List of revolutions and rebellions

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	Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s here

The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789, during the French Revolution.

Greek War of Independence, (1821–30), rebellion of Greeks within the Ottoman Empire, a struggle which resulted in the establishment of an independent Greece.

This is a list of revolutions, rebellions, insurrections, and uprisings.

BC[]

Revolutionary/rebel victory

Revolutionary/rebel defeat

Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result unknown or indecisive)

Ongoing conflict

Date	Revolution/Rebellion	Location	Revolutionaries/Rebels	Result	Ref
c. 2730 BC	Set rebellion	Egypt	Priests of Horus	Egypt divides into Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt	^[1]
c. 2690 BC	Nubian revolt	Egypt	Nubians	Pharaoh Khasekhemwy quashed the rebellion, reuniting Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt	^[2]
c. 2380 BC	Sumerian revolt	Lagash, Sumer	Sumerians	The popular revolt deposed King Lugalanda and put the reformer Urukagina on the throne.	^[3]
1042–1039 BC	Rebellion of the Three Guards	China	Three Guards, separatists and Shang loyalists	Decisive Zhou loyalist victory, Fengjian system established, Resistance of Shang loyalists is broken.	^[4]
842 BC	Compatriots Rebellion	China	Peasants and soldiers	King Li of Zhou was exiled and China was ruled by the Gonghe Regency until Li's death.	^[5]^[6]
626–620 BC	Revolt of Babylon	Neo-Assyrian Empire	Babylonians, led by Nabopolassar	The Babylonians overthrew Assyrian rule, establishing the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which ruled over the Near East for about a century.	^[7]
570 BC	Amasis revolt	Egypt	Egyptian soldiers	Pharaoh Apries was overthrown and exiled, giving Amasis II the opportunity to seize the throne. Apries later attempted to retake Egypt, with Babylonian support, but was defeated and killed.	^[8]
552–550 BC	Persian Revolt	Persis, Media	Persians, led by Cyrus the Great	Median rule overthrown, Persis and Media become part of the new Achaemenid Empire
522 BC	Anti-Achaemeneid Rebellions	Achaemenid Empire	Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Elamites, Medians and Parthians	Darius the Great quashes all the rebellions within the space of a year.	^[9]
510–509 BC	Roman Revolution	Rome	Republicans	The Roman monarchy was overthrown and in its place the Roman Republic was established.	^[10]
508–507 BC	Athenian Revolution	Athens	Democrats	The Tyrant Hippias was deposed and the subsequent aristocratic oligarchy overthrown, establishing Democracy in Athens.	^[11]
499–493 BC	Ionian Revolt	Ionia, Achaemenid Empire	Greeks	The Achaemenid Empire asserts its rule over the city states of Ionia.	^[12]
494 BC	First secessio plebis	Roman Republic	Plebeians	Patricians freed some of the plebs from their debts and conceded some of their power by creating the office of the Tribune of the Plebs.	^[13]
484 BC	Bel-shimanni's rebellion	Babylon, Achaemenid Empire	Babylonians	Rebellion quickly defeated by Xerxes I.	^[14]
482–481 BC	Shamash-eriba's rebellion	Babylon, Achaemenid Empire	Babylonians	Rebellion eventually defeated by Xerxes I, Babylon's forticiations were destroyed and its temples were ransacked.	^[14]
464 BC	Third Messenian War	Sparta	Messenian Helots	Slave revolt put down by Archidamus II, who called Sparta to arms in the wake of an earthquake.	^[15]
460–454 BC	Inaros' revolt	Egypt, Achaemenid Empire	Inaros II and his Athenian allies	Defeated by the Persian army led by Megabyzus and Artabazus, after a two-year siege. Inaros was captured and carried away to Susa where he was crucified.	^[16]^[17]
449 BC	Second Secessio plebis	Roman Republic	Plebeians	The Senate forced the resignation of the Decemviri and restored both the office of Tribune of the Plebs and the right of appeal, which were suspended during the rule of the Decemvir.	^[18]^[19]
445 BC	Third Secessio plebis	Roman Republic	Plebeians	Intermarriage between Patricians and Plebeians was legalized and the position of Consular Tribune (a Tribune of the Plebs elected with the powers of a consul) was created.	^[20]^[21]
342 BC	Fourth Secessio plebis	Roman Republic	Plebeians		^[20]
287 BC	Fifth Secessio plebis	Roman Republic	Plebeians	The Lex Hortensia was implemented, establishing that the laws decided by the Plebeian Council were made binding on all Roman citizens, including patricians. This law finally eliminated the political disparity between the two classes, bringing the Conflict of Orders to an end after about two hundred years of struggle.	^[22]
241 BC	Revolt of the Falisci	Roman Republic	Falisci	The Falisci were defeated and subjugated to Roman dominance, the town of Falerii was destroyed.	^[23]
209 BC	Dazexiang uprising	China	Villagers led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang	The uprising was put down by Qin forces, Chen and Wu were assassinated by their own men.	^[24]
206 BC	Liu Bang's Insurrection	China	Han forces	The Qin dynasty is overthrown in a popular revolt and after a period of contention, Liu Bang is crowned Emperor of the Han dynasty.
205–185 BC	Great revolt of the Egyptians	Egypt	Egyptians, led by Hugronaphor and Ankhmakis	Revolt put down by the Ptolemaic Kingdom, cementing Greek rule over Egypt.	^[25]
181–179 BC	First Celtiberian War	Hispania, Roman Republic	Celtiberians	Revolt eventually subdued by the Romans.	^[26]
167–160 BC	Maccabean Revolt	Judea, Coele-Syria, Seleucid Empire	Maccabees, led by Judas Maccabeus	Sovereignty of Judea is secured, eventually the independent Hasmonean dynasty is established.	^[27]
154 BC	Rebellion of the Seven States	China	Principalities led by Liu Pi	Rebellion crushed after 3 months, further centralization of imperial power.	^[28]
154–151 BC	Second Celtiberian War	Hispania, Roman Republic	Celtiberians	Rome increased its influence in Celtiberia	^[29]
143–133 BC	Numantine War	Hispania, Roman Republic	Celtiberians	Expansion of the Roman territory through Celtiberia.	^[30]
155-139 BC	Lusitanian War	Lusitania, Roman Republic	Lusitanians, led by Viriatus.	Pacification of Lusitania	^[31]
135–132 BC	First Servile War	Sicily, Roman Republic	Sicilian slaves, led by Eunus	After some minor battles won by the slaves, a larger Roman army arrived in Sicily and defeated the rebels.	^[32]
125 BC	Fregellae's revolt	Fregellae, Roman Republic	Fregellaeans	Fregellae was captured and destroyed by Lucius Opimius	^[33]
104–100 BC	Second Servile War	Sicily, Roman Republic	Sicilian slaves, led by Salvius Tryphon	The revolt was quelled, and 1,000 slaves who surrendered were sent to fight against beasts in the arena back at Rome for the amusement of the populace. To spite the Romans, they refused to fight and killed each other quietly with their swords, until the last flung himself on his own blade.	^[34]
91–88 BC	Social War	Italy, Roman Republic	Italic peoples	Eventually resulted in a Roman victory. However, Rome granted Roman citizenship to all of its Italian allies, to avoid another costly war.	^[35]
88–87 BC	First civil war	Italy, Roman Republic	Populares	The Optimates were victorious and Sulla consolidated his power over Rome.	^[36]
82–81 BC	Second civil war	Italy, Roman Republic	Populares	The Optimates were once again victorious and Sulla established himself as Dictator of Rome.	^[37]
80–71 BC	Sertorian War	Hispania, Roman Republic	Populares	The war ended after the Populares leader Quintus Sertorius was assassinated by Marcus Perperna Vento, who was then promptly defeated by Pompey.	^[38]
77 BC	Lepidus' rebellion	Italy, Roman Republic	Populares	Lepidus was defeated in battle and died from illness, other Populares fled to Spain to fight in the Sertorian War.	^[39]
73–71 BC	Third Servile War	Italy, Roman Republic	Gladiators, led by Spartacus	The armies of Spartacus were defeated by the legions of Marcus Licinius Crassus.	^[40]^[41]
65 BC	First Catilinarian conspiracy	Rome, Roman Republic	Catiline	Lucius Aurelius Cotta and Lucius Manlius Torquatus remain in power as consuls.	^[42]
62 BC	Second Catilinarian conspiracy	Rome, Roman Republic	Catiline	The plot was exposed, forcing Catiline to flee from Rome. Marcus Tullius Cicero and Gaius Antonius Hybrida remain in power as consuls.	^[43]
52–51 BC	Gallic Wars	Gaul	Gauls, led by Vercingetorix	The Gaulic revolt was crushed by Julius Caesar	^[44]
49–45 BC	Great Roman Civil War	Roman Republic	Populares, led by Julius Caesar	Caesar defeated the Optimates, assumed control of the Roman Republic and became Dictator in perpetuity.	^[45]
44–36 BC	Sicilian revolt	Sicily, Roman Republic	Sextus Pompey	Revolt ended in a victory for the Second Triumvirate.	^[46]
38 BC	Aquitanian revolt	Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Republic	Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa	Revolt suppressed by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa.	^[47]
29 BC	Theban revolt	Thebes, Egypt, Roman Republic	Egyptians	Revolt suppressed by Cornelius Gallus	^[48]

1–999 AD[]

