2020–2021 United States racial unrest

2020–2021 United States racial unrest
Clockwise from top: The George Floyd Square in Minneapolis, Minnesota Protesters in Minneapolis, Minnesota where the unrest began A burnt-out car dealership in Kenosha The self-declared Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone Protesters and military vehicles in front of the White House Protesters with shields and hastily-made barricades advance on the PPB North Precinct United States National Guard troops behind concrete barricades in Kenosha
Date	May 25, 2020 – present (1 year, 3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)
Location	United States
Caused by	Several deaths related to police activity, notably the murder of George Floyd while being arrested by the Minneapolis Police,[1] police brutality,[1] lack of police accountability,[1] inequality and racism[2]
Methods	Protests, demonstrations, riots, looting, civil disobedience, civil resistance, strike action
Status	Ongoing Police chiefs in sixteen major cities across the country have vacated their positions in 2020 related to the social unrest.[3] Federal forces began to be deployed in June 2020 Operation Legend began in July 2020, ended on January 20, 2021 Derek Chauvin found guilty on all charges in April 2021
Concessions given	Budget cuts and reforms for several police departments approved in several cities
Casualties[needs update]
Death(s)	At least 25[4]
Injuries	2000+ law enforcement officials and an unknown number of civilians[5]
Arrested	Over 14,000 (as of June 27, 2020)[6]
Property damage	$1–2 billion damages (May 26–June 8, 2020)[7]

An ongoing wave of civil unrest in the United States, triggered by the murder of George Floyd during his arrest by Minneapolis police officers on May 25, 2020, has comprised protests and riots against systemic racism towards African Americans in the United States,^[8][9] such as in the form of police violence.^[10] It is partly facilitated by the nationwide Black Lives Matter movement. Following the murder of Floyd, unrest broke out in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area on May 26, and quickly spread across the country and the world. Within Minneapolis, widespread property destruction and looting occurred, including a police station being overrun by demonstrators and set on fire, causing the Minnesota National Guard to be activated and deployed on May 28. After a week of unrest, over $500 million in property damage was reported in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area, with two deaths linked to the riots.^{[11][12][13][14]}

Further unrest quickly spread throughout the United States, sometimes including rioting, looting, and arson. By early June, at least 200 American cities had imposed curfews, while more than 30 states and Washington, D.C, had activated over 62,000 National Guard personnel in response to unrest.^[15][16][17] By the end of June, at least 14,000 people had been arrested at protests.^[18][19][20] Polls have estimated that between 15 million and 26 million people have participated at some point in the demonstrations in the United States, making them the largest protests in United States history.^[21][22][23] It was also estimated that between May 26 and August 22, around 93% of protests were "peaceful and nondestructive".^[24][25] According to several studies and analyses, protests have been overwhelmingly peaceful.^{[26][27][28][29]} At some protests, counter-protesters or police instigated or escalated violence.^[26][27][30] According to a September 2020 estimate, arson, vandalism and looting caused about $1–2 billion in insured damage between May 26 and June 8, making this initial phase of the George Floyd protests the civil disorder event with the highest recorded damage in United States history.^[7][31]

There has also been a large concentration of unrest around Portland, Oregon, which has led to the Department of Homeland Security deploying federal agents in the city from June onward. The move was code named Operation Legend, after four-year-old LeGend Taliferro, who was shot and killed in Kansas City.^[32] Federal forces have since also been deployed in other cities which have faced large amounts of unrest, including Kansas City and Seattle.^{[33][34][35][36]} More localized unrest reemerged in several cities following incidents involving police officers, notably following the shooting of Jacob Blake in Kenosha, Wisconsin, which led to protests and riots in the city. The protests have led to requests at the federal, state and municipal levels intended to combat police misconduct, systemic racism, qualified immunity and police brutality in the United States.^[37][38] A wave of monument removals and name changes has taken place throughout the world, especially in the United States. This itself has sparked conflict, between left-wing and right-wing groups, often violent. Several far-right groups, including civilian militias and white supremacists, have fought with members of "a broad coalition of leftist anti-racist groups" in street clashes.^[39][40]

