21][22] Kilpisjärvi Finland 1964 Active
Kiruna Sweden NA NA
[23] Kluane Lake, Yukon Canada 1961 Active
Koldewey Station Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway Germany 1991 Active, part of APIWEV station
Kolyuchin Island, Chukotka Soviet Union
Russia		 NA Abandoned in the 1990s
[24] Labytnangi, Yamalo-Nenets Soviet Union
Russia		 1954 Active
Lavrentiya, Chukotka Soviet Union
Russia		 NA NA
McGill Arctic Research Station[25] Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut Canada 1960 Active
Mestersvig Scoresby Land, Greenland Denmark 1956 Active
Mývatn Iceland 1975 Active
NEEM Camp Northern Greenland ice sheet, Greenland Denmark 2008 2015
[26] Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway Netherlands 1995 active
Nicolaus Copernicus University Polar Station Kaffiøyra, Svalbard, Norway Poland 1975 Active
Station Nord , Greenland Denmark 1952 Active
North Ice Northern Greenland ice sheet, Greenland United Kingdom 1952 1954
Northeast Science Station[27] Chersky, Sakha Soviet Union
Russia		 1977 Active
Ny-Ålesund[28] Spitsbergen, Svalbard Norway 1967 Active
Cape Unslicht, Bolshevik Island, Severnaya Zemlya Soviet Union
Russia		 NA Abandoned
Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory[29][30] (PEARL) Eureka, Nunavut Canada 1993 Active
Polish Polar Station Hornsund, Svalbard, Norway Poland 1957 Active
[31] Bely Island, Yamalo-Nenets Soviet Union
Russia		 November 1, 1933 March 2001
Preobrazheniya Island, Sakha Soviet Union
Russia		 NA Abandoned
[32] Cape Baranov, Bolshevik Island, Severnaya Zemlya Soviet Union
Russia		 NA Active
Provideniya, Chukotka Soviet Union
Russia		 NA NA
[33] Resolute, Nunavut Canada 1947 NA
Russky Island Arctic Station[34] Russky Island, Nordenskiöld Archipelago, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union
Russia		 1935 1999
[35] Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve, Sakha Russia 1998 Active
Samuila Island, Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union
Russia		 NA Abandoned
Sermilik Station Ammassalik Island, Greenland Denmark 1970 Active
[36] Sodankylä Finland NA NA
[37] Solnechny Bay, Bolshevik Island, Severnaya Zemlya Soviet Union
Russia		 1952 Abandoned
Stanisław Baranowski Spitsbergen Polar Station Werenskioldbreen, Svalbard, Norway Poland 1971 Active
Stolbovoy Meteorological Station[38] Stolbovoy Island, Sakha Soviet Union
Russia		 NA Abandoned
Summit Station Near summit of the Greenland ice sheet, Greenland United States April 1989 Active
Thule Research Station[39] Pituffik, Greenland Denmark 1995 Active
Toolik Field Station[40] Toolik Lake, Alaska United States 1975 Active
Troynoy Island Polar Station[41] Izvestiy TSIK Islands, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union
Russia		 1953 Active
[42] Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories Canada NA 1997
[43][44] (TERS) , Northwest Territories Canada 1994 Active