Date	Revolution/Rebellion	Location	Revolutionaries/Rebels	Result	Ref
3–6	Gaetulian War	Mauretania, Roman Empire	Gaetuli	Revolt suppressed by Cossus Cornelius Lentulus	^[49]
6	Judas Uprising	Judea, Roman Empire	Zealots led by Judas of Galilee	Riots against the Roman census erupt throughout the country, but others are convinced by the High Priest of Israel to obey the census.	^[50]
6–9	Bellum Batonianum	Illyricum, Roman Empire	Illyrian tribes	Revolt eventually suppressed by the Romans.	^[51]
9–16	Germanic revolt	Germania	Alliance of Germanic tribes, led by Arminius	The Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus were defeated in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, temporarily halting further Roman occupation and colonization.	^[52]
14	Mutiny of the legions	Germania and Illyricum, Roman Empire	Roman legions	Revolt suppressed by Germanicus and Drusus Julius Caesar respectively	^[53]
15–24	Tacfarinas' revolt'	Mauretania, Roman Empire	Musulamii	Revolt suppressed by Publius Cornelius Dolabella	^[54]
17–23	First Red Eyebrow Rebellion	China	Red Eyebrow and Lulin rebels	Xin dynasty overthrown and the Gengshi Emperor is instated on the throne.	^[55]^[56]
24–27	Second Red Eyebrow Rebellion	China	Red Eyebrow rebels	Revolt suppressed by Liu Xiu's forces and the Eastern Han dynasty is established.	^[57]^[58]
21	Gaulish debtors' revolt	Gaul, Roman Empire	Treveri and Aedui	The Treveri revolt was put down by Julius Indus and the Aedui revolt was put down by Gaius Silius.	^[59]
26	Thracian revolt	Odrysian kingdom	Thracians	Revolt suppressed by Gaius Poppaeus Sabinus.	^[60]
28	Revolt of the Frisii	Frisia	Frisii	The Roman Empire is driven out of Frisia.	^[61]
36	Revolt of the Cietae	Cappadocia, Roman Empire		Rebellion put down by Archelaus of Cilicia.	^[62]
40–43	Trung sisters' rebellion	Lĩnh Nam	Vietnamese led by the Trung Sisters	After brief end to the First Chinese domination of Vietnam, the Han dynasty reconquers the country and begins the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.	^[63]
40–44	Mauretanian revolt	Mauretania, Roman Empire	Mauri led by Aedemon and Sabalus	Revolt suppressed by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, Mauretania is annexed directly into the empire and split into the Roman provinces of Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis.	^[64]
42	Camillus' revolt	Dalmatia, Roman Empire	Roman legions led by Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus	Rebellion quickly collapses, Camillus flees to Vis where he takes his own life.	^[65]
46–48	Jacob and Simon uprising	Galilee, Judea, Roman Empire	Zealots	Revolt suppressed, Jacob and Simon executed by Tiberius Julius Alexander.	^[66]
60–61	Boudican revolt	Norfolk, Britain, Roman Empire	Celtic Britons led by Boudica	Revolt crushed by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus.	^[67]
66–73	First Jewish–Roman War	Judea	Jewish people	Revolt crushed by the Roman Empire, Jerusalem and the Second Temple are destroyed in the process.	^[68]
68	Vindex's Revolt	Gallia Lugdunensis, Roman Empire	Gaius Julius Vindex	Vindex was defeated in battle by Lucius Verginius Rufus and committed suicide.	^[69]
69	Colchis uprising	Colchis, Roman Empire	Anicetus	Uprising put down by Roman forces.	^[70]
69–70	Revolt of the Batavi	Batavia	Batavi	Revolt crushed by Quintus Petillius Cerialis and the Batavi again submitted to Roman rule, Batavia is incorporated into the Roman province of Germania Inferior.	^[71]
89	Revolt of Saturninus	Germania Superior, Roman Empire	Lucius Antonius Saturninus	Revolt swiftly crushed by the Roman legions.	^[72]
115–117	Kitos War	Eastern Mediterranean, Roman Empire	Zealots	Revolt crushed by the Roman legions and its leaders executed.	^[73]
117	Mauretanian revolt	Mauretania, Roman Empire	Mauri	Revolt suppressed by Marcius Turbo
132–135	Bar Kokhba revolt	Judea, Roman Empire	Jewish people led by Simon bar Kokhba	All-out defeat of the Jewish rebels, followed by wide-scale persecution and genocide of Jewish people and the suppression of Jewish religious and political autonomy.	^[74]
172	Bucolic war	Egypt, Roman Empire	Egyptians led by Isidorus	Revolt suppressed by Avidius Cassius	^[75]
184–205	Yellow Turban Rebellion	China	Yellow Turban Army led by Zhang Jue	The uprising eventually collapsed and was fully suppressed by various warlords of the Eastern Han dynasty. However, the large devolution of power to regional warlords led to the collapse of the Han dynasty not long after.	^[76]
185–205	Heishan secession	Taihang Mountain, China	Heishan bandits	The autonomous confederacy eventually surrendered to the warlord Cao Cao.	^[77]
185	Roman mutiny	Britain, Roman Empire	Roman legions	Mutiny suppressed by Pertinax.	^[78]
218	Battle of Antioch	Antioch, Syria, Roman Empire	Elagabalus	Elagabalus overthrows Macrinus and is installed as Roman Emperor.	^[79]
225–248	Lady Triệu's uprising	Vietnam	Vietnamese led by Lady Triệu	After several months of warfare Lady Triệu was defeated and committed suicide. The Second Chinese domination of Vietnam continues.	^[80]
227–228	Xincheng Rebellion	Cao Wei, China	Meng Da	The revolt was suppressed by Sima Yi, Meng Da was captured and executed.	^[81]
251	Wang Ling's Rebellion	Shouchon, Cao Wei, China	Wang Ling	Wang Ling surrendered to the Wei forces and later committed suicide.	^[82]
255	Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin's Rebellion	Shouchon, Cao Wei, China	Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin	Cao Wei is victorious, Guanqiu Jian is slain, Wen Qin and his family fled to Eastern Wu.	^[82]
257–258	Zhuge Dan's Rebellion	Shouchon, Cao Wei, China	Zhuge Dan	Cao Wei is victorious and the Sima clan cements control over the Wei government until its eventual demise.	^[82]
284–286	Gallic peasants' rebellion	Gaul, Roman Empire	Bagaudae	Rebellion crushed by Caesar Maximian, though the Bagaudae movement would persist until the Fall of the Western Roman Empire.	^[83]
286–296	Carausian Revolt	Britain and northern Gaul, Roman Empire	Carausius and Allectus	Revolt suppressed, Britain and Gaul retaken.	^[84]
291–306	War of the Eight Princes	China	Princes of the Sima clan	Sima Yue wins the war and gains influence over the Jin emperor but is killed a few years later.	^[85]
304–316	Uprising of the Five Barbarians	North China	Five Barbarians	Rebel victory in northern China; Fall of the Western Jin dynasty in northern China; Formation of the Eastern Jin dynasty in southern China; Rebel victory for Cheng Han's independence; Hubei southern Nanman Aboriginal uprising defeated.	^[86]
293	Revolt of the Thebaid	Thebaid, Roman Empire	Busiris and Qift	Revolt suppressed by Galerius.	^[87]
351–352	Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus	Syria Palaestina, Roman Empire	Jewish people	The Romans crush the revolt and destroy several Jewish cities.	^[88]
398	Gildonic War	Africa, Western Roman Empire		The revolt was subdued by Flavius Stilicho.	^[89]
484	Justa uprising	Samaria, Byzantine Empire	Samaritans	Uprising suppressed by Zeno, who rebuilt the church of Saint Procopius in Neapolis and banned the Samaritans from Mount Gerizim.	^[90]
495	Samaritan unrest	Samaria, Byzantine Empire	Samaritans	Uprising suppressed by the Byzantines.	^[90]
496	Mazdak's Revolt	Sasanian Empire	Mazdakites	Mazdak successfully converted Kavadh I, before the latter was overthrown by the nobility and the former was executed.	^[91]
529–531	Ben Sabar Revolt	Samaria, Byzantine Empire	Samaritans led by Julianus ben Sabar	The forces of Justinian I quelled the revolt with the help of the Ghassanids; tens of thousands of Samaritans died or were enslaved. The Christian Byzantine Empire thereafter outlawed the Samaritan faith.	^[90]
532	Nika revolt	Constantinople, Byzantine Empire	Blue and Green demes	Revolt suppressed, its participants killed and Justinian I's rule over the Byzantine empire is strengthened.	^[92]
541	Vietnamese uprising	Vạn Xuân	Vietnamese led by Lý Nam Đế	The Second Chinese domination of Vietnam is brought to an end, the country declares itself independent as the Kingdom of Vạn Xuân and crowns Lý Nam Đế as the first king of the Early Lý dynasty.	^[93]
556	Samaritan revolt	Samaria, Byzantine Empire	Samaritans and Jewish people	Amantius, the governor of the East was ordered to quell the revolt.	^[90]
572–578	Samaritan revolt	Samaria, Byzantine Empire	Samaritans and Jewish people	Revolt suppressed, the Samaritan faith was outlawed and from a population of nearly a million, the Samaritan community dwindled to near extinction.	^[90]
608–610	Heraclian revolt	Exarchate of Africa, Byzantine Empire	Heraclius the Elder	Phocas executed and Heraclius the Younger is installed as Byzantine Emperor, establishing the Heraclian dynasty.	^[94]
611–617	Anti-Sui rebellions	China	Former Sui officials and peasant rebels	The Sui dynasty is overthrown, followed by the rise of rebel leader Li Yuan, founder of the Tang dynasty.	^[95]
614–625	Jewish revolt against Heraclius	Palaestina Prima, Byzantine Empire	Jewish people	After Palestine was retaken by the Byzantines, Jewish people were massacred and expelled from the region.	^[96]
623–626	Slavic revolt	Avar Khaganate	Slavs led by Samo	Avar rule overthrown, Slavic tribes in the area unify to form Samo's Empire.	^[97]
632–633	Ridda wars	Arabia, Rashidun Caliphate	Arab tribes	Rebels forced to submit to the caliphate of Abu Bakr.	^[98]
656	Siege of Uthman	Medina, Rashidun Caliphate	Egyptians	Uthman assassinated and Ali appointed Caliph	^[99]
656–661	First Fitna	Rashidun Caliphate	Umayyads	Hasan ibn Ali negotiates a treaty acknowledging Muawiyah I as caliph, establishing the Umayyad Caliphate.	^[99]
680–692	Second Fitna	Umayyad Caliphate	Zubayrids, Alids and Kharijites	The Umayyad Caliphate increases its own power, restructuring the army and Arabizing and Islamizing the state bureaucracy.	^[100]
696–698	Sufri revolt	Central Iraq, Umayyad Caliphate	Sufri led by Shabib ibn Yazid al-Shaybani	Defeated by the caliphate, although Sufrism continued to be practiced in Mosul.	^[101]
700–703	Ibn al-Ash'ath's rebellion	Iraq, Umayyad Caliphate	Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath	Revolt suppressed by the caliphate, signalling the end of the power of the tribal nobility of Iraq, which henceforth came under the direct control of the Umayyad regime's staunchly loyal Syrian troops.	^[102]
720–729	Yazid's mutiny	Basra, Umayyad Caliphate	Yazid ibn al-Muhallab	Revolt suppressed by the caliphate.	^[103]
713–722	Annam uprising	Vietnam	Vietnamese led by Mai Thúc Loan	The independent kingdom was put down by a military campaign at the order of the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, continuing the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam	^[104]
734–746	Harith's rebellion	Khurasan, Umayyad Caliphate	Al-Harith ibn Surayj	Harith is killed and the rebellion crushed, although the revolt weakened Arab power in Central Asia and facilitated the beginning of the Abbasid Revolution.	^[105]
740	Zaidi Revolt	Kufa, Umayyad Caliphate	Zayd ibn Ali	The Umayyad governor of Iraq managed to bribe the inhabitants of Kufa which allowed him to break the insurgence, killing Zayd in the process	^[106]
740–743	Berber Revolt	Maghreb, Umayyad Caliphate	Berbers led by Maysara al-Matghari	Umayyads expelled from the Maghreb and several independent Berber states are established in the area.	^[107]
744–747	Third Fitna	Umayyad Caliphate	Pro-Yaman Umayyads, Alids led by Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya, Kharijites led by Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani	Victory of Marwan II and the pro-Qays faction in the inter-Umayyad civil war and anti-Umayyad revolts crushed, although Umayyad authority was now permanently weakened.	^[108]
747–748	Ibadi revolt	South Arabia, Umayyad Caliphate	Ibadis	Umayyad victory in the Hijaz and the Yemen; though Ibadi autonomy is secured in Hadramawt.	^[109]
747–750	Abbasid Revolution	Umayyad Caliphate	Abbasids	Abbasid Caliphate established, bringing an end to the privileged status for Arabs and discrimination against non-Arabs.	^[105]
754	Abdallah's rebellion	Syria, Abbasid Caliphate	Abdallah ibn Ali	Abdallah's army is defeated by Abu Muslim.	^[110]
755	Córdoban revolution	Almuñécar, al-Andalus, Abbasid Caliphate	Ummayads led by Abd al-Rahman I	Umayyads take control of al-Andalus, establishing the Emirate of Córdoba.	^[111]
755–763	An Lushan Rebellion	Yan, China	An Lushan	Yan defeated by the Tang imperial forces, although the Tang dynasty was weakened.	^[112]
762–763	Alid Revolt	Hejaz and Southern Iraq, Abbasid Caliphate	Alids led by Muhammad ibn Abdallah	Revolt suppressed by the caliphate, followed by a large-scaled reprisal campaign against the Alids.	^[113]
772–804	Saxon Wars	Saxony	Saxons	Saxony is annexed into the Frankish empire and the Saxons are forcibly converted from Germanic paganism to Catholicism.	^[114]
786	Alid revolt	Mecca, Hejaz, Abbasid Caliphate	Alids	Revolt crushed by the Abbasid army and members of the Alid house are executed. One of the Alids, Idris ibn Abdallah, fled the battlefield to the Maghreb, where he established the Idrisid dynasty.	^[115]
791–802	Phùng rebellion	Vietnam	Vietnamese led by Phùng Hưng	Briefly ruled the country before the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam is reestablished.	^[116]
793–796	Qays–Yaman war	Syria, Abbasid Caliphate	Qays	Revolt crushed by the Abbasids and their Yamani allies.	^[117]
794–795	Al-Walid's rebellion	Jazira, Abbasid Caliphate	Kharijites led by Al-Walid ibn Tarif al-Shaybani	Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani met the rebels in battle in late 795, at al-Haditha above Hit, and defeated al-Walid in single combat, killing him and cutting off his head. Yazid also killed a large number of the Kharijites and forced the remainder to disperse, and the revolt ended in defeat.	^[118]
811–838	Fourth Fitna	Abbasid Caliphate	Alids led by Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq, Qays led by Nasr ibn Shabath al-Uqayli and Khurramites led by Babak Khorramdin	Al-Ma'mun takes power as Caliph, al-Sadiq is forced into exile, Qays territory is lost and Nasr surrenders to the caliphate, Babak is executed and the Tahirids begin their reign over Khorasan	^[119]
814	al-Ribad rebellion	Guadalquivir, Emirate of Córdoba	Clerics in al-Ribad	Rebellion crushed at Al-Hakam I	^[120]
821–823	Thomas the Slav's rebellion	Anatolia, Byzantine Empire	Thomas the Slav	Thomas is surrendered and executed by the Byzantines	^[121]
824–836	Tunisian mutiny	Tunisia, Ifriqiya, Abbasid Caliphate	Arabs	Aghlabids put down the revolt with the help of the Berbers	^[122]
822	Aristocratic rebellion	Silla	Aristocrats led by Kim Heonchang	The royal faction was able to regain much of the territory that Heonchang's forces had taken. After the fall of Gongju, Gim Heon-chang took his own life.
841–842	Umayyad rebellion	Palestine, Abbasid Caliphate	Umayyads led by Al-Mubarqa	Al-Hidari defeated al-Mubarqa's forces in a battle near Ramlah, al-Mubarqa taken prisoner and brought to the caliphal capital, Samarra, where he was thrown into prison and never heard of again.	^[123]
841–845	Stellinga	Saxony, Carolingian Empire	Saxon freemen and freedmen	Revolt crushed by the Carolingians and their allies in the Saxon nobility.	^[124]
845–846	Jang Bogo's mutiny	Silla	Jang Bogo	Jang Bogo assassinated by an emissary from the Silla court.	^[125]
859–860	Qiu's rebellion	Zhejiang, China	Peasants led by	Rebellion was suppressed by the imperial general Wang Shi.	^[126]
861–876	Saffarid revolution	Sistan, Khorasan, Abbasid Caliphate	Saffarids led by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar	al-Saffar overthrows Abbasid rule over Iran and establishes the Saffarid dynasty.	^[127]
864	Alid uprising	Iraq, Abbasid Caliphate	Alids led by Yahya ibn Umar	The Alids attacked Al-Musta'in's forces, but were defeated and fled, Umar was subsequently executed.	^[128]
865–866	Fifth Fitna	Iraq, Abbasid Caliphate	Al-Mu'tazz	Al-Musta'in deposed as Caliph and succeeded by Al-Mu'tazz.	^[129]
866–896	Kharijite Rebellion	Jazira, Abbasid Caliphate	Kharijites	It was finally defeated after the caliph al-Mu'tadid undertook several campaigns to restore caliphal authority in the region.	^[130]
869–883	Zanj Rebellion	Sawad, Abbasid Caliphate	Zanj	Revolt eventually suppressed by the Abbasids.	^[131]
874–884	Qi rebellion	China	Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao	Rebellions suppressed by the Tang dynasty, which later collapsed due to the destabilization caused by the rebellion.	^[132]
880–928	Bobastro rebellion	Emirate of Córdoba	Muwallads and Mozarabs led by Umar ibn Hafsun	Ibn Hafsun died in 917, his coalition then crumbled, and while his sons tried to continue the resistance, they eventually fell to Abd-ar-Rahman III, who proclaimed the Caliphate of Córdoba.	^[133]
899–906	The Qarmatian Revolution	Eastern Arabia, Abbasid Caliphate	Qarmatians	Qarmatians successfully establish a republic in Eastern Arabia, becoming the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf. The Qarmatians were eventually reduced to a local power by the Abbasids in 976 and annihilated by the Seljuq-backed Uyunid Emirate in 1076.	^[134]
917–924	Bulgarian–Serbian war	Balkans	Serbians led by Zaharija	Serbia is annexed into the First Bulgarian Empire.	^[135]
928–932	Bithynian rebellion	Bithynia, Byzantine Empire	Basil the Copper Hand	The revolt was finally subdued by the imperial army and Basil was executed.	^[136]
943–947	Ibadi Berber revolt	Ifriqiya, Fatimid Caliphate	Ibadi Berbers led by Abu Yazid	Revolt suppressed by the Fatimids, Abu Yazid captured and killed.	^[137]
969–970	First rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger	Caesarea, Byzantine Empire	Phokas family	Rebellion extinguished by Bardas Skleros, Phokas was captured and exiled to Chios, where he stayed for 7 years.	^[138]
976–979	Rebellion of Bardas Skleros	Anatolia, Byzantine Empire	Bardas Skleros	Bardas Phokas the Younger recalled from exile to put down Skleros' rebellion at the Battle of Pankaleia, Skleros seeks refuge in Baghdad.	^[139]
983	Great Slav rising	Elbe, Germany, Holy Roman Empire	Polabian Slavs	Halt to Ostsiedlung.	^[140]
987–989	Second Rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger	Anatolia, Byzantine Empire	Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros	Rebel armies surrendered after the death of Phokas.	^[141]
993–995	Da Shu rebellion	Sichuan, China	Da Shu Kingdom	The Song dynasty was able to suppress the rebellion and restore their rule over the Shu region.	^[142]
996	Peasants' revolt in Normandy	Normandy	Norman peasants	Suppression of the rebellion	^[143]

1000–1499[]