The unrest precipitated a national American cultural reckoning on topics of racial injustice. Public opinion of racism and discrimination quickly shifted in the wake of the protests, with significantly increased support of the Black Lives Matter movement and acknowledgement of institutional racism.^[41][42][43] Demonstrators revived a public campaign for the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials as well as other historic symbols such as statues of venerated American slaveholders and modern display of the Confederate battle flag.^[44][45] Public backlash widened to other institutional symbols, including place names, namesakes, brands and cultural practices. Anti-racist self-education became a trend throughout June 2020 in the United States. Black anti-racist writers found new audiences and places on bestseller lists. American consumers also sought out Black-owned businesses to support. The effects of American activism extended internationally, as global protests destroyed their own local symbols of racial injustice. Multiple media began to refer to it as a national reckoning on racial issues in early June.^{[41][42][43][46]}

Background[]

Police brutality in the United States[]

Cases of fatal use of force by law enforcement officers^[47] in the United States, particularly against African Americans, have long led the civil rights movement and other activists to protest against the lack of police accountability in incidents involving excessive force. Many protests during the civil rights movement were a response to police brutality, including the 1965 Watts riots which resulted in the deaths of 34 people, mostly African Americans.^[48] The largest post-civil rights movement protest in the 20th-century was the 1992 Los Angeles riots, which were in response to the acquittal of police officers in using excessive force against Rodney King, an African American man.^[49]

In 2014, the shooting of Michael Brown by police in Ferguson, Missouri resulted in local protests and unrest while the death of Eric Garner in New York City resulted in numerous national protests. After Eric Garner and George Floyd repeatedly said "I can't breathe" during their arrests, the phrase became a protest slogan against police brutality. In 2015 the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore police custody resulted in riots in the city and nationwide protests as part of the Black Lives Matter movement.^[50] Several nationally publicized incidents occurred in Minnesota, including the 2015 killing of Jamar Clark in Minneapolis; the 2016 killing of Philando Castile in Falcon Heights;^[51] and the 2017 killing of Justine Damond. In 2016, Tony Timpa was killed by Dallas police officers in the same way as George Floyd.^[52] In March 2020, the killing of Breonna Taylor by police executing a no knock warrant at her Kentucky apartment was also widely publicized.^[53] However, it was later revealed the warrant was not a no knock warrant in released police documents^[54] and the reports were redacted.^[55]

According to The Washington Post database of every fatal shooting by an on-duty police officer in the United States, as of August 31, 2020, nine unarmed Black people had been shot by police in 2020. As of that date, the database lists four people of unknown race, 11 white people, three Hispanic people, and one person of "other" race who were shot while unarmed.^[56] Black people, who account for less than 13% of the American population, are killed by police at a disproportionate rate, being killed at more than twice the rate of white people.^[56]

According to a data set and analysis which was released by the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) at the beginning of September, there were more than 10,600 demonstration events across the country between May 24 and August 22 which were associated with all causes: Black Lives Matter, counter-protests, COVID-19-pandemic-related protests, and others.^[25] After Floyd's killing, Black Lives Matter related protests sharply peaked in number at the end of May, declining to dozens per week by September. The ACLED characterized Black Lives Matter as "an overwhelmingly peaceful movement", finding that more than 93% of protests involved no incidents of violence nor destructive activity.^[24][25] Several other studies and analyses also found that the large majority of protests have been peaceful.^{[26][27][28][29]} In protests that were violent, violence was variously instigated by protesters, counter-protesters, or police, and police sometimes escalated violence.^[26][27][30] A September 2020 article in Axios reported that the vandalism and looting that did occur would result in at least $1 billion to $2 billion of paid insurance claims. The 2020 unrest cost the insurance industry far more than any prior incidents of social unrest.^[57]