, Nordenskiöld Archipelago, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union 1940 1975
Uyedineniya Island, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union
Russia		 NA 1996
University of Copenhagen Arctic Station Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland Denmark 1906 Active
Ushakov Island, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union 1954 1980s
Vavilov Meteorological Station[45] October Revolution Island, Severnaya Zemlya Soviet Union 1974 1988
Vize Island Arctic Research Station Vize Island, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union
Russia		 November 1, 1945 NA
[46] Ward Hunt Island, Nunavut Canada 1957 Active
[47] Inuvik, Northwest Territories Canada[48] 1964 Active
[49] Whapmagoostui, Quebec Canada 1971 Active
White Sea Biological Station[50] (WSBS MSU) Chupa, Republic of Karelia Soviet Union
Russia		 1938 Active
[51] , Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union
Russia		 NA NA
[52] Cape Blossom, Wrangel Island, Chukotka Soviet Union
Russia		 NA NA
[53] Ushakovskoye, Wrangel Island, Chukotka Soviet Union
Russia		 NA NA
[54] Mirnoye, Turukhansky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai Soviet Union
Russia		 NA NA
[55] Station Nord, North Greenland Denmark 1990 Active
Zackenberg Station Wollaston Foreland, Greenland Denmark 1997 Active
Zeppelin Zeppelinfjellet, Svalbard Norway 1990 Active

Drifting ice stations[]

Main article: Drifting ice station
Station name Head of the first shift Drift dates Drift coordinates Distance
Began Ended Start Finish Kilometres Miles
North Pole-1 I.D.Papanin May 21, 1937 February 19, 1938 89°25′N 78°40′W / 89.417°N 78.667°W / 89.417; -78.667 (North Pole-1 (start)) 70°40′N 19°16′W / 70.667°N 19.267°W / 70.667; -19.267 (North Pole-1 (finish)) 2,850 1,770
North Pole-2 M.M.Somov April 2, 1950 April 11, 1951 76°03′N 166°36′W / 76.050°N 166.600°W / 76.050; -166.600 (North Pole-2 (start)) 81°44′N 163°48′W / 81.733°N 163.800°W / 81.733; -163.800 (North Pole-2 (finish)) 2,600 1,600
A.F.Trioshnikov April 4, 1954 April 20, 1955 85°58′N 175°00′W / 85.967°N 175.000°W / 85.967; -175.000 (North Pole-3 (start)) 86°00′N 24°00′W / 86.000°N 24.000°W / 86.000; -24.000 (North Pole-3 (finish)) 1,865 1,159
E.I.Tolstikov April 8, 1954 April 19, 1957 75°48′N 178°25′W / 75.800°N 178.417°W / 75.800; -178.417 (North Pole-4 (start)) 85°52′N 00°00′W / 85.867°N -0.000°E / 85.867; -0.000 (North Pole-4 (finish)) 6,970 4,330
N.A.Volkov April 21, 1955 October 8, 1956 82°10′N 156°51′E / 82.167°N 156.850°E / 82.167; 156.850 (North Pole-5 (start)) 84°18′N 63°20′E / 84.300°N 63.333°E / 84.300; 63.333 (North Pole-5 (finish)) 3,630 2,260
K.A.Sychev April 19, 1956 September 14, 1959 74°24′N 177°04′W / 74.400°N 177.067°W / 74.400; -177.067 (North Pole-6 (start)) 82°06′N 03°56′E / 82.100°N 3.933°E / 82.100; 3.933 (North Pole-6 (finish)) 8,650 5,370