Date	Revolution/Rebellion	Location	Revolutionaries/Rebels	Result	Ref
1034 - 1038	Serb revolt against the Byzantine Empire	Duklja, Byzantine Empire	Serbs lead by Vojislav of Duklja	Revolt suppressed and Vojislav imprisoned, before starting another rebellion which eventually succeeded
1040 - 1041	Uprising of Peter Delyan	Balkan peninsula, Byzantine Empire	Bulgarians lead by Peter Delyan	Rebellion suppressed by Emperor Michael IV	^[144]
1072	Uprising of Georgi Voyteh	Balkan peninsula, Byzantine Empire	Bulgarians lead by Georgi Voyteh	Revolt suppressed by	^[145]
1090	Takeover of Alamut	Alamut, Seljuk Empire	Hashshashin lead by Hassan-i Sabbah	Nizari Ismaili state founded, creating the Order of Assassins

1095: Rebellion of northern nobles against William Rufus.
1125: The Almohads began a rebellion in the Atlas Mountains.
1156: The Hōgen Rebellion succeeded in establishing the dominance of the samurai clans and eventually the first samurai-led government in the history of Japan.
1185: The Bulgarians Rebellion of Asen and Peter against Byzantine Empire.
1209–1211: Quách Bốc Rebellion weakened further the declining Lý Dynasty.
1233–1234: The Stedinger revolt in Frisia caused Pope Gregory IX to call on a crusade.
1237–1239: The Babai Revolt in Anatolia against Seljuks of Rum.
1242–1249: The First Prussian Uprising against the Teutonic Knights, which took place during the Northern Crusades.
1250: The Mamluks killed the last sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty, and established the Bahri dynasty.
1282: The Sicilian Vespers, an uprising against the rule of the French/Angevin king Charles I on the island resulting in thousands of dead French occupiers and a shift in European power.
1296–1328: The First of the Wars of Scottish Independence between Scotland and England, leading to renewed Scottish independence in 1328.
1302: The Battle of the Golden Spurs in Flanders, after which the French were ousted.
1323–1328: The Peasant revolt in Flanders, which began as a series of scattered rural riots in late 1323 and escalated into a full-scale rebellion which ended with the Battle of Cassel.
1332–1357: The second installment of the Wars of Scottish Independence, leading again to renewed Scottish independence from England and the Treaty of Berwick.
1342: The revolt of the Zealots of Thessalonica in the Byzantine Empire.
1343–1345: the St. George's Night Uprising in Estonia.
1354: The revolt of Cola di Rienzi in Rome.
1356–1358: Jacquerie: a peasant revolt in northern France, during the Hundred Years' War.

The end of the unsuccessful Peasants' Revolt in England 1381. Rebel leader Wat Tyler is killed while Richard II watches. A second image within the painting shows Richard addressing the crowd.

1368: Zhu Yuanzhang led peasant Han Chinese in a rebellion against the Mongol Yuan dynasty, establishing the Ming dynasty.
1378: The Revolt of the Ciompi in Florence.
1378–1384: The Tuchin Revolt in southern France.
1381: The Peasants' Revolt, or the Great Rising of 1381, in England.
1382: Harelle, a revolt in the French city of Rouen, followed by another uprising in Paris.
1390s: The revolts that broke out all over Persia while Timur Lenk was away were repressed with ruthless vigour; whole cities were destroyed, their populations massacred, and towers built of their skulls.^[146]
1400–1415 The Welsh revolt led by Owain Glyndŵr.
1404/1408/1413: The Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin was the earliest Bulgarian uprising against Ottoman rule.
1418–1427: Vietnamese led by Lê Lợi revolted against Chinese occupation.
1420: The Bohemian Hussites begin a rebellion against both Catholicism and the Holy Roman Empire. The wars that ensue are known as the Hussite Wars.
1426: Tepanec Civil War a Mesoamerican revolt after a Tepanec king, Tezozomoc, died.
1431–1435: First Irmandiño War in Galicia.
1434–36: The Engelbrekt rebellion breaks out against the Danes.
1437: The Transylvanian peasants revolt using military tactics inspired by the Hussites wars.
1438: Hallvard Graatops Revolt in Norway.
1444–1468: Skenderbeg's rebellion in Ottoman-ruled Albania.
1450: The Kent rebellion led by Jack Cade.
1462–1485: The Rebellion of the Remences in Catalonia.
1467–1470: Second Irmandiño War in Galicia.
1497: The Cornish Rebellion of 1497 in England.

1500–1699[]

Bolotnikov's Battle with the Tsar's Army at Nizhniye Kotly Near Moscow by a Russian painter Ernst Lissner.

Episode of the Fronde at the Faubourg Saint-Antoine by the Walls of the Bastille

Scene from the Moscow Uprising: Natalya Naryshkina shows Ivan V to the Streltsy to prove that he is alive and well.

1499–1501: The Rebellion of the Alpujarras by the Muslim population of the Kingdom of Granada, in response to mass and forced conversion of the Muslim population to the Catholic faith.
1501–1503: The War of Deposition against King Hans of Sweden.
1501–1504: The Alvsson's rebellion against King Hans of Norway
1514: A peasants' war led by György Dózsa in the Kingdom of Hungary.
1515: The Slovene peasant revolt.
1515–1523: The Frisian rebellion of the Arumer Black Heap, led by Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijerd Jelckama.
1516: Trần Cảo Rebellion in Vietnam, against the Lê dynasty.
1519–1523: The first Revolt of the Brotherhoods in Valencia, an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal, and anti-Muslim autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics.
1520–1522: The Revolt of the Comuneros against the rule of Spanish king and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
1521–1523: Gustav Vasa's Rebellion a rebellion in which the nobleman Gustav Vasa successfully deposed King Christian II from the throne of Sweden.
1524–1525: The German Peasants' War of in the Holy Roman Empire.
1526: The slave revolt in San Miguel de Gualdape, the first slave rebellion by the first documented African slaves in the Americas against Spanish colonists.
1531: The Straccioni Rebellion, uprising in Lucca.
1536: The Pilgrimage of Grace against the Reformation of Henry VIII of England.
1540–42: The Mixtón War, uprising of indigenous against Spanish rule in Mexico
1542: The Dacke War in Sweden.
1548: The Revolt of the Pitauds was a French peasants' revolt against the salt tax.
1548–1582: The Bayano Wars, a series of uprisings by the enslaved Bayano of Panama against the Spanish Empire.
1549: The Prayer Book Rebellion in Cornwall and Devon, England.
1549: Kett's Rebellion.
1550–90: The Chichimeca War waged by various indigenous groups in northern Mexico against Spanish expansion.
1566–1648: Eighty Years' War; revolt of the Low Countries against Spain.
1567–1799 and beyond: Philippine revolts against Spain.
1568–1571: The Morisco rebellions in Granada by the remnants of the Morisco community (Spanish Christian converts from Islam ["crypto-Muslims"]) in Habsburg Spain.
1568–1648: The Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule of the Netherlands, establishing the Dutch Republic.
1570–1618: Gaspar Yanga's revolt against Spanish colonial rule in Mexico, it ended with the signing of a treaty with Spain.
1573: The Croatian–Slovene peasant revolt.
1590–1610: The Celali rebellions in Ottoman Anatolia.
1591–1594: The Rappenkrieg was a peasant uprising in Basel over the sales tax on wine and meat.
1594–1595: The Croquant rebellion was a revolt against taxation in Limousin
1594–1603: The Nine Years' War or 'Tyrone's Rebellion' in Ulster, Ireland against English rule in Ireland.
1594: The Banat Uprising.
1596: The Club War uprising in Finland.
1596–97: The Serb Uprising against the Ottomans.
1597: First Guale revolt developed in Florida against the Spanish missions and led by Juanillo (the Juanillo's revolt).
1598: The First Tarnovo uprising was a Bulgarian uprising against Ottoman rule based in the former Bulgarian capital, Tarnovo.
1600: Thessaly Rebellion.
1601: Acaxee Rebellion an insurrection against Spanish rule in Mexico perpetrated by Acaxee Native Americans.
1606–1607: The Bolotnikov rebellion for the abolition of serfdom, which was part of the Time of Troubles in Russia.
1616–1620: The Tepehuán Revolt was when the Tepehuánes of Durango revolted against the Spaniards.
1618–1625: The Bohemian Revolt against the Habsburgs. Rebellion was part of Thirty Years' War.
1631–1634: The Salt Tax Revolt in Biscay.
1637–1638: The Shimabara Rebellion of Japanese Christians.^[147]
1639: The Revolt of the va-nu-pieds against the salt tax in Normandy.
1640: The Portuguese Revolt against Spanish Empire.
1640–1652: The Catalan Revolt.
1640–1644: The Vlach uprising against Habsburg rule in Moravia.
1641: The Irish Rebellion of 1641.
1642–1660: The English Revolution, commencing as a civil war between Parliament and the King, and culminating in the execution of Charles I and the establishment of a republican Commonwealth, which was succeeded several years later by the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell.
1644: The Li Zicheng Uprising overthrew the Ming dynasty.
1645: Second Guale revolt against the Spanish missions in Florida, nearly shaking off the missions.
1647: The Naples Revolt.

The entrance of Bogdan Khmelnytsky to Kiev in 1649
1648: The Khmelnytsky uprising of Cossacks in Ukraine against Polish nobility in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1648: The Moscow salt riot.
1648–1653: The Fronde, a series of civil wars between the French monarchy and the nobility, princes, parlements and common people of France.
1658: The revolt of Abaza Hasan Pasha in the Ottoman Empire.
1659: The Bakhtrioni uprising in Kingdom of Kakheti against the political domination of Safavid Persia.
1664–1670: Magnate conspiracy: The Zrinski, Wesselényi and Frankopan uprising against the Habsburgs.
1665–1709: The Kongo Civil War under the Kingdom of the Congo.
1667–1668: The First Revolt of the Angelets against the salt tax in Vallespir.
1668: The Sikhs in the Anandpur revolted against the Mughal Empire.
1668–1676: The Solovetsky Monastery uprising.
1669: The Jat uprising under Gokula. The Hindu Jats in the Agra district revolted against the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
1670–74: The Second Revolt of the Angelets against the salt tax in Conflent.
1672: The Pasthun rebellion against the Mughals.
1672–1674: The Lipka Rebellion, an uprising of Polish Tatars against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1672–1678: The Messina Revolt. The Sicilian revolt against Spanish rule took place during the Franco-Dutch War of Louis XIV; the rebels were supported by France.
1674–1680: The Trunajaya rebellion. Followers of the Madurese prince Trunajaya rebelled against the Mataram Sultanate. They were ultimately defeated by Mataram with help from the Dutch East India Company.
1675: The Revolt of the papier timbré was an anti-tax revolt in Brittany.
1675–1676: King Philip's War between Indians and English settlers, sometimes called Metacom's Rebellion.
1676: The Bashkir Rebellion against Russian rule.
1676: Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia.
1680–1692: The Pueblo Revolt against Spanish settlers in New Mexico.
1682: The Moscow Uprising of the Moscow Streltsy regiments.
1685: The Monmouth Rebellion and Argyll Rebellion, coordinated attempts to overthrow King James II in England and Scotland respectively.
1686: The Second Tarnovo uprising is a Bulgarian uprising against Ottoman rule based in the former Bulgarian capital, Tarnovo, that was severely crushed by the Ottoman authorities.
1688: Chiprovtsi uprising was an uprising against Ottoman rule organized in northwestern Bulgaria by Roman Catholic Bulgarians, but also involving many Eastern Orthodox Christians.
1688: The Siamese revolution of 1688, the overthrow of pro-foreign Siamese king Narai by Mandarin Phetracha.
1688: The Glorious Revolution in England overthrew King James II and established a Whig-dominated Protestant constitutional monarchy.
1688–1746: The Jacobite risings were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the British Isles occurring between 1688 and 1746.
1687–1689: The Revolt of the Barretinas in Catalonia, prompted by the quartering & upkeep of Spanish soldiers, and intensified by French agents.
1689: Karposh’s Rebellion^[148] was a Bulgarian anti-Ottoman uprising in the Central Balkans that took place in October 1689.
1693: The Second Brotherhood in Valencia, prompted by feudal taxation.
1698: The Streltsy uprising in Russia.

1700–1799[]

The so-called kuruc were armed anti-Habsburg rebels in Royal Hungary between 1671 and 1711.

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781, during the American Revolutionary War.

Depiction of the Battle of Vinegar Hill during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

Battle at "Snake Gully" during the Haitian Revolution against French rule.