According to Amnesty International's October 2020 report Losing the Peace: U.S. Police Failures to Protect Protesters from Violence, law enforcement agencies across the United States failed to protect protesters from violent armed groups. The incidents documented by Amnesty International show over a dozen protests and counter-protests erupted in violence with police either mostly, or entirely, absent from the scene.^[58][59] Amnesty International USA, jointly with the Center for Civilians in Conflict, Human Rights Watch, Physicians for Human Rights, and Human Rights First, sent a letter to governors of U.S. states condemning abuses by law enforcement agencies and calling on governors to ensure the constitutional right to assemble peacefully.^[60][61]

Killing of Breonna Taylor[]

Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old emergency medical technician, was fatally shot by Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) officers Jonathan Mattingly, Brett Hankison, and Myles Cosgrove on March 13, 2020. Three plainclothes LMPD officers entered her apartment in Louisville, Kentucky, executing a search warrant. Gunfire was exchanged between Taylor's boyfriend, Kenneth Walker, and the officers. Walker said that he believed that the officers were intruders. The LMPD officers fired over twenty shots. Taylor was shot eight times^[62] and LMPD Sergeant Jonathan Mattingly was injured by gunfire.^[63] Another police officer and an LMPD lieutenant were on the scene when the warrant was executed.^[64]

The primary targets of the LMPD investigation were Jamarcus Glover and Adrian Walker, who were suspected of selling controlled substances from a drug house more than 10 miles away.^[65][66] According to a Taylor family attorney, Glover had dated Taylor two years before and continued to have a "passive friendship".^[66] The search warrant included Taylor's residence because it was suspected that Glover received packages containing drugs at Taylor's apartment and because a car registered to Taylor had been seen parked on several occasions in front of Glover's house.^[66][67][68]

Kenneth Walker, who was licensed to carry a firearm, fired first, injuring a law enforcement officer, whereupon police returned fire into the apartment with more than 20 rounds. A wrongful death lawsuit filed against the police by the Taylor family's attorney alleges that the officers, who entered Taylor's home "without knocking and without announcing themselves as police officers", opened fire "with a total disregard for the value of human life;" however, according to the police account, the officers did knock and announce themselves before forcing entry.^[69][70]

With officials, media and general public distracted by COVID-19 pandemic, the police killing of Taylor initially largely escaped widespread scrutiny.^[71] However, Taylor's death became one of the most discussed and protested events of the broader movement.

Murder of George Floyd[]

On May 25, 2020, at 8:08 p.m. CDT,^[72] Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officers responded to a 9-1-1 call alleging a "forgery in progress" on Chicago Avenue South in Powderhorn, Minneapolis. MPD Officers Thomas K. Lane and J. Alexander Kueng arrived with their body cameras turned on. A store employee told officers that the man was in a nearby car. Officers approached the car and ordered George Floyd, a 46-year-old African American man, who according to police "appeared to be under the influence", to exit the vehicle, at which point he "physically resisted". According to the MPD, officers "were able to get the suspect into handcuffs, and noted he appeared to be suffering medical distress. Officers called for an ambulance." Once Floyd was handcuffed, he and Officer Lane walked to the sidewalk. Floyd sat on the ground in Officer Lane's direction. In a short conversation, the officer asked Floyd for his name and identification, explaining that he was being arrested for passing counterfeit currency, and asked if he was "on anything". According to the report, officers Kueng and Lane attempted to help Floyd to their squad car, but at 8:14 p.m., Floyd stiffened up and fell to the ground. Soon, MPD Officers Derek Chauvin and Tou Thao arrived in a separate squad car. The officers made several more failed attempts to get Floyd into the squad car.^[73]