V.A.Vedernikov April 23, 1957 April 11, 1959 82°06′N 164°11′W / 82.100°N 164.183°W / 82.100; -164.183 (North Pole-7 (start)) 85°14′N 33°03′W / 85.233°N 33.050°W / 85.233; -33.050 (North Pole-7 (finish)) 3,520 2,190
North Pole-8 V.M.Rogachyov April 27, 1959 March 19, 1962 76°11′N 164°24′W / 76.183°N 164.400°W / 76.183; -164.400 (North Pole-8 (start)) 83°15′N 132°30′W / 83.250°N 132.500°W / 83.250; -132.500 (North Pole-8 (finish)) 6,090 3,780
V.A.Shamontyev April 26, 1960 March 28, 1961 77°23′N 163°00′E / 77.383°N 163.000°E / 77.383; 163.000 (North Pole-9 (start)) 86°36′N 76°00′W / 86.600°N 76.000°W / 86.600; -76.000 (North Pole-9 (finish)) 2,660 1,650
N.A.Kornilov October 17, 1961 April 29, 1964 75°27′N 177°10′E / 75.450°N 177.167°E / 75.450; 177.167 (North Pole-10 (start)) 88°32′N 90°30′E / 88.533°N 90.500°E / 88.533; 90.500 (North Pole-10 (finish)) 3,960 2,460
N.N.Bryazgin April 16, 1962 April 20, 1963 77°10′N 165°58′W / 77.167°N 165.967°W / 77.167; -165.967 (North Pole-11 (start)) 81°10′N 139°34′W / 81.167°N 139.567°W / 81.167; -139.567 (North Pole-11 (finish)) 2,400 1,500
L.N.Belyakov April 30, 1963 April 25, 1965 76°50′N 165°34′W / 76.833°N 165.567°W / 76.833; -165.567 (North Pole-12 (start)) 81°06′N 145°47′W / 81.100°N 145.783°W / 81.100; -145.783 (North Pole-12 (finish)) 1,595 991
A.Ya. Buzuyev April 22, 1964 April 20, 1967 73°55′N 161°19′W / 73.917°N 161.317°W / 73.917; -161.317 (North Pole-13 (start)) 87°55′N 03°32′E / 87.917°N 3.533°E / 87.917; 3.533 (North Pole-13 (finish)) 3,545 2,203
Yu. B.Konstantinov May 1, 1965 February 12, 1966 72°42′N 175°25′W / 72.700°N 175.417°W / 72.700; -175.417 (North Pole-14 (start)) 76°59′N 154°49′E / 76.983°N 154.817°E / 76.983; 154.817 (North Pole-14 (finish)) 1,040 650
V.V.Panov April 15, 1966 March 25, 1968 78°49′N 168°08′E / 78.817°N 168.133°E / 78.817; 168.133 (North Pole-15 (start)) 85°45′N 10°30′W / 85.750°N 10.500°W / 85.750; -10.500 (North Pole-15 (finish)) 2,330 1,450
Yu. B.Konstantinov April 10, 1968 March 22, 1972 75°31′N 172°00′W / 75.517°N 172.000°W / 75.517; -172.000 (North Pole-16 (start)) 86°00′N 85°27′W / 86.000°N 85.450°W / 86.000; -85.450 (North Pole-16 (finish)) 5,850 3,640
N.I.Blinov April 18, 1968 October 16, 1969 80°30′N 165°26′E / 80.500°N 165.433°E / 80.500; 165.433 (North Pole-17 (start)) 86°48′N 25°20′E / 86.800°N 25.333°E / 86.800; 25.333 (North Pole-17 (finish)) 1,750 1,090
N.N.Ovchinnikov October 9, 1969 October 24, 1971 75°10′N 165°02′W / 75.167°N 165.033°W / 75.167; -165.033 (North Pole-18 (start)) 86°06′N 153°51′E / 86.100°N 153.850°E / 86.100; 153.850 (North Pole-18 (finish)) 5,240 3,260
North Pole-19 A.N.Chilingarov November 7, 1969 April 16, 1973 74°54′N 160°13′E / 74.900°N 160.217°E / 74.900; 160.217 (North Pole-19 (start)) 83°08′N 16°17′E / 83.133°N 16.283°E / 83.133; 16.283 (North Pole 19- (finish)) 6,705 4,166
Yu. P.Tikhonov April 22, 1970 May 17, 1972 75°56′N 175°22′E / 75.933°N 175.367°E / 75.933; 175.367 (North Pole-20 (start)) 81°44′N 166°47′W / 81.733°N 166.783°W / 81.733; -166.783 (North Pole-20 (finish)) 3,780 2,350