1702–1715: The Camisard Rebellion in France.
1703–1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburgs.
1707–1709: The Bulavin Rebellion in Imperial Russia.
1709: Mirwais Hotak, an Afghan tribal leader, led a successful rebellion against Gurgin Khan, the Persian governor of Kandahar.
1709-1710: Pablo Presbere's insurrection against Spanish colonial power
1711: Cary's Rebellion, an uprising against the government in North Carolina.
1712: The Tzeltal Rebellion, multiethnic indigenous rebellion in Mexico against Spanish rule.
1712: The steam engine is invented. This started the Industrial Revolution.
1712: The unsuccessful New York Slave Revolt of 1712.
1715: The First Jacobite rising in the north of England and in Cornwall, advocating the claims of James Stuart, the Old Pretender against the newly installed House of Hanover.
1722: Afghan rebels defeated Shah Sultan Husayn and ended the Safavid dynasty.
1728–1740: The First Maroon War, an uprising of Jamaican Maroons against the British Empire.
1729: Natchez revolt – Attack by the Natchez on French colonists.
1731: Samba rebellion – Plot by African slaves in French Louisiana to rebel.
1733–1734: The slave insurrection on St. John against the Danish Empire, one of the earliest and longest slave revolts in the Americas. The slaves intended to resume crop production under their own free control, but the revolt was crushed by the French.
1739: The Stono Rebellion in the colony of South Carolina, the largest slave uprising in the British-American colonies.
1741: The New York Conspiracy of 1741, a purported plot by slaves and poor whites in the British colony of New York to revolt and level New York City with a series of fires.
1743: The Fourth Dalecarlian rebellion in Sweden.
1744–1829: The Dagohoy rebellion in the Philippines that lasted for 85 years.
1745–1746: The Jacobite rising in Scotland.
1748: Uprising led by Juan Francisco de León in Panaquire, Venezuela, against monopoly interests and the dominance of the Royal Company Guipuzcoana in terms of trade cocoa.
1749: The Conspiracy of the Slaves, a slave rebellion in Malta.
1751–1752: Pima Revolt
1753: A brief and unsuccessful immigrant rebellion during Father Le Loutre's War in Nova Scotia.
1755–1769: The revolution that ended Genoese rule and established a Corsican Republic under Enlightenment principles. The revolution was brought to an end by the French conquest of Corsica
1760: Tacky's War, an uprising of enslaved Akan people against white planters in Jamaica.
1763: The Berbice slave uprising, a slave revolt in Guyana.
1763–1766: Pontiac's War by numerous North American Indian tribes who joined the uprising in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the Great Lakes region.
1765–1783: The American Revolution in eastern North America.
1765: Quito Revolt of 1765, an uprising against the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
1765: Strilekrigen, a farmer's rebellion, that took place in Bergen in Norway.
1768: The Louisiana Rebellion of 1768 by Creole and German settlers objecting to the turnover of the Louisiana Territory from New France to New Spain.
1769–1773: First Carib War, military conflict between the Carib inhabitants of Saint Vincent and British military forces supporting British efforts at colonial expansion on the island.
1770: The Orlov revolt in Peloponnese.
1770: The . The Circassians of the Abdzakh region started a great revolution in Circassian territory in 1770. Classes such as slaves, nobles and princes were completely abolished. The Abdzakh Revolution coincides with the French Revolution. While many French nobles took refuge in Russia, some of the Circassian nobles took the same path and took refuge in Russia.^[149]
1773–1775: Pugachev's Rebellion was the largest peasant revolt in Russia's history. Between the end of the Pugachev rebellion and the beginning of the 19th century, there were hundreds of outbreaks across Russia.^[150]
1775: The Rising of the Priests in Malta.
1775–1783: The American Revolutionary War establishes independence of the thirteen North American colonies from Great Britain, creating the republic of the United States of America.
1771–1802?: The Tây Sơn rebellion, annihilation of the ruling Trịnh and Nguyễn clans as well as the Lê dynasty in Đại Việt.
1780–1782: José Gabriel Condorcanqui, known as Túpac Amaru II, raises an indigenous peasant army in revolt against Spanish control of Peru. Julián Apasa, known as Túpac Katari allied with Túpac Amaru and lead an indigenous revolt in Alto Peru (present-day Bolivia) nearly destroying the city of La Paz in a siege.
1780–1787: The Patriot Revolt against Orangist rule in the Dutch Republic.
1781: The Revolt in Bihar was an uprising by certain chieftains in the Indian state of Bihar against the British East India Company.
1781: The Revolt of the Comuneros against the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
1782: The Sylhet uprising was a religiously-motivated revolt in the Sylhet region against the British East India Company.
1782: The Geneva Revolution, a short-lived revolt by the third estate against the oligarchic Republic of Geneva.
1786–1787: Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts against court proceedings collecting taxes and debts
1786–1787: Lofthusreisingen, a large farmer's rebellion in Agder in Norway.
1787: The Abaco Slave Revolt was the first slave revolt in the Bahamas.
1788: Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion, against the Ottoman Empire
1789–1799: The French Revolution is regarded as one of the most influential of all modern socio-political revolutions and is associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie and the downfall of the aristocracy.
1789–1790: Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands (modern Belgium) crushed in 1790.
1789–1791: Liège Revolution, the price-bishops of Liège were overthrown by a popular uprising
1790: Saxon Peasants' Revolt sparked by noble gamekeeping rights and exacerbated by a harsh winter and summer drought. Raged during summer 1790, but crushed militarily by September.
1790: The first slave revolt in the British Virgin Islands.
1791: Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania, United States.
1791: The Mina conspiracy, a slave revolt in the self-organized African-American Mina community.
1791–1804: The Haitian Revolution: A successful slave rebellion, led by Toussaint Louverture, establishes Haiti as the first free, black republic in modern history.
1792: The Polish War in Defence of the Constitution against the Russian Empire.
1793: Slave rebellion produced in the Guadeloupe island following the outbreak of the French Revolution.
1793: Jumla rebellion, a revolt in Jumla against the Gorkhali conquest
1793–1796: The War in the Vendée was popular uprising against the Republican government during the French Revolution.
1794: The Kościuszko Uprising, also known as the Polish Revolt, led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in a failed attempt to liberate the Commonwealth of Poland from Imperial Russia and Kingdom of Prussia.
1794: Protests over taxes leads to the Whiskey Rebellion in Pittsburgh and the Monongahela Valley. President George Washington invokes martial law and crushes insurrection with 13,000 troops.
1794–1795: The Stäfner Handel uprising in the Republic of Zürich.
1795: The Batavian Revolution overthrows Orangist rule of the Dutch Republic and establishes the Batavian Republic, with French backing.
1795: The Curaçao Slave Revolt against the Dutch Colonial Empire
1795–1796: In those years broke out several slave rebellions in the entire Caribbean, influenced by the Haitian Revolution: in Cuba, Jamaica (Second Maroon War), Dominica (Colihault Uprising), Louisiana (Pointe Coupée conspiracy), Saint Lucia (Bush War, so-called "Guerre des Bois"), Saint Vincent (Second Carib War), Grenada (Fédon's rebellion), Curaçao (led by Tula), Guyana (Demerara Rebellion) and in Coro, Venezuela (led by José Leonardo Chirino).^[151]
1796: The Conspiracy of Equals, a failed attempt to remove the French Directory, and replace its rule with an egalitarian and proto-socialist republic.
1796–1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Qing dynasty of China.
1797: The Spithead and Nore mutinies were two major mutinies by sailors of the British Royal Navy.
1797: 1797 Rugby School Rebellion.
1797: The failed Scottish Rebellion against the Kingdom of Great Britain.
1798: The Irish Rebellion of 1798 failed to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
1798: The Maltese Revolt in September 1798 against French administration in Malta. The French capitulated in September 1800 after they were blockaded inside the islands' harbour fortifications for two years.
1799–1800: Fries's Rebellion was a tax revolt among Pennsylvania Dutch farmers, led by John Fries.

1800–1849[]

Tyrolean Rebellion against the French and Bavarian occupation

pre-1800–1872: Philippines revolts against Spain (See also 1896 and 1898 in this list).
1800: Gabriel Prosser's suppressed slave rebellion in Virginia.
1800–1802: A farmer rebellion in Lærdal, Norway against military conscription.
1803: The rebellion of Robert Emmet in Dublin, Ireland against British rule.

Castle Hill convict rebellion (1804): The Battle of Vinegar Hill.

1803: The Igbo Landing, a slave ship revolt off the coast of St. Simons, Georgia, in which the enslaved Igbo people committed mass suicide rather than submit to slavery in the United States.
1804: Castle Hill convict rebellion.
1804–1817: The Serbian Revolution against Ottoman rule erupts.
1804–1813: The First Serbian uprising against Ottomans.
1805: An unsuccessful slave rebellion at Chatham Manor
1807: Tican's Rebellion in Serbia against Austrian rule.
1808: Rum Rebellion.
1808: Kruščica Rebellion in Serbia against Austrian rule.
1808: The Dos de Mayo Uprising against the occupation of Madrid by French troops.

Siege of Saragossa (1809): The French assault on the San Engracia monastery. (Peninsular War 1808–1814)

1808–1814: The Peninsular War.
1808–1833: Spanish American Wars of independence, successful war in which Simón Bolivar had an important role and, saw the creation of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and many other countries
1809–1810: The rebellion of Velu Thampi Dalawa of Travancore.
1809: The city of Chuquisaca, modern Sucre, starts the Chuquisaca Revolution.
1809: The city of La Paz starts the La Paz revolution, headed by Pedro Murillo.
1809: Tyrolean Rebellion against French occupation forces, crushed after two months with the execution of its main leader Andreas Hofer
1810: The House Tax Hartal was an occasion of nonviolent resistance to protest a tax in parts of British India, with a particularly noteworthy example of hartal (a form of general strike) in the vicinity of Varanasi.
1810: The West Florida rebellion against Spain, eventually becomes a short-lived republic.
1810–1821: The Mexican War of Independence, a revolution against Spanish colonialism.
1810: The Viceroy of the Río de la Plata Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros is deposed during the May Revolution.
1811: Paraguayan Revolt; Successful bloodless overthrow of the Spanish government in Paraguay by José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Fulgencio Yegros, Pedro Caballero and other military members.
1811: The German Coast uprising, a revolt of slaves in parts of the Territory of Orleans, the uprising was the largest slave insurrection in US history.
1812: The peasant rebellion of Hong Gyeong-nae against Joseon Dynasty of Korea.
1812: The Aponte conspiracy, a large-scale slave rebellion in Cuba.

Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814

1814: Norwegian War of Independence.
1814: Hadži Prodan's Revolt in Serbia against Ottoman rule.
1815: George Boxley's slave rebellion in Spotsylvania County, Virginia.
1815–1817: The Second Serbian uprising against Ottomans.
1816: Bussa's rebellion, the largest slave revolt in Barbadian history.
1816–1858: The Seminole Wars, a series of uprisings by the Seminoles against the intensification of United States colonialism in Florida.
1817: The Pernambucan Revolt, a republican separatist movement which resulted in the creation of the short-lived Republic of Pernambuco (7 March 1817 – 20 May 1817).
1817: The Pentrich rising, Derbyshire; an ill-fated attempt to overthrow the Government, unknowingly it was instigated by William Oliver, aka Oliver the Spy. Three men were executed in November 1817, and fourteen men were transported to NSW. The event is known as 'England's Last Revolution' (9–10 June 1817).
1817: The Paika Rebellion was a failed uprising against the British East India Company in the Indian state of Odisha.
1820: The Revolutions of 1820 were a wave of revolutions attempting to establish liberal constitutional monarchies in Italy, Spain and Portugal.
1820: Radical War or "Scottish Insurrection".
1820–1822: Ecuadorian War of Independence, fight between several South American armies and Spain over control of the lands of the Royal Audience of Quito.
1820–1824: The revolutionary war of independence in Peru led by José de San Martín.
1821: Marcos Xiorro's conspiracy to incite a slave revolt in Spanish Puerto Rico.
1821: The Wallachian uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
1821–1829: The Greek War of Independence.
1822: Denmark Vesey's suppressed slave uprising in South Carolina.
1822–1823: The republican revolution in Mexico overthrows Emperor Agustín de Iturbide.

The defeat of the Spanish army at Ayacucho on 9 December 1824 was the definitive end of Spain's empire on the South America mainland.
1822–1825: The Brazilian War of Independence.
1823: The Demerara rebellion of 1823, a non-violent uprising of over 10,000 slaves in Guyana against the British colonial government
1824: The Chumash revolt of 1824, uprising of indigenous people of the Central Coast of California agains the Mexican government
1825: The Decembrist revolt in Russian Empire.
1825–1830: The Java War or Dipanegara Revolution, when the prince of Mataram Islam against the tax and land rent domination from Dutch.
1826: The Janissary revolts in Ottoman Empire.
1826-1827: The Fredonian Rebellion in Texas, a failed local attempt to secede from Mexico
1826–1828: The Lao rebellion an attempted but suppressed rebellion to restore the former kingdom of Lan Xang.
1827–1828: The failed conservative rebellion in Mexico led by Nicolás Bravo.
1828–1834: The Liberal Wars against conservative absolutists restore a liberal constitutional monarchy to Portugal.
1829: The Bathurst War in New South Wales in Australia between Australian Aboriginals and .
1829–1832: The War of the Maidens in Ariège, France. Countrymen dressed as women resisted the new forestry law, which restricted their use of the forest.
1830: The Revolutions of 1830 were a wave of Romantic nationalist revolutions in Europe.
- The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium.
- The July Revolution was a revolt by the middle class against Bourbon King Charles X which forced him out of office and replaced him with the Orleanist King Louis-Philippe (the "July Monarchy").
- The November uprising in Poland against the Russian Empire.
- The Ustertag revolution occurred in the Canton of Zurich.

Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the French revolution of 1830.

1830: The Bathurst Rebellion, a convict uprising near Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia.
1830–1833: Yagan's War, a revolt by the Noongar people against British rule.
1830–1836: The Tithe War was a campaign of civil disobedience in Ireland, in reaction to the enforcement of tithes on the Catholic majority for the upkeep of the established state church – the Church of Ireland.
1831: Nat Turner's slave rebellion, an uprising in Southampton County, Virginia that was suppressed by the United States.
1831: The Merthyr Rising in South Wales.

Fighting in the streets of Lyon during the 1831 revolt

1831, 1834, 1848: The Canut revolts by Lyonnais silk workers (French: canuts)
1831–1832: The Bosnian uprising in Ottoman Empire.
1831–1832: The Baptist War, an eleven-day slave rebellion in the colony of Jamaica.
1832: The June Rebellion in France.
1832-1833: Anastasio Aquino's Rebellion
1832–1843: Abdelkader's rebellion in French-occupied Algeria.
1833–1835: Lê Văn Khôi revolt in Vietnam, against Nguyễn dynasty
1834–1859: Imam Shamil's rebellion in Russian-occupied Caucasus.
1835–1836: Texas secedes from Mexico in the Texas Revolution.
1835: The Malê revolt, a rebellion of the enslaved Yoruba people against the Empire of Brazil.
1835–1845: The Ragamuffin War, Separatists gauchos revolutionaries declared the independence of the Rio Grande do Sul from Brazil.
1837: Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico), also known as the Chimayó Rebellion, against the Mexican governor of New Mexico
1837–1838: The Rebellions of 1837 and the Upper Canada Rebellion: failed republican revolutions against British rule in Canada.
1839: The Amistad Rebellion, a slave ship revolt that was initially successful but ended with the eventual capture of the slaves by the United States.
1839–1843: The Rebecca Riots were a series of protests undertaken by farmers and agricultural workers in Wales, in response to perceived unfair taxation
1841: Creole revolt, a successful slave revolt aboard the Creole, ending with their arrival at Nassau, where slavery was abolished.
1841-1842: Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island
1841–1842: The Afghan uprising. Hostile Afghan tribes massacred Elphinstone's British army including some 12,000 civilian dependents and camp followers.^[152]
1842: The Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, an attempted escape of slaves from the Cherokee, that ended with their capture.
1846: The Greater Poland uprising against Austrian rule.
- The failed Kraków uprising ends in slaughter.
1846: Bear Flag Rebellion in Alta California, quickly subsumed in the U.S. military takeover of the territory
1847: The Caste War of Yucatán, revolt of Maya against the Mexican state.
1847: The Taos Revolt in New Mexico against the United States.
1847: The Sonderbund War, a revolt by the Swiss Confederation against the centralization of power by Catholic cantons, resulting in the rise of Switzerland as a federal state.

Cheering revolutionaries during the Revolutions of 1848

1848: The Revolutions of 1848 were a wave of failed liberal and republican revolutions that swept through Europe.
- The French Revolution of 1848 led to the creation of the French Second Republic.
- The Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states.
- The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states.
- The Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
  - The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 grew into a war for independence from Austrian Empire.
  - The Slovak Uprising of 1848–49.
- The Revolutions of 1848 in the Danish States started in the German speaking cities of Altona and Kiel. It spilled into a peaceful revolution in Copenhagen, which abolished absolutism in favor of parliamentary constitutional monarchy, and a counter-revolutionary war against the German speaking minority.
- The March Unrest.
- The Czech Revolution of 1848.
- The Greater Poland uprising.
- The Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 took place during the Great Famine.
- Serbian Revolution of 1848.
- Wallachian Revolution of 1848.
- Moldavian Revolution of 1848.
1848: Matale Rebellion A rebellion in British-ruled Ceylon.