Floyd, who was still handcuffed, went to the ground face down. Officer Kueng held Floyd's back, and Lane held his legs. Chauvin placed his left knee in the area of Floyd's head and neck. A Facebook Live livestream recorded by a bystander showed officer Derek Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck.^[74][75] Floyd repeatedly tells Chauvin "Please" and "I can't breathe", while a bystander is heard telling the police officer, "You got him down. Let him breathe."^[76] After some time, a bystander points out that Floyd was bleeding from his nose while another bystander tells the police that Floyd is "not even resisting arrest right now", to which the police tell the bystanders that Floyd was "talking, he's fine". A bystander replies saying Floyd "ain't fine". A bystander then protests that the police were preventing Floyd from breathing, urging them to "get him off the ground ... You could have put him in the car by now. He's not resisting arrest or nothing."^[75] Floyd then goes silent and motionless. Chauvin does not remove his knee until an ambulance arrives. Emergency medical services put Floyd on a stretcher. Not only had Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck for about seven minutes (including four minutes after Floyd stopped moving), but another video showed an additional two officers had also knelt on Floyd while another officer watched.^[77][78]

Although the police report stated that medical services were requested prior to the time Floyd was placed in handcuffs,^[79] according to the Minneapolis Star Tribune, Emergency Medical Services arrived at the scene six minutes after getting the call.^[80] Medics were unable to detect a pulse, and Floyd was pronounced dead at the hospital.^[81] An autopsy of Floyd was conducted on May 26, and the next day, the preliminary report by the Hennepin County Medical Examiner's Office was published, which found "no physical findings that support a diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia or strangulation". Floyd's underlying health conditions included coronary artery disease and hypertensive heart disease. The initial report said that "[t]he combined effects of Mr. Floyd being restrained by the police, his underlying health conditions and any potential intoxicants in his system likely contributed to his death."^[82] The medical examiner further said that Floyd was "high on fentanyl and had recently used methamphetamine at the time of his death".^[83]

On May 26, Chauvin and the other three officers were fired.^[84] He was charged with third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter;^[85] the former charge was later changed to second-degree murder.^[86] On June 1, a private autopsy which was commissioned by the family of Floyd ruled that Floyd's death was a homicide and it also found that Floyd had died due to asphyxiation which resulted from sustained pressure, which conflicted with the original autopsy report which was completed earlier that week.^[87] Shortly after, the official post-mortem declared Floyd's death a homicide.^[88] Video footage of Officer Derek Chauvin applying 8 minutes 15 seconds of sustained pressure to Floyd's neck generated global attention and raised questions about the use of force by law enforcement.^[89] ,

On June 3, Chauvin was charged with unintentional second-degree murder, third-degree murder, and second-degree manslaughter related to the incident, and officers Kueng, Lane, and Thao were charged with aiding and abetting second-degree murder.^[90] On April 20, 2021, Chauvin was found guilty of all charges by a 12-person grand jury.^[91] Two months later, on June 25th, he was sentenced to 22.5 years in prison. Officers Kueng, Lane, and Thao are set to stand trial in March 2022.

Major protests[]

Breonna Taylor protests, May 26, 2020–ongoing; jury verdict protests, September 23, 2020[]

On March 13, Breonna Taylor was shot and killed. Demonstrations over her death began on May 26, 2020, and lasted into August.^[93] One person was shot and killed during the protests.^[94]

Protest erupted again on September 23, the night after the grand jury verdict was announced, protesters gathered in the Jefferson Square Park area of Louisville, as well as many other cities in the United States, including Los Angeles, Dallas, Minneapolis, New York, Chicago, Seattle.^[95] In Louisville, two LMPD officers were shot during the protest and one suspect was kept in custody.^[96][97]

George Floyd protests, May 26, 2020–ongoing[]

The major catalyst of the unrest was the murder of George Floyd on May 25. Though it was not the first controversial killing of a Black person in 2020,^[98] it sparked a much wider series of global protests and riots which continued into August 2020.^[99][100] As of June 8, there were at least 19 deaths related to the protests.^[101] The George Floyd protests are generally regarded as marking the start of the 2020 United States unrest.