G.I.Kizino April 30, 1972 May 17, 1974 74°06′N 178°15′E / 74.100°N 178.250°E / 74.100; 178.250 (North Pole-21 (start)) 86°16′N 143°35′E / 86.267°N 143.583°E / 86.267; 143.583 (North Pole-21 (finish)) 3,605 2,240
V.G.Moroz September 13, 1973 April 8, 1982 76°16′N 168°31′W / 76.267°N 168.517°W / 76.267; -168.517 (North Pole-22 (start)) 86°10′N 00°00′W / 86.167°N -0.000°E / 86.167; -0.000 (North Pole-22 (finish)) 17,069 10,606
V.M.Piguzov December 5, 1975 November 1, 1978 73°51′N 178°25′W / 73.850°N 178.417°W / 73.850; -178.417 (North Pole-23 (start)) 87°40′N 22°31′W / 87.667°N 22.517°W / 87.667; -22.517 (North Pole-23 (finish)) 5,786 3,595
I.K.Popov June 23, 1978 November 19, 1980 76°45′N 163°00′E / 76.750°N 163.000°E / 76.750; 163.000 (North Pole-24 (start)) 86°03′N 29°40′E / 86.050°N 29.667°E / 86.050; 29.667 (North Pole-24 (finish)) 5,652 3,512
V.S.Sidorov May 16, 1981 April 20, 1984 75°01′N 168°35′E / 75.017°N 168.583°E / 75.017; 168.583 (North Pole-25 (start)) 85°50′N 122°15′W / 85.833°N 122.250°W / 85.833; -122.250 (North Pole-25 (finish)) 5,754 3,575
V.S.Sidorov May 21, 1983 April 9, 1986 78°30′N 174°46′E / 78.500°N 174.767°E / 78.500; 174.767 (North Pole-26 (start)) 82°46′N 170°31′W / 82.767°N 170.517°W / 82.767; -170.517 (North Pole-26 (finish)) 5,380 3,340
Yu. P.Tikhonov June 2, 1984 May 20, 1987 78°31′N 160°30′E / 78.517°N 160.500°E / 78.517; 160.500 (North Pole-27 (start)) 86°28′N 09°02′W / 86.467°N 9.033°W / 86.467; -9.033 (North Pole-27(finish)) 5,655 3,514
A.F.Chernyshov May 21, 1986 January 23, 1989 80°40′N 168°29′E / 80.667°N 168.483°E / 80.667; 168.483 (North Pole-28 (start)) 79°40′N 03°09′E / 79.667°N 3.150°E / 79.667; 3.150 (North Pole-28 (finish)) 7,634 4,744
V.V.Lukin June 10, 1987 August 19, 1988 80°22.8′N 112°59′E / 80.3800°N 112.983°E / 80.3800; 112.983 (North Pole-29 (start)) 84°42.8′N 56°34.3′W / 84.7133°N 56.5717°W / 84.7133; -56.5717 (North Pole-29 (finish)) 2,686 1,669
V.M.Piguzov October 9, 1987 April 4, 1991 74°18′N 171°24′W / 74.300°N 171.400°W / 74.300; -171.400 (North Pole-30 (start)) 82°31′N 126°26′W / 82.517°N 126.433°W / 82.517; -126.433 (North Pole-30 (finish)) 7,675 4,769
V.S.Sidorov October 22, 1988 July 25, 1991 76°35′N 153°10′W / 76.583°N 153.167°W / 76.583; -153.167 (North Pole-31 (finish)) 73°33′N 161°04′W / 73.550°N 161.067°W / 73.550; -161.067 (North Pole-31 (finish)) 5,475 3,402
V.S.Koshelev April 25, 2003 March 6, 2004 87°52.5′N 148°03′E / 87.8750°N 148.050°E / 87.8750; 148.050 (North Pole-32 (start)) 84°41′N 03°33′W / 84.683°N 3.550°W / 84.683; -3.550 (North Pole-32 (finish)) 2,418 1,502
A.A.Vishnevsky September 9, 2004 October 5, 2005 85°05′N 156°31′E / 85.083°N 156.517°E / 85.083; 156.517 (North Pole-33 (start)) 86°14′N 95°54′E / 86.233°N 95.900°E / 86.233; 95.900 (North Pole-33 (finish)) 3,156 1,961
T.V.Petrovsky September 19, 2005 May 25, 2006 85°39′N 115°19′E / 85.650°N 115.317°E / 85.650; 115.317 (North Pole-34 (start)) 87°26′N 07°39′E / 87.433°N 7.650°E / 87.433; 7.650 (North Pole-34 (finish)) 2,032 1,263