1850–1899[]

Battle of the Yangtze during the Taiping Rebellion.

A scene from the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Execution of mutineers by blowing from a gun by the British, 8 September 1857.

Confederate soldiers killed behind wall during the Battle of Chancellorsville of the American Civil War.

Paris Commune, 29 May 1871

The Herzegovina uprising of 1875–1877 was an uprising led by Christian population, mostly Serbs, against the Ottoman Empire

Boxer rebellion fighting Eight-Nation Alliance

The current Puerto Rican Flag was flown for the first time in Puerto Rico by Fidel Vélez and his men during the "Intentona de Yauco" revolt

1851–64: The Taiping Rebellion by the God Worshippers against the Qing dynasty of China. In total between 20 and 30 million lives had been lost, making it the second deadliest war in human history.
1852: The Kautokeino rebellion in Kautokeino, Norway.
1852–62: The Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) in Ottoman Herzegovina.
1853–55: The Small Knife Society rebellion in Shanghai, China.
1854: A revolution in Spain against the Moderate Party Government.
1854: The Eureka Rebellion (Eureka Stockade) in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. Miners battled British Colonial forces against taxation policies of the Government.
1854–56: Peasant Rebel in Vietnam, led by Cao Ba Quat, against Nguyễn dynasty.
1854–56: The Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856) in Guangdong (Canton), China.
1854–73: The Miao Rebellion in China.
1854–55: The Revolution of Ayutla in Mexico.
1855–73: The Panthay Rebellion by Chinese Muslims against the Qing dynasty.
1857: The Indian rebellion against British East India Company, marking the end of Mughal rule in India. Also known as the 1857 War of Independence and, particularly in the West, the Sepoy Mutiny.
1858: The Mahtra War in Estonia.
1858: Pecija's First Revolt, in Ottoman Bosnia.
1858–61: The War of the Reform in Mexico.
1859: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, an effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in Southern states by taking over Harpers Ferry Armory in Virginia.
1859: The Second Italian War of Independence.
1861–65: The American Civil War in the United States, between the United States and the Confederate States of America, which was formed out of eleven southern states.
- 1863–65: A counter-rebellion occurred in the self-declared Free State of Jones in Mississippi.
1861–66: Quantrill's Raiders in Missouri.
1862: The Sioux Uprising in Minnesota.^[153]
1862–77: The Muslim Rebellion by Chinese Muslims against the Qing dynasty.
1863: The New York Draft riots.^[154]
1863–65: The January Uprising was the Polish uprising against the Russian Empire.
1864–65: The Mejba Revolt was a rebellion in Tunisia against the doubling of an unpopular poll tax imposed by Sadok Bey.
1865: The Morant Bay rebellion.
1866: The Uprising of Polish political exiles in Siberia.
1866–68: The Meiji Restoration and modernization revolution in Japan. Samurai uprising leads to overthrow of shogunate and establishment of "modern" parliamentary, Western-style system.
1867: The Fenian Rising: an attempt at a nationwide rebellion by the Irish Republican Brotherhood against British rule.
1868: The Glorious Revolution in Spain deposes Queen Isabella II.
1868: The Grito de Lares was the first major revolt against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico. The rebels proclaimed the independence of Puerto Rico from Spain.
Ten Years' War (1868–1878), also known as the Great War (Guerra Grande) and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain, led by Cuban-born planters (especially by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes) and other wealthy natives.
1869–70: The Red River Rebellion, the events surrounding the actions of a provisional government established by Métis leader Louis Riel at the Red River Colony, Manitoba, Canada.
1871: The Paris Commune.
1871–72: Porfirio Díaz rebels against President Benito Juárez of Mexico.
1871: The liberal revolution in Guatemala.
1873: The Petroleum Revolution in the First Spanish Republic.
1873–74: The Cantonal rebellion in the First Spanish Republic.
1875: The Deccan Riots.
1875: The Stara Zagora Uprising, a revolt by the Bulgarian population against Ottoman rule.
1875–76: The Svaneti uprising of 1875–1876
1875–78: The Great Eastern Crisis:
- 1875–77: The Herzegovinian rebellion, the most famous of the rebellions against the Ottoman Empire in Herzegovina; unrest soon spread to other areas of Ottoman Bosnia.
- 1876: The April uprising, a revolt by the Bulgarian population against Ottoman rule.
  - 1876: The Razlovtsi insurrection, a revolt by the Bulgarian population against Ottoman rule, part of the April Uprising.
- 1876–78: Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
- 1876–78: Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78)
- 1877–78: Romanian War of Independence
- 1878: Kumanovo Uprising
- 1878: Kresna–Razlog uprising, a revolt by the Bulgarian population against Ottoman rule.
- 1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion
- Epirus Revolt of 1878
- Cretan Revolt (1878)
1876: The second rebellion by Porfirio Díaz against President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada of Mexico.
1877: The Satsuma Rebellion of Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government.
1879: Little War (Cuba) or Small War, second of three conflicts between Cuban rebels and Spain. It started on 26 August 1879 and ended in rebel defeat in September 1880.
1879–1882: The Urabi Revolt: an uprising in Egypt on 11 June 1882 against the Khedive and European influence in the country. It was led by and named after Colonel Ahmed Urabi.
1880–1881: The Brsjak revolt.
1883: The Timok Rebellion was a popular uprising that began in eastern Serbia.
1885: A peasant revolt in the Ancash region of Peru led by Pedro Pablo Atusparía succeeds in occupying the Callejón de Huaylas for several months.
1885–96: Cần Vương movement of Vietnam, led by emperor Hàm Nghi, against French colonialism
1885: The North-West Rebellion of Métis in Saskatchewan.
1885: Bulgarian unification - accomplished after revolts in Eastern Rumelian towns, followed by a coup.
1888: The Peasant Rebellion in Banten, Indonesia.
1890–1914: The Saminism Movement in Indonesia.
1890: Revolution of the Park, Argentina.
1893: Revolution of 1893, Argentina
1893: A liberal revolt brings José Santos Zelaya to power in Nicaragua.
1894–95: The Donghak Peasant Revolution: Korean peasants led by Jeon Bong-jun revolted against Joseon Dynasty; the revolt was crushed by Japanese and Chinese intervention, leading to First Sino-Japanese War.
1895: The revolution against President Andrés Avelino Cáceres in Peru ushers in a period of stable constitutional rule.
1895–1896: The First Italo-Ethiopian War in which Ethiopians fought against Italians colonizers.
Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898), the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, being this initiated by José Martí.
1896: Yaqui Uprising in Sonora and Arizona
1896–98: The Philippine Revolution, a war of independence against Spanish rule directed by the Katipunan society.
1897: The Intentona de Yauco (Attempted Coup of Yauco), was the second and last major revolt against Spanish colonial rule in Puerto Rico, staged by Puerto Rico's pro-independence movement.
1898: The Dukchi Ishan (Andican Uprising): Kirgiz, Uzbek, and Kipcak peoples rebelled against Tsarist Russia in Turkestan (Fargana Valley).
1898: The Hut Tax War was a resistance in the newly annexed Protectorate of Sierra Leone to a new, severe tax imposed by the colonial military governor.
1898: The Dog Tax War was a confrontation between the Colony of New Zealand and a group of Northern Māori, led by Hone Riiwi Toia, opposed to the enforcement of a 'dog tax'.
1898: The Wilmington insurrection of 1898, A mob of white supremacists forced out the city government of Wilmington, North Carolina.^[155]
1899: The tancament de caixes, a tax revolt in Barcelona.
1899–1902: The Philippine–American War, an insurgency against the imposition of colonial rule by the United States following the transfer of the Philippines from Spain to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War.
1899–1901: The Boxer Rebellion against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Qing dynasty, which was defeated by the Eight-Nation Alliance.
1899–1962: The Mau was a non-violent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule (by Germany and then New Zealand) during the first half of the 20th century.

1900s[]

Demonstrations in Istanbul during the Young Turk Revolution

1901–1936: Holy Man's Rebellion.
1903: The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising breaks out in the Ottoman Empire.
1904: A liberal revolution in Paraguay.
1904–1908: Macedonian Struggle.
1904–1908: Herero Wars.
1905: Argentine Revolution of 1905.
1905–1906: The Persian/Iranian constitutional revolution.
1905–1906: The Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa.
1905: Shoubak Revolt.
1905: Łódź insurrection.
1905–1907: Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–07).
1905–1906: 1905 Tibetan Rebellion.
1905–1907: 1905 Russian Revolution, which was abortive and ultimately crushed, though forming the critical precedent for the 1917 Russian Revolution.
1906: Bambatha Rebellion.
1906–1908: Theriso revolt.
1907: The Romanian Peasants' Revolt.
1908: The Young Turk Revolution: Young Turks force the autocratic ruler Abdul Hamid II to restore parliament and constitution in the Ottoman Empire.
1909: HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën (1909).
1909: Hauran Druze Rebellion.

1910s[]

Leaders of the 1910 revolt after the First Battle of Juárez. Seen are José María Pino Suárez, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco I. Madero (and his father), Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa, Gustavo A. Madero, Raul Madero, Abraham González, and Giuseppe Garibaldi II

Establishment of Republic of China Hubei Military Government on 11 October 1911, the day after Wuchang uprising

1917 – Execution at Verdun during the winter of 1916

1910–1920: The Mexican Revolution overthrows the dictator Porfirio Díaz; seizure of power by the National Revolutionary Party (later called Institutional Revolutionary Party).
1910: The republican revolution in Portugal.
1910: The Albanian Revolt of 1910 against Ottoman centralization policies in Albania.
1910–1911: The Sokehs Rebellion erupts in German-ruled Micronesia. Its primary leader, , is executed soon after being captured.
1911–1912: The Xinhai Revolution overthrows the ruling Qing dynasty and establishment of the Republic of China.
1911–1912: The East Timorese rebellion against colonial Portugal.
1912: The Albanian Revolt of 1912 against Ottoman Empire rule in Albania.
1913: The Second Revolution against President Yuan Shikai of China.
1914: The Ten Days War was a shooting war involving irregular forces of coal miners using dynamite and rifles on one side, opposed to the Colorado National Guard, Baldwin Felts detectives, and mine guards deploying machine guns, cannon and aircraft on the other, occurring in the aftermath of the Ludlow massacre. The Ten Days War ended when federal troops intervened.
1914–1915: The Boer Revolt against the British in South Africa.
1914: The revolt of Peasants of Central Albania overthrows Prince William of Wied.
1915: The Armenian revolt in city of Van against the Ottomans in Turkey.
1915–1916: The National Protection War against the Empire of China headed by Emperor Yuan Shikai. The Republic of China was restored.
1916: The Easter Rising in Dublin, Ireland during which the Irish Republic was proclaimed.
1916: An anti-French uprising in Algeria.
1916: The Central Asian Revolt started when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service.
1916: Cochinchina uprising of Vietnam against French colonialism
1916–1917: The Tuareg rebellion against French colonial rule of the area around the Aïr Mountains of northern Niger.
1916–1918: The Arab Revolt with the aim of securing independence from the Ottoman Empire.
1916–1923: The Irish War of Independence, the period of nationalist rebellion, guerrilla warfare, political change and civil war which brought about the establishment of the independent nation, the Irish Free State. Sparking the Irish Civil War between pro-treaty forces and pro-republic forces
1916–1947: The Indian people's struggle against the British for Indian Independence.
1917: The French Army Mutinies.
1917: Thái Nguyên uprising of Vietnam, led by Trinh Van Can, against French colonialism
1917: The February Revolution made Tsar Nicholas II abdicate and abolishes the Russian monarchy
1917: The Green Corn Rebellion takes place in rural Oklahoma.
1917: The October Revolution in Russia: Bolsheviks take over the provisional government of the Russian Republic, instituting the first socialist society in the world. The chaos leads to the final collapse of the Russian Empire as many peripheral territories declare independence and anti-Bolshevik forces rose in revolt against the new Soviet Russian order, sparking the Russian Civil War, eventually leading to the establishment of the Soviet Union.
1917–1921: The Ukrainian Revolution: Nationalists and Soviet allies both declare separate republics in Ukraine, fighting anarchists under Nestor Makhno as well as White forces loyal to the Ukrainian State, a German puppet state.
1918: The Finnish Civil War: Finnish Red Guards sympathetic to the Bolsheviks in Russia rise in revolt against the newly independent Finnish Whites, supported by the German Empire.
1918: The Wilhelmshaven mutiny.
1918: The German Revolution overthrows the Kaiser; establishment of the Weimar Republic after a brief socialist uprising by the Spartacists.
1918–1919: A wave of strikes and student unrest shakes Peru. These events influence two of the dominant figures of Peruvian politics in the 20th century: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre and José Carlos Mariátegui.
1918–1919: The Greater Poland Uprising, Polish uprising against German authorities.
1918–1919: The 1919 Egyptian revolution against the British occupation of Egypt.
1918–1920: The Georgian–Ossetian conflict, the southern Ossetians revolted against Georgian rule.^[156]
1918–1922: The Third Russian Revolution, a failed anarchist revolution against Bolshevism.
1918–1931: The Basmachi Revolt against Soviet Russia rule in Central Asia.
1919: The Christmas uprising in Montenegro: Montenegrins (Zelenaši) rebelled against unification of the Kingdom of Montenegro with the Kingdom of Serbia.
1919: The Sette Giugno (Malta).
1919–1920: Iraqi revolt against the British and British-Indian troops, attempting to create a Muslim regime or the restoration of Ottoman rule.
1919–1921: The Tambov Rebellion, one of the largest peasant rebellions against the Bolshevik regime during the Russian Civil War.
1919–1921: The Silesian uprisings of the ethnic Poles against Weimar rule.
1919–1922: The Turkish War of Independence commanded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
1919: Simko Shikak revolt in Persia.
1919: A revolution in Hungary, resulting in the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic.
1919: March 1st movement In Korea against the Japanese occupation (1910). Ultimately fails

1920s[]