In Minneapolis–Saint Paul alone, the immediate aftermath of the killing of George Floyd was second-most destructive period of local unrest in United States history, after the 1992 Los Angeles riots.^{[102][103][104]} Over a three night period, the cities experienced two deaths,^[105][106] 617 arrests,^[19][104] and upwards of $500 million in property damage to 1,500 locations, including 150 properties that were set on fire.^[107]

Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone, June 8, 2020–July 1, 2020[]

Established on June 8 in Seattle, CHAZ/CHOP was a self-declared autonomous zone established in defiance of the killing of George Floyd after police abandoned the East Precinct building. Groups like the Puget Sound John Brown Gun Club provided security while the protesters themselves provided either resources or assisted the PSJBGC in security. Multiple people were killed in altercations with security^[108][109] and on July 1 the autonomous zone/occupied protest was officially cleared by the Seattle Police Department.

Kenosha unrest and shooting, August 23 and 25, 2020; 2020 American athlete strikes[]

The shooting of Jacob Blake on August 23 sparked protests in a number of American cities, mostly within Kenosha.^[110] Two protesters were shot and killed in an incident during the protests.^[111] Nationally, athletes from the NHL, NBA, WNBA, MLB, and MLS began going on strike in response to the police shooting of Jacob Blake.^[112] On October 14, prosecutors announced that Kyle Rittenhouse, who was charged with killing the two protesters, would not face gun charges in Illinois.^[113]

Minneapolis false rumors riot, August 26–27, 2020[]

A riot occurred in downtown Minneapolis in reaction to false rumors about the suicide of Eddie Sole Jr., a 38-year-old African American man; demonstrators believed he had been shot by police officers.^[114] Surveillance video showed that Sole Jr. shot himself in the head during a manhunt for a homicide suspect in which he was the person of interest.^[115] Controversially, the police released the CCTV camera footage of the suicide in attempts to stop the unrest.^[116] Overnight vandalism and looting of stores from August 26 to 27 reached a total of 76 property locations in Minneapolis–Saint Paul, including four businesses that were set on fire.^[117] State and local officials arrested a total of 132 people during the unrest.^[118]

Red House eviction defense protest, December 8, 2020[]

On December 8, protesters in Portland gathered to blockade parts of the Humboldt Neighborhood in order to protect a family who had been evicted after living in said house for 65 years. Protesters blockaded the area similar to the Capitol Hill Occupied Protest.^[119]

Trial of Derek Chauvin protests, March 7, 2021–April 20, 2021[]

Approximately a thousand protesters outside a downtown Minneapolis courthouse as Chauvin's trial commenced on March 8, 2021, to call for justice for Floyd and raise broader issues of racial injustice. Officials surrounded the facility with a concrete barrier, metal fencing, and barbed wire in anticipation of unrest. Protests and rallies planned for the George Floyd Square were halted for several days after a fatal shooting there on March 6, 2021.^[120]

On March 28, 2021, the day before opening statements in the trial of Derek Chauvin, several rallies and protests were held in Minneapolis. Separately, protesters marched in downtown Minneapolis to demand justice for Floyd and rallied at the Hennepin County Government Center and City Hall, and some demonstrators parked cars on the Metro light-rail tracks, which closed train traffic for several hours. At 38th and Chicago Avenue, the street intersection where Floyd was killed, a group of people held a training workshop at the square on how to avoid arrest and keep calm if detained by police.^[121]

Atlanta shooting protests, March 16, 2021[]

On March 16, 2021, a series of mass shootings occurred at three spas in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Eight people were killed, six of whom were Asian women. A suspect, 21-year-old Robert Aaron Long, was taken into custody later that day.^[122] Several anti-Asian violence rallies have been held across the United States in 2021 in response to the recent rise of racism against Asian Americans. Several of the rallies are named "Stop Asian Hate".^{[123][124][125]}

Daunte Wright protests, April 11, 2021–ongoing