Vladimir Chupun[56] September 21, 2007 July 22, 2008 81°30′N 103°54′E / 81.500°N 103.900°E / 81.500; 103.900 (North Pole-35 (start)) 81°00′N 31°18′E / 81.000°N 31.300°E / 81.000; 31.300 (North Pole-35 (finish)) 3,614 2,246
North Pole-36 Yuri Katrayev September 7, 2008 August 24, 2009 82°32′N 144°56′E / 82.533°N 144.933°E / 82.533; 144.933 (North Pole-36 (start)) 85°53′N 26°41′W / 85.883°N 26.683°W / 85.883; -26.683 (North Pole-36 (finish)) 2,905 1,805
North Pole-37 Sergey Lesenkov September 7, 2009 May 31, 2010 81°28′N 164°35′W / 81.467°N 164.583°W / 81.467; -164.583 (North Pole-37 (start)) 80°04′N 140°40′W / 80.067°N 140.667°W / 80.067; -140.667 (North Pole-37 (finish)) 2,076 1,290
Tomash Petrovskiy October 14, 2010 September 20, 2011 76°07′N 176°32′W / 76.117°N 176.533°W / 76.117; -176.533 (North Pole-38 (start)) 83°53′N 154°18′W / 83.883°N 154.300°W / 83.883; -154.300 (North Pole-38 (finish)) 3,024 1,879
Alexander Ipatov October 2, 2011 September 15, 2012 84°10′N 148°49′W / 84.167°N 148.817°W / 84.167; -148.817 (North Pole-39 (start)) 83°57′N 96°44′W / 83.950°N 96.733°W / 83.950; -96.733 (North Pole-39 (finish)) 1,885 1,171
Nikolai Fomichev October 1, 2012 June 7, 2013 85°21′N 142°53′W / 85.350°N 142.883°W / 85.350; -142.883 (North Pole-40 (start)) 82°25′N 130°25′W / 82.417°N 130.417°W / 82.417; -130.417 (North Pole-40 (finish)) 1,736 1,079
Dmitrij Mamadaliev April 11, 2015 August 9, 2015 89°34′N 17°08′W / 89.567°N 17.133°W / 89.567; -17.133 (North Pole-2015 (start)) 86°15′N 07°52′W / 86.250°N 7.867°W / 86.250; -7.867 (North Pole-2015 (finish)) 714 444
Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC Expedition) Markus Rex October 4, 2019 July 30, 2020 85°00′N 137°00′E / 85.000°N 137.000°E / 85.000; 137.000 (MOSAiC (start))[57] N/A 1,700 1,100

In fiction[]

Gallery[]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "North Pole drifting stations (1930s-1980s)". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
  2. ^ Alomar Observatory
  3. ^ Barrow Observatory - NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
  4. ^ Soviets gather geographic data in Arctic - CIA
  5. ^ Deserted Buor-Khaya Polar Station
  6. ^ Welcome to the Canadian High Arctic Research Station Campus
  7. ^ On northernmost tip of Eurasian mainland, a showoff of Northern Fleet capacity; Navy vessels put ashore a group of Arctic soldiers at Cape Chelyuskin, 77° North, by Atle Staalesen, The Barents Observer
  8. ^ История полярных арктических станций с 30-х годов XX века (History of polar arctic stations from the 1930s in the XX century)
  9. ^ Churchill Northern Studies Centre
  10. ^ Golomyanniy Station in Severnaya Zemlya
  11. ^ Книга: Два года на северной земле
  12. ^ "ДИКСОН — СНЕЖНОЙ АРКТИКИ СТОЛИЦА. К 90-ЛЕТИЮ НАЧАЛА НАБЛЮДЕНИЙ НА о. ДИКСОН". Archived from the original on November 21, 2011.