Riffian Berber rebels during the Rif War in Spanish Morocco, 1922

1920: The Pitchfork uprising was a peasant uprising against the Soviet policy of the war communism in what is today Tatarstan.
1920–1922: Patagonia Rebelde, the uprising and violent suppression of a rural workers' strike in the Argentine province of Santa Cruz in Patagonia between 1920 and 1922.
1920–1922: Gandhi led Non-cooperation movement.
1920: The Husino uprising in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
1921: The Battle of Blair Mountain ten to fifteen thousand coal miners rebel in West Virginia, assaulting mountain-top lines of trenches established by the coal companies and local sheriff's forces in the largest armed, organized uprising in American labor history.
1921: The Kronstadt rebellion of Soviet sailors against the government of the early Russian SFSR.
1921: The Poplar Rates Rebellion.
1921: The rebellion of Mirdita led by Markagjoni declares the independence of Republic of Mirdita from Albania.
1921–1922: The Karelian Uprising
1921–1923: The Yakut Revolt.
1921–1924: A revolution in (Outer) Mongolia re-establishes the country's independence and sets out to construct a Soviet-style socialist state.
1921: The Moplah rebellion, uprising against the colonial British authority and Hindu landlords in the Malabar in South India by Mappila Muslims, aftermath of a series of peasant uprising in the past centuries.
1922: The March on Rome, organized mass demonstration which resulted in Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party acceding to power in the Kingdom of Italy.
1922: The Bondelswarts Rebellion by Khoikhoi people against the apartheid regime of South West Africa.
1922–1923: The Irish Civil War, between supporters of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the government of the Irish Free State and more radical members of the original Irish Republican Army who opposed the treaty and the new government.
1923: Bajram Curri attacks gendarmerie of Kruma, Albania.
1923: The founding of the Republic of Turkey by overthrow of the Ottoman Empire and introduction of Atatürk's Reforms.
1923: The Klaipėda Revolt in the Memel territory that had been detached from Germany after World War I.
1923: The Adwan Rebellion in Jordan.
1924–1925: The Khost rebellion in Afghanistan.
1924: The August Uprising in Georgia against Soviet rule.
1925: The Sheikh Said Rebellion.
1925: The July Revolution in Ecuador.
1925–1927: The Great Syrian Revolt, a revolt initiated by the Druze and led by Sultan al-Atrash against French Mandate.
1926: Angry catholic peasants of Dukagjin, Shkodër fight against army and gendarmerie.
1926: The National Revolution in Portugal initiated a period known as the National Dictatorship.
1926–1929: The Cristero War in Mexico, an uprising against anti-clerical government policy.
1926–1927: The first Communist rebellion in Indonesia against colonialism and imperialism of Dutch colonial government.
1927: KMT Military forces in Nanchang uprising under the leadership of He Long and Zhou Enlai, attempting to seize control of the city after the end of the first Kuomintang-Communist alliance, marking the Nanchang uprising and the establishment of the People's Liberation Army.
1927: Sheikh Abdurrahman rebellion by Kurdish Zazas against Turkey.
1927–1930: The Wahhabi Rebellion of Ikhwan against Ibn Saud in Arabia.
1927–1931: The Ağrı Rebellion by Kurds against Turkey.
1927–1933: A rebellion led by Augusto César Sandino against the United States presence in Nicaragua.
1928–1931: A rebellion led by Bhagat Singh against the British Rule in India.
1929: The Women's War broke out when thousands of Igbo women traveled to the town of Oloko to protest against the Warrant Chiefs, whom they accused of restricting the role of women in the government.

1930s[]

Soldiers assembled in front of the Throne Hall, Siam, 24 June 1932

Austrian Civil War: Army soldiers take position in front of the Vienna State Opera

1930: The Brazilian Revolution of 1930 led by Getúlio Vargas.
1930–1931: Nghe-Tinh Revolt in Vietnam, led by the Communist Party of Indochina, against French colonialism.
1930–1934: The Saya San Rebellion in British Burma, led by Saya San, against British rule in Burma.
1930: Yên Bái mutiny of Vietnam, led by Vietnamese Nationalist Party, against French Occupation.
1930: The Salt Satyagraha, a campaign of non-violent protest against the salt tax in British India.
1932: The Constitutionalist Revolution against provisional president Getúlio Vargas led Brazil to a short civil war.
1932: The Aprista revolt in Trujillo, Peru.
1932: The 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising, known as La matanza ("The Slaughter"), Pipil and peasant rebellion led by Farabundo Martí
1932: The Siamese coup d'état of 1932, sometimes called the "Promoters Revolution", ends absolute monarchy in Thailand.
1933: The popular revolution against Cuban dictator Gerardo Machado.
1933: Dutch sailors on the cruiser HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën mutiny.
1934: Latvian coup d’état by Latvian prime minister Kārlis Ulmanis against the parliamentary system in Latvia. Lasted until 1940.
1934: The Austrian Civil War between paramilitary forces of socialist Schutzbund and fascist Heimwehr
1934: The Spanish Revolutionary General Strike of October took place during the black biennium of the Second Spanish Republic.
1935: Muharrem Bajraktari, former Aide-de-camp of King Zog, led a revolt against government in North Albania.
1935: A secret anti-Zogist organization led an uprising against the Albanian government and King Zog in Fier and Lushnje.
1935–1936: Iraqi Shia revolts against Hashemite central rule.
1935: Imam Reza shrine rebellion in Iran of Shi'ite radicals against Reza Shah.
1935–1936: Second Italo-Ethiopian War in which Ethiopians resisted Italian occupation.
1936: The Febrerista Revolution, led by Rafael Franco, ended oligarchic Liberal Party rule in Paraguay.
1936: The Spanish Revolution, a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.
1936: The Portuguese Naval revolt against the Estado Novo regime.
1936–1939: Arab revolt in Palestine against the British Mandate.
1936–1939: Spanish Civil War.
1936–1939: David Toro seizes power in Bolivia, initiating a period of so-called "military socialism", including nationalization of Standard Oil and passage of progressive labor laws, and establishing a corporative state in 1938.
1937–1938: The Dersim Rebellion, the most important Kurdish rebellion in modern Turkey.^[157]
1937: The Fets de Maig or "May Days", a major strike in Catalonia, Spain.
1937: The Revolt of Delvina, a revolt of gendarmerie and local peasants against King Zog.
1938: Sudeten German uprising orchestrated by Sudeten German Party against Czechoslovakia.
1939–1965: Spanish Maquis insurgency
1939–1940: The Irish Republican Army attempt a sabotage campaign against British rule in Northern Ireland
1939–1945: Resistance during World War II

1940s[]

Patrol of Lieut. Stanisław Jankowski ("Agaton") from Battalion Pięść, 1 August 1944: "W-hour" (17:00)

The PLA enters Beijing in the Pingjin Campaign and control the later capital of PRC

1940–1944: The Insurgency in Chechnya.
1940: Cochinchina Uprising of Vietnam, led by Viet Minh, against French and Japanese Occupation
1940-1944: French Resistance
1940: Bac Son Uprising of Vietnam, led by Viet Minh, against French and Japanese Occupation
1940–1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah's struggle for a separate state for the Muslims of India.
1941: The June Uprising against the Soviet Union in Lithuania.
1941: Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom, Romania
1941–1945: Yugoslav People's Liberation War against the Axis Powers in World War II.
1941–1944: Greek Resistance
1941: Do Luong Mutiny of Vietnam, led by Doi Cung, against French occupation
1942: Sri Lankan soldiers ignite the Cocos Islands Mutiny in an unsuccessful attempt to transfer the islands to Japanese control.
1942: The destruction of the German garrison in Lenin.
1942–1944: The Irish Republican Army tries to start a new campaign in Northern Ireland called the Northern Campaign and fails
1943: The Warsaw Ghetto uprising.
1943: The uprising at Treblinka extermination camp.
1943: The uprising at Sobibór extermination camp.
1943: The Woyane Rebellion in northern Ethiopia threatens to topple the newly restored government, and is put down with British help.
1943–1945: Italian Resistance Movement against the Fascist Italian Social Republic, culminating in 25 April final insurrection in Northern Italy.
1944: The Guatemalan Revolution overthrows the dictator Federico Ponce Vaides by liberal military officers.
1944: The Warsaw uprising was an armed struggle during the Second World War by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule. It started on 1 August 1944.
1944: The Paris Uprising staged by the French Resistance against the German Paris garrison.
1944: The Slovak National uprising against Nazi Germany.
1944: The uprising at Auschwitz extermination camp.
1944–1947: The Jewish insurgency in Palestine.
1944–1947: A Communist-friendly government was installed in Bulgaria following a coup d'état and the Soviet invasion.
1944: Following the liberation of Albania, the Communist Party of Albania under Enver Hoxha consolidated its control and declared the People's Republic of Albania in January 1946.
1944–1949: The Greek Civil War.
1944–1965: The Forest Brothers Rebellion in Baltic states against Soviet Union.
1945: The first anti-communist revolt in Eastern Europe in Koplik, Albania led by bayraktars and intellectuals.
1945–1949: The Indonesian National Revolution against Dutch after their independence from Japan. Led by Sukarno, Hatta, Tan Malaka, etc. with the Dutch led by Van Mook.
1945: The Prague uprising against German occupation during World War II.
1945: Ba To Uprising of Vietnam, led by Viet Minh, against French and Japanese Occupation
1945: The August Revolution led by Ho Chi Minh and Viet Minh declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from French rule.
1945: A democratic revolution in Venezuela, led by Rómulo Betancourt.
1946: The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny takes place in Bombay, and spreads to different parts of British India, demanding Indian independence.
1946 — 1951: Telangana Rebellion a Communist-led Peasant rebellion in Telangana and Hyderabad, India, ("Telangana Peasants Armed Struggle") was a Peasant rebellion against the feudal lords of the Telangana region in the princely state of Hyderabad, and later the Indian government.
1946: Another attempt of anti-communist forces in Albania to take out the government takes place in Shkodër.
1946: The Battle of Athens, Tennessee (aka the McMinn County War); a local revolt against officials accused of rigging local elections.
1947: Three months after an abortive coup, civil war broke out in Paraguay. The rebellion was crushed by the government of dictator Higinio Morínigo.
1947 : Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan waged and led a guerrilla war against the Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir and formed a revolutionary Government on 24 October under his Presidency. He captured a large area of Kashmir called Azad Kashmir.
1947–1952: In the Albanian Subversion, the intelligence services of the United States and Britain deployed exiled fascists, Nazis, and monarchists in a failed attempt to foment a counterrevolution in Communist-ruled Albania.
1947: Angami Zapu Phizo declared the independence of Nagaland from India only to be subdued by the Indian army.
1947: The 228 Massacre occurred following discontent and resentment of the native Taiwanese under the early rule of the KMT of the island.
1947: India wins independence from Britain.
1948: The Costa Rican Civil War precipitated by the vote of the Costa Rican Legislature, dominated by pro-government representatives, to annul the results of the presidential election of 1948.
1948: Following the liberation of Korea, Marxist former guerrillas under Kim Il Sung work to rapidly industrialize the country and rid it of the last vestiges of "feudalism.".
1948–1960: The Malayan Emergency.
1948: Al-Wathbah (the Leap) uprising in Iraq.
1948 : Second Communist rebellion in Indonesia. The Communists tried to establish the Indonesian Soviet Republic, but were crushed by the Indonesian National Armed Forces.
1949: The communists under chairman Mao Zedong expels the ruling Nationalist Party in the Civil War and establishes the People's Republic of China. The Republic of China's control is reduced to Taiwan and its outlying islands.

1950s[]

Barricades in Algiers. "Long live Massu" (Vive Massu) is written on the banner. (January 1960)

Raúl Castro (left), with his arm around second-in-command Ernesto "Che" Guevara, in their Sierra de Cristal Mountain stronghold in Oriente Province Cuba, 1958.

1950: The Cazin uprising in the town of Cazin, Bosnia and Herzegovina
1950: The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s in Puerto Rico, attempt on the life of US president Harry S. Truman in the Blair House, and shooting at Congress, was a call for Puerto Rico's independence and uprising by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party against United States Government rule of Puerto Rico.
1950s: The Mau Mau uprising.
1950: Republic of South Maluku (RMS) separatist rebellion. The rebellion was crushed by Indonesian National Armed Forces. Surviving RMS rebels founded government-in-exile in The Netherlands.
1951: A Revolution in Nepal introduced democracy in Nepal.
1952: A popular revolution in Bolivia led by Víctor Paz Estenssoro and the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) initiates a period of multiparty democracy lasting until a 1964 military coup.
1952: The Rosewater Revolution in Lebanon.
1952: Egyptian Revolution of 1952
1953: The Vorkuta uprising was a major uprising of the Gulag inmates in Vorkuta in the summer of 1953. Like other camp uprisings it was bloodily quelled by the Red Army and the NKVD.^[158]
1953: Uprising of 1953 in East Germany
1953–1975: The Laotian Civil War in Laos.
1954–1962: The Algerian War of Independence: an uprising against French colonialism.
1954–1968: The Civil rights movement in the United States was a struggle by African Americans to end legalized racial discrimination, disenfranchisement and racial segregation.
1954: The Kengir uprising in the Soviet prison labor camp Kengir.
1954: The Uyghur uprising against Chinese rule in Hotan.
1955–1960: The Guerrilla war against British colonial rule of Cyprus led by the EOKA (National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters).
1955–1972: The First Sudanese Civil War was a conflict between the northern part of Sudan and a south that demanded more regional autonomy.
1955–1958: The Revolución Libertadora in Argentina.
1956–1959: The Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro removes the government of General Fulgencio Batista. By 1962 Cuba had been transformed into a declared socialist republic.
1956–1962: The Border Campaign led by the Irish Republican Army against the British, along the border of the independent Republic of Ireland and British Northern Ireland.
1956: De-Stalinization revolution in the Eastern Bloc:
- The Khrushchev Thaw
- The 1956 Georgian demonstrations
- The Poznań protests, a workers' uprising in the Polish People's Republic that was suppressed.
- The Polish October
- The Hungarian Revolution, a failed workers' and peasants' revolution against the Soviet-supported communist state in Hungary.
- The Bucharest student movement
1956: The Tibetan rebellions against Chinese rule broke out in Amdo and Kham.
1958: A popular revolt in Venezuela against military dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez culminates in a civic-military coup d'état.
1958: The Iraqi Revolution (14 July Revolution) led by nationalist soldiers abolishes the British-backed monarchy, executes many of its top officials, and begins to assert the country's independence from both Cold War power blocs.
1959: The failed Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule led to the flight of the Dalai Lama.
1959–1962: In the Rwandan Revolution, the Tutsi king of Rwanda is forced into exile by Hutu extremists; racial pogroms follow an assassination attempt on Hutu leader Grégoire Kayibanda.

1960s[]

Portuguese soldiers in Angola

Barricades in Bordeaux during the May 68 revolt in France.

1960: A group of disaffected Ethiopian officers make an unsuccessful attempt to depose Emperor Haile Selassie and replace him with a more progressive government, but are defeated by the rest of the Ethiopian military.
1960: April Revolution erupts in South Korea, leading to the end of the First Republic of South Korea.
1961–1970: First Kurdish Iraqi War erupts as a result of Barzanji clan uprising.
1961–1991: The Eritrean War of Independence led by Isaias Afewerki against Ethiopia.
1961–1975: The Angolan War of Independence began as an uprising against forced cotton harvesting, and became a multi-faction struggle for control of Portugal's Overseas Province of Angola.
1962–1974: The leftist African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) wages a revolutionary war of independence in Portuguese Guinea. In 1973, the independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau is proclaimed, and the next year the republic's independence is recognized by the reformist military junta in Lisbon.
1962: The military coup of 1962 in Burma, led by General Ne Win, who became the country's strongman.
1962–present: Papua conflict.
1962: A revolution in northern Yemen overthrew the imam and established the Yemen Arab Republic.
1962–1975: Dhofar Rebellion in Oman.
1963: White Revolution in Iran.
1963: 1963 demonstrations in Iran
1963: Syrian coup d'état in Syria who bring Ba'ath Party to Power
1963–1970: The Bale Revolt in southern Ethiopia, was a guerrilla war by local Somali and Oromo against Amhara settlers.
1964: Simba Rebellion in the Congo.
1964: The Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the 157-year-old Arab monarchy, declared the People's Republic of Zanzibar, and began the process of unification with Julius Nyerere's Tanganyika.
1964: 1964 Brazilian coup d'etat led by Field Marshal Humberto Castelo Branco against president Joao Goulart.
1964–1979: The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Second Chimurenga, was a guerrilla war which lasted from July 1964 to 1979 and led to universal suffrage, the end of white minority rule in Rhodesia, and the creation of the Republic of Zimbabwe.
1964: The October Revolution in Sudan, driven by a general strike and rioting, forced President Ibrahim Abboud to transfer executive power to a transitional civilian government, and eventually to resign.
1964–1975: The Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO), formed in 1962, commenced a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonialism. Independence was granted on 25 June 1975; however, the Mozambican Civil War complicated the political situation and frustrated FRELIMO's attempts at radical change. The war continued into the early 1990s after the government dropped Marxism as the state ideology.
1964–present: The Colombian Armed Conflict.
1965: 30 September Movement was a failed coup by the Communist Party to turn Indonesia into a Communist state.
1965: The March Intifada in Bahrain: a Leftist uprising demanding an end to the British presence in Bahrain.
1966: Kwame Nkrumah is removed from power in Ghana by coup d'état.
1966–1990: A South African Police patrol clashes with militants of the South West African People's Organization in 1966, sparking the Namibian War of Independence. The conflict is part of the larger South African Border War and linked closely with South Africa's intervention in the Angolan Civil War. It largely ended with Namibia's first democratic elections in 1989.
1966–1993: A guerrilla warfare was conducted against the government of François Tombalbaye from the Sudan-based group FROLINAT.
1966–1976: Mao Zedong launches the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China, a sociopolitical movement to purge revisionist and bourgeois elements from the Communist Party of China and Chinese society at large through violent class struggle.
1966–1998: The Ulster Volunteer Force was recreated by militant Ulster Protestant loyalists in Northern Ireland to wage war against the Irish Republican Army and the Roman Catholic community at large.
1966: The year it is estimated the Black Power movement began, with no exact official end date.
1967–1970: Biafra: The former eastern Nigeria unsuccessfully fought for a breakaway republic of Biafra, after the mainly Igbo people of the region suffered pogroms in northern Nigeria the previous year.
1967: The Naxalite Movement begins in India, led by the AICCCR.
1967: Anguillans resentful of Kittitian domination of the island expelled the Kittitian police and declared independence from the British colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. British forces retook the island in 1969 and made Anguilla a separate dependency in 1980. There was no bloodshed in the entire episode.
1967–1973: The Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War begins to turn violent, the violence later escalates. Incidents include the Weather High School Jailbreaks and the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion
1967: Long, hot summer of 1967 – a series of 159 race riots which occurred in major cities across the United States in the summer of 1967
- 1967 Buffalo riot (June 26 – July 1)
- 1967 Cairo riot (July 17)
- 1967 Cambridge riot (July 24, 1967)
- 1967 Detroit riot (July 23 – 28)
- 1967 Toledo riot (July 23 – 25)
- 1967 Milwaukee riot (July 30 – August 31)
- 1967 Newark riots (July 12 – 17)
- 1967 Plainfield riots (July 14 – 16)
- 1967 Saginaw riot (July 26)
- 1967 Albina riot (July 30)
1968: The revolution in the Republic of Congo.
1968: The Protests of 1968:
- The May 1968 revolt: students' and workers' revolt against the government of Charles de Gaulle in France.
- A failed attempt by leader Alexander Dubček to liberalise Czechoslovakia in defiance of the Soviet-supported communist state culminates in the Prague Spring.
- The March of the One Hundred Thousand was a manifestation of popular protest against the military dictatorship in Brazil, which occurred in Rio de Janeiro.
- The 1968 movement in Italy
  - Battle of Valle Giulia
- The 1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
- The West German student movement
- A mass movement of workers, students, and peasants in Pakistan forced the resignation of President Mohammad Ayub Khan.
- The 1968 Polish political crisis
- The Mexican Movement of 1968
  - Tlatelolco massacre
- King-assassination riots – a series of race riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
  - 1968 Detroit riots
  - 1968 New York City riot
  - 1968 Washington D.C. riot
  - 1968 Chicago riot
  - 1968 Pittsburgh riots
  - 1968 Baltimore riots
  - 1968 Kansas City riot
  - 1968 Wilmington riot
  - 1968 Louisville riot
- 1968 Democratic National Convention protests
- Columbia University protests of 1968
1968: A coup by Juan Velasco Alvarado in Peru, followed by radical social and economic reforms.
1968–1969 Iraqi communists launched an insurgency in southern Iraq.^[159]
1968–1969: The Egbe Agbekoya Revolt was a successful peasant revolt in Western Nigeria.
1969–1998: The Troubles: the Provisional Irish Republican Army and other Republican Paramilitaries waged an armed campaign against British Security forces and Loyalist Paramilitaries in an attempt to bring about a United Ireland.
1969: The Days of Rage occur, part of the Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War.

1970s[]

Khomeini returns to Iran after 14 years exile on 1 February 1979

Nicaraguan National Guard clashes with Sandinista rebels in 1979, during the Nicaraguan Revolution.

1970: The Black Power Revolution occurs in Trinidad.
1970: A rebellion in Guinea by what its government identified as Portuguese agents.
1970–1971: Black September in Jordan
1971: The Bangladesh Liberation War led by the Mukti Bahini establishes the independent People's Republic of Bangladesh from the former East Pakistan.
1972: A revolution in Benin.
1972: A military-led revolution against the civilian government of President Philibert Tsiranana in the Malagasy Republic; a Marxist faction takes power in 1975 under Didier Ratsiraka, modeled on the North Korean juche theory developed by Kim Il Sung.
1973: 1973 Chilean coup d'etat led by Captain General Augusto Pinochet against President Salvador Allende in Chile.
1973: Wounded Knee Incident. American Indian Movement activists and Oglala Lakota besiege the small town of Wounded Knee in protest of government policies towards Native Americans and the corrupt Wilson Regime. Part of the Red Power movement
1973: Mohammad Daud Khan overthrows the monarchy and establishes a republic in Afghanistan.
1973: Worker-student demonstrations in Thailand force dictator Thanom Kittikachorn and two close associates to flee the country, beginning a short period of democratic constitutional rule.
1974: A revolution in Ethiopia.
1974–1975: The Carnation Revolution overthrows the right-wing dictatorship in Portugal. Leads to the independence of Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Timor-Leste and recognition of Guinea-Bissau's self-proclaimed independence.
1975–1991: The Western Sahara War was a conflict between the Sahrawi national liberation movement named POLISARIO against the armies of their neighbours, Morocco and Mauritania, who have entered the territory when the Spanish colonizers troops fled.
1975: A revolution in Cambodia.
1975: Lebanese Civil War lasted from 1975 to 1990.
1975: 15 August, coup led by young military officers and the Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in Bangladesh.
1975: Coup led by Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf and Colonel Shafaat Jamil in Bangladesh to depose President Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad. Three days later a counter-coup by Colonel Abu Taher puts Ziaur Rahman in power.
1976-1988: The "May-Revolution" by the Kurds in North-Iraq against the government.
1976: Student demonstrations and election-related violence in Thailand lead police to open fire on a sit-in at Thammasat University, killing hundreds. The military seizes power the next day, ending constitutional rule.
1976: The Gang of Four is removed from power in China in a coup led by Chairman Hua Guofeng with the support of senior officers of the People's Liberation Army, ending the Cultural Revolution.
1976: 1976 Argentine coup d'etat led by Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla against President Isabel Peron.
1977: Egyptian Bread Riots the riots were a spontaneous uprising by hundreds of thousands of lower-class people, at least 79 people were killed and 800 wounded.
1977: The Market Women's Revolt in Guinea leads to a lessening of the state's role in the economy.
1978: The Saur Revolution led by the Khalq faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan deposes and kills President Mohammad Daud Khan.
1979: New Jewel Movement led by Maurice Bishop launch an armed revolution and overthrow the government of Eric Gairy in Grenada.
1979: The popular overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship in the Nicaraguan Revolution.
1979: Anti-Communist Rebels in Nicaragua (aka) Contras start to form.
1979: The Iranian Revolution overthrows Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, resulting in the formation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
1979: Cambodia is liberated from the Khmer Rouge regime by the Vietnam-backed Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party.
1979: 1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état led by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo against Francisco Macías Nguema.
1979–1992: Salvadoran Civil War

1980s[]

Diretas Já demonstration in São Paulo, Brazil, 1984, demanding direct presidential election and an end to the military dictatorship.

Fall of the Berlin wall in November 1989, during the Revolutions of 1989.

1980: National Socialist Council of Nagaland launches its struggle against Indian administration and the establishment of the greater Nagaland.
1980: 25 February . Suriname Government are put aside by a group of soldiers. The leader of the revolution is Desi Delano Bouterse.
1980: Gwangju uprising, alternatively called the "May 18 Democratic Uprising", in South Korea
1980: The Santo Rebellion in the Anglo-French condominium of New Hebrides
1980–2000: The Communist Party of Peru launched the internal conflict in Peru.
1980: First Entumbane uprising in Zimbabwe.
1981: Assassination of Ziaur Rahman in Bangladesh sparks protests and riots.
1982: General Hussain Muhammad Ershad seizes power through a bloodless coup, deposing president Abdus Sattar in Bangladesh.
1983–1984: Diretas Já, a Brazilian civil unrest movement that demanded direct presidential elections.
1983: Overthrow of the ruling Conseil de Salut du peuple (CSP) by Marxist forces led by Thomas Sankara in Upper Volta, renamed Burkina Faso in the following year.
1983: Prime Minister of Grenada, Maurice Bishop, overthrown and subsequently executed by high-ranking government officials.
1983 Beginning on 23 July 1983, there was an on-and-off insurgency against the Government of Sri Lanka by the LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers.
1983–2005: The Second Sudanese Civil War was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War, and one of the longest lasting and deadliest wars of the later 20th century.
1984–1999: Kurdish uprising for independence from the Republic of Turkey
1984–1985: Pro-independence Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) forces in New Caledonia revolt following an election boycott and occupy the town of Thio from November 1984 to January 1985. Thio is retaken by the French after the assassination of Éloi Machoro, the security minister in the FLNKS provisional government and the primary leader of the occupation.^[160]
1985: Soviet and Afghanistan P.O.W.s rose against their captors at Badaber base.
1986: The People Power Revolution peacefully overthrows Ferdinand Marcos after his two-decade rule in the Philippines.
1986–1991: Somali Rebellion as a result of military dictator Siad Barre beginning to attack clan-based dissident groups.
1986: Khalistan Commando Force started armed movement for the establishment of Khalistan, an independent Sikh homeland. The movement, as is the case with other Sikh nationalistic movements, was fueled in part by the Indian army's Operation Blue Star. The armed struggle resulted in thousands of mostly civilian deaths.
1987 : The June Struggle overthrew military dictatorship of South Korea.
1987–1991: The First Intifada, or the Palestinian uprising, a series of violent incidents between Palestinians and Israelis.
1988–1991: The Pan-Armenian National Movement frees Armenia from Soviet rule.
1988–1991: The Singing Revolution, bloodless overthrow of communist rule in Soviet-occupied Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
1988: The 8888 Uprising In Burma or Myanmar.
1989: Armed resistance breaks out in the Kashmir valley against Indian administration.^[161]
1989: The violent Caracazo riots in Venezuela. In the next few years, there are two attempted coups and President Carlos Andrés Pérez is impeached.
1989–1997: The First Liberian Civil War in Liberia
1989: Revolutions of 1989 – a series of revolutions against Communist states around the world, especially in the Soviet satellite states of the Eastern Bloc
- Strikes by the Solidarity movement end in negotiations leading to the end of martial law and the peaceful overthrow of the Communist government in Poland
- Demonstrations in Hungary lead to the peaceful overthrow of the Communist government and the dismantlement of the Hungarian border fence with Austria
- The Tiananmen Square protests, a series of street demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between 15 April and 4 June 1989, ends in a violent crackdown by the People's Liberation Army.
- Demonstrations in East Germany led to the fall of the Berlin Wall.
- Demonstrations in the People's Republic of Bulgaria lead to the fall of the communist government there.
- The bloodless Velvet Revolution removes the communist government in Czechoslovakia.
- The Romanian Revolution kills the dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu and his wife, Elena Ceauşescu, in the Socialist Republic of Romania
- Baltic Way demonstrations against the Soviet occupation of the Baltic States in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia; part of the Singing Revolution against Soviet rule leading to the independence of the Baltic States
- The rigged 1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election created a catalyst for the insurgency when it resulted in some of the state's legislative assembly members forming armed insurgent groups launches its struggle against Indian administration.