  13. ^ Stensdal, Iselin (2013). "Asian Arctic Research 2005-2012" (PDF). Fridtjof Nansen Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  14. ^ Igloolik Research Centre, Igloolik, Igloolik Island, NU
  15. ^ India Deploys its First Sub-Surface Ocean Moored Observatory in the Arctic
  16. ^ International Biological Station (IBS) “Lena-Nordenskiold”, Lena River Delta
  17. ^ Iqaluit Research Centre
  18. ^ Iqaluit Research Centre, Nunavut Arctic College (Nunavut Research Institute)
  19. ^ "Kevo Research Station - Turun yliopisto". Archived from the original on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
  20. ^ "Kigilyakh". Mapcarta. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  21. ^ Kilpisjärvi Biological Station
  22. ^ University of Helsinki - Kilpisjärvi Biological Station
  23. ^ Kluane Lake Research Station
  24. ^ Labytnangi Ecological Research Station
  25. ^ McGill Arctic Research Station (MARS)
  26. ^ [1]
  27. ^ BBC news report
  28. ^ UK Arctic Research Station
  29. ^ Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory
  30. ^ Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory, PEARL
  31. ^ Popov Polar Station
  32. ^ Фотогалерея: 2004 - "Полярное Кольцо" - Местонахождение: 17 мая, Северная Земля, о.Большевик, м.Баранова, п/ст Примах
  33. ^ Nuclear Explosion Monitoring (NEM)
  34. ^ F. Romanenko, O. Shilovtseva. Russian-Soviet polar stations and their role in the Arctic Seas exploration. Moscow State University, Geography Department, 1998
  35. ^ Samoylov Station
  36. ^ FMI ARC
  37. ^ "Polyarnaya Stantsiya Solnechnaya". Mapcarta. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  38. ^ Северный морской путь оснащается современными приборами навигации
  39. ^ Thule Research Station
  40. ^ Toolik Field Station
  41. ^ Luhn, Alec; Hunt, Elle (14 September 2016). "Besieged Russian Scientists Drive Away Polar Bears". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  42. ^ Tuktoyaktuk, N.W.T.
  43. ^ Tundra Ecosystem Research Station
  44. ^ "Tundra Ecosystem Research Station (TERS)". Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  45. ^ Bassford, Robin; Siegert, Martin; Dowdeswell, Julian; Oerlemans, Johannes; Glazovsky, Andrey; Macheret, Yuri (February 2006). "Quantifying the Mass Balance of Ice Caps on Severnaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic. I: Climate and Mass Balance of the Vavilov Ice Cap". Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. university of Colorado. 38 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(2006)038[0001:QTMBOI]2.0.CO;2. hdl:20.500.11820/b0c68834-118f-4e1f-8d83-4768fda0c71f. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  46. ^ Ward Hunt Island Observatory Research Station; Centre d’études nordiques (CEN)/ Centre for Northern Studies
  47. ^ Western Arctic Research Centre
  48. ^ "Western Arctic Research Centre (WARC)". Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  49. ^ CEN Whapmagoostui-Kuujuarapik Research Station
  50. ^ White Sea Biological Station (WSBS MSU)
  51. ^ Willem Barents Biological Station
  52. ^ State Nature Reserve “Wrangel Island
  53. ^ "Ministry of Natural Resources of the russian Federation – History of Wrangel Island". Archived from the original on 2005-02-27. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
  54. ^ Enisei Ecological Station “Mirnoe”
  55. ^ <www.villumresearchstation.dk><Goodsite, M. Skov, H. Asmund, G. Bennike, O. Feilberg, A. Glasius, M. Gross, A. Hermanson, M.H. (2014) Pilot Study of Contaminants near Station Nord, a Military Airbase and Research Station in NE Greenland. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Sustainable Cities and Military Installations: Climate Change Impact on Energy and Environmental Security. Conference paper 177-98. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7161-1_10.>
  56. ^ Скалина, Ирина (10 July 2008). "Опасный дрейф; Полярников эвакуируют на судне "Михаил Сомов"" (web). Российская газета. Retrieved 2008-07-12. (Russian/English) Skalina, Irina (July 10, 2008). "A dangerous drift; Polarnik evacuated on the ship "Mikhail Somov"" (web). Google Translation. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
  57. ^ "MOSAiC - eoportal directory".

External links[]

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