1990s[]

Russian Mil Mi-8 helicopter downed by Chechens near Grozny, December 1994

1990: Oka Crisis
1990: People's Movement I was a revolution to restore democracy in Nepal and end the panchayat system in Nepal.
1990–present: United Liberation Front of Asom launch major violent activities against Indian rule in Assam. To date, the resulting clashes with the Indian army have left more than 10,000 dead.^[162]
1990: 1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh Strikes and Protests topple the Bangladeshi military government and democracy is restored for the first time in nine years.
1990: The Poll tax riots were a series of riots in British towns and cities during protests against the Community Charge introduced by the government of Margaret Thatcher.
1990–1993: Rwandan Civil War
1990–1992: Anticommunist forces led a National Democratic Revolution that overthrew President Ramiz Alia and ended with an election victory by the Democratic Party of Albania, the biggest anticommunist party in Albania.
1990–1995: The Log Revolution in Croatia starts, triggering the Croatian War of Independence.
1990–1995: The First Tuareg Rebellion in Niger and Mali.
1991–2002: The Sierra Leone Civil War against the administration of president, Joseph Saidu Momoh.
1991: The Kurdish uprising against Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in Iraqi Kurdistan.
1991: The Shiite Uprising in Karbala, Iraq.
1991: The failed 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt takes place, leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union
1991: The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front take control of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, after dictator Haile Mariam Mengistu flees the country, bringing an end to the Ethiopian Civil War
1991: Somali National Movement rebels establish the Somaliland administration in northwestern Somalia, and declare the region independent from the rest of the country.
1992: 1992 Los Angeles riots
1992: Black May (1992) Thailand popular protest in Bangkok against the government of General Suchinda Kraprayoon and the military crackdown that followed. Up to 200,000 people demonstrated in central Bangkok at the height of the protests.
1992–1995: Bosnian War
1992: Afghan uprising against the Taliban by United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, or the Northern Alliance.
1994: The 1990s Uprising in Bahrain, Shiite-led rebellion for the restoration of democracy in Bahrain.
1994: The Zapatista Rebellion: an uprising in the Mexican state of Chiapas demanding equal rights for indigenous peoples and in opposition to growing neoliberalism in North America.
1994–1996: The First Chechen Rebellion against Russia.
1996–2006: Nepalese Civil War
1996: Islamic movement in Afghanistan led by the Taliban established Taliban rule.
1996–1997: The First Congo War in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
1997: The 1997 rebellion in Albania sparked by Ponzi scheme failures.
1997–1999: The Republic of the Congo Civil War
1998: The Indonesian Revolution of 1998 resulted the resignation of President Suharto after three decades of the New Order period.
1998–1999: The Kosovo War
1998–1999: The Guinea-Bissau Civil War against the administration and government of President Joao Bernardo Vieira.
1998–2003: The Second Congo War in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
1999–2003: The Second Liberian Civil War against the government of Liberia.
1999–2009: The Second Chechen Rebellion against Russia.
1999: The Iran student protests, July 1999 were, at the time, the most violent protests to occur against the Islamic Republic of Iran.
1999–2000: The Cochabamba Water War in Bolivia.

2000s[]

Police clash with protestors during the December 2001 riots in Argentina.

2000–2005: The Second Intifada, a continuation of the First Intifada, between Palestinians and Israel.
2000: The bloodless Bulldozer Revolution, first of the four colour revolutions (in 2000, 2003, 2004, and 2005), overthrows Slobodan Milošević's régime in Yugoslavia.
2001: The 2001 Macedonia conflict.
2001–present: The Taliban insurgency following the 2001 war in Afghanistan which overthrew Taliban rule.
2001: The 2001 EDSA Revolution peacefully ousts Philippine President Joseph Estrada after the collapse of his impeachment trial.
2001: Supporters of former Philippine President Joseph Estrada violently and unsuccessfully stage a rally, so-called the EDSA Tres, in an attempt of returning him to power.
2001: Cacerolazo in Argentina. Following mass riots and a period of civil unrest, popular protests oust the government and two additional interim presidents within months. December 2001 riots in Argentina
2003–2005: Bolivian gas conflict.
2003: The Rose Revolution, second of the colour revolutions, displaces the president of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze, and calls new elections.
2003–2011: The Iraqi insurgency refers to the armed resistance by diverse groups within Iraq to the U.S. occupation of Iraq and to the establishment of a liberal democracy therein.
2003–present: The Darfur rebellion led by the two major rebel groups, the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equality Movement, recruited primarily from the land-tilling Fur, Zaghawa, and Massaleit ethnic groups.
2003–present: Conflict in the Niger Delta
2004–2004: The Shi'ite Uprising against the US-led occupation of Iraq.
2004–2005: The Orange Revolution in Ukraine. After pro-Russian prime minister Viktor Yanukovych was declared the winner of the presidential elections, people took to the streets in protest against mass fraud and vote falsification. Eventually, the country's Supreme Court ordered a recount, in which pro-Western opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko was declared the winner. This was the third colour revolution.
2005: A failed attempt at popular colour-style revolution in Azerbaijan, led by the groups and Azadlig.
2004: War in North-West Pakistan.
2004–present: The Naxalite insurgency in India, led by the Communist Party of India (Maoist).
2004–2013: The Kivu Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
2005: The Cedar Revolution, triggered by the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, asks for the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon.
2005: The Tulip Revolution (a.k.a. Pink/Yellow Revolution) overthrows the President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akayev, and set new elections. This is the fourth colour revolution.
2005: Paraguayan People's Army insurgency.
2005: 15 April Intifada – Arab uprising in the Iranian province of Khuzestan.
2005: Ecuador experiences a nationwide and countrywide revolution, consisting of rallies and demonstrations, rioting and protests in March–April 2005 from indigenous tribes that started with a protest that mushroomed into a widespread uprising and popular movement that led to the overthrow of the government.
2006: 2006 democracy movement in Nepal was a revolution against Undemocratic rule of King Gyanendra.
2006: The 2006 Oaxaca protests demanding the removal of Ulises Ruiz Ortiz, the governor of Oaxaca state in Mexico.
2006–present: The Mexican Drug War.
2007: The Lawyers' Movement in Pakistan emerged to restore a judge but eventually moved to rebel against the military dictatorship of General Pervez Musharraf.
2007–2015: The Civil war in Ingushetia.
2007–2009: The Second Tuareg Rebellion in Niger.
2007: The Burmese anti-government protests, including the Saffron Revolution of Burmese Buddhist monks.
2008: 2008 Armenian presidential election protests.
2008: 2008 Kashmir Unrest.
2008: A Shiite uprising in Basra.
2008: Attacks in Lanao del Norte in the Philippines by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front led by Kumander Bravo and Umbrfa Kato.
2008: Anti-austerity protests in Ireland
2008: 2008 Tibetan unrest.
2009: 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, leading to development of Iranian Green Movement
2009: 2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh killing 57 army officers.
2009–2011: A civil uprising popularly known as the Kitchenware Revolution brought down the Icelandic government after the collapse of the country's financial system in October 2008.
2009: The 2009 Malagasy political crisis in the Madagascar.
2009: The Dongo conflict In the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
2009–present: Somali Civil War (2009–present).
2009–2015: South Yemen insurgency.
2009: 2009 Boko Haram uprising.
2009–2017: Insurgency in the North Caucasus.
2009: After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May bringing the civil war to an end.

2010s[]

Tahrir Square protest during the Arab Spring in Egypt.

A line of riot police in the city of Kyiv during the 2014 Ukrainian revolution.

YPJ fighters during the Rojava Revolution.

The sentencing of nine Catalan independence leaders in a 2019 trial triggered protests in Catalonia.

2019–20 Hong Kong protests

2010 Thai political protests.
2010–2011: 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis.
2010–2012: Tajikistan insurgency.
2010: Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010.
2010: Kashmir Unrest 2010.
2010–2012: Anti-austerity movement in Greece
2010–2012: Arab Spring:
- The Tunisian Revolution (2010–2011) forces President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to resign and flee the country, and sets free elections.
- The 2011 Egyptian revolution brings down the regime of President Hosni Mubarak.
- The 2011 Libyan Civil War in which rebel forces gradually take control of the country, and kill leader Muammar Gaddafi.
- 2011 Post-civil war violence in Libya.
- Syrian Civil War.
- Bahraini uprising of 2011.
- 2011 Yemeni Revolution, the revolt that led to the eventual resignation of Ali Abdullah Saleh as President of Yemen.
2011–present: Sinai insurgency.
2011: Cherán uprising.
2011: Wukan protests in China.
2011–present: Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile.
2011–2017: Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon.
2011–present: Ethnic violence in South Sudan (2011–present).
Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013).
2011–12 Maldives political crisis: Public protests and police mutiny lead to resignation of President Mohammed Nasheed.
2011–2012: Occupy movement.
2012–present: Rojava Revolution in Syrian Kurdistan.
2012–2015: Northern Mali conflict.
- 2012–2012: 2012 Tuareg rebellion.
2012–present: Central African Republic conflict–François Bozizé, president of the Central African Republic, is overthrown by the rebel coalition Seleka, led by Michel Djotodia.
2012–2013: M23 rebellion.
2012–2015 unrest in Romania.
2013 Eritrean Army mutiny.
2013: Gezi Park protests in Turkey.
2013–present: Turkey–ISIL conflict.
2013 South Sudanese political crisis.
2013–14 Tunisian protests against the Ennahda-led government.
2013–2020: South Sudanese Civil War.
RENAMO insurgency (2013–2019).
2013–2014: Euromaidan.
- 2014 Ukrainian Revolution.
2013–14 Thai political crisis.
2013–14 Cambodian protests.
2014–present: 2014 Protests in Venezuela.
Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017).
2014–present: Libyan Civil War (2014–present).
2014: Abkhazian Revolution.
2014: The Umbrella Revolution of Hong Kong
2014 Burkinabé uprising.
2014: Ferguson unrest in Missouri
2015–present: Yemeni Civil War (2015–present).
Burundian unrest (2015–18).
2015–present: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present).
2015–present: ISIL insurgency in Tunisia.
2015: 2015 Baltimore protests
2016–present: 2016 Niger Delta conflict.
2016 Ethiopian protests.
2016 Mong Kok civil unrest, also known as "Fishball Revolution" in Mong Kok, Hong Kong
2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, a failed military coup.
2017–present: Anglophone Crisis, also known as the Ambazonia War, or the Cameroonian Civil War.
2016–17 South Korean protests, or Candlelight Revolution, in South Korea.
2016–17 Kashmir unrest.
2017 Ivory Coast mutiny.
2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis.
2017–2018 Romanian protests.
2017–2018 Iranian protests.
2018–present: 2018–19 Arab protests:
- 2018 Jordanian protests.
- 2018–2019: Sudanese Revolution, which resulted in the ouster of the President.
- 2019–2020 Algerian protests, also called Revolution of Smiles or Hirak Movement.
- 2019–present: 2019 Iraqi protests, also nicknamed the October Revolution, and 2019 Iraqi Intifada.
- 2019–present: 2019–20 Lebanese protests, also referred to as the Lebanese revolt.
2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution, which resulted in the ouster of the Prime Minister.
2018–19 Gaza border protests, also referred to by organizers as the "Great March of Return".
2018–present: 2018–20 Nicaraguan protests.
2018–19: 2018–2019 Haitian protests.
2018–present: Yellow vests movement.
2019–2020: 2019–20 Hong Kong protests
2019 Papua protests.
2019 Indonesian protests and riots.
2019 Puerto Rico Anti-Corruption / Chat scandal Protest.
2019 Ecuadorian protests.
2019 Catalan protests.
2019–2020 Chilean protests, also called "Estallido social".
2019–20 Iranian protests.
2019–2020: Citizenship Amendment Act protests, in India.

2020s[]

Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic – a series of protests around the world against various governments' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly lockdowns.
- 2020 United States anti-lockdown protests.
- COVID-19 anti-lockdown protests in New Zealand.
- COVID-19 anti-lockdown protests in the United Kingdom.
- Protests over COVID-19 policies in Germany.
- Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic – strikes against low wages or low hazard pay, insufficient workplace hazard controls such as a lack of personal protective equipment or social distancing, high rents or evictions, and the pandemic's general economic impact.
2020–2021 United States racial unrest – a series of protests against racial inequality and police brutality in the United States, sometimes in favor of abolishing or defunding the police.
- George Floyd protests.
- Breonna Taylor protests.
- Kenosha unrest.
- 2020 unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul.
- protests against Boyko Borisov's government.
2020 Belarusian protests – protests against Alexander Lukashenko's government.
2020 Thai protests – pro-democracy protests for reform to the Thai monarchy and against the 2017 Thai Constitution and Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha's government.
2020 Malian protests, also called "Malian Spring".
October 2020 Polish protests – protests against a Constitutional Tribunal ruling restricting abortion.
End SARS protests – protests to abolish the Special Anti-Robbery Squad in Nigeria.
2020 Kyrgyzstani protests, also called the Kyrgyz Revolution of 2020.
Indonesia omnibus law protests – protests against the Omnibus Law on Job Creation.
2020 Peruvian protests – Protests against the removal of Martín Vizcarra.
2020 Guatemalan protests.
2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest – protests against the 2020 Indian agriculture acts.
2020 United States election protests – protests challenging the legitimacy of the results in the 2020 United States presidential election.
- 2021 storming of the United States Capitol.
2021 Boğaziçi University protests.
2021 Tunisian protests.
2021 Russian protests.
2021 Myanmar protests, also called the Spring Revolution.
2021 Greek protests.
2021 Bangladesh anti-Modi protests.
2021 Northern Ireland riots.
2021 Colombian protests.
2021 Senegalese protests, the youth of the country protested massively against the corrupted justice and government of Macky Sall. Many people got killed
2021 Eswatini anti-monarchy protests.
2021 South African unrest.
2021 Cuban protests.
2021 Iranian protests.
2021 Afghan protests.

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[1] P.E. Newberry, The Seth rebellion of the 2nd Dynasty, in Ancient Egypt., no. 7. 1922. pp. 40–46.

[2] Jimmy Dunn, "Khasekhem/Khasekhemwy of Egypt's 2nd Dynasty", Tour Egypt

[JF43-3] Finegan, Jack (2019). Archaeological History Of The Ancient Middle East. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-429-72638-5.

[4] Li, Feng (2006). Axel Menges (ed.). Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045-771 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-521-85272-2.

[5] Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels by Edward L. Shaughnessy

[6] Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian. 4.

[7] Lipschits, Oled (2005). The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule. Eisenbrauns. pp. 13–18. ISBN 978-1575060958.

[Clayton_195-97-8] Clayton, Peter A. (2006). Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt (Paperback ed.). Thames & Hudson. pp. 195–197. ISBN 0-500-28628-0.

[9] Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 115–116. ISBN 9781575061207.

[ReferenceC-10] Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1.57

[Ober1996-11] Ober, Josiah (1996). The Athenian Revolution. Princeton University Press. pp. 32–52.

[VI33-12] Herodotus VI, 33

[13] Livy, Ab urbe condita, Book 2

[Esagila-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b Dandamaev, Muhammad A. (1993). "Xerxes and the Esagila Temple in Babylon". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 7: 41–45. JSTOR 24048423.

[EB1911-15] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Tod, Marcus Niebuhr (1911). "Archidamus s.v. 2". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 367.

[16] Herodotus VIII, 126

[DSXI77-17] Diodorus XI, 77

[18] Livy, Ab urbe condita 3.55.13

[19] Cornell, T.J. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome. Routledge. p. 265.

[Livy_iv_6-7-20] Jump up to: ^a ^b Livy. "6-7". Ab urbe condita.

[21] Dionysius, xi. 60.

[22] Floro (1929). "X". Epitome of Roman History.

[23] Zonaras: 8, in Cassius Dio, Roman History, Fragments of Book 12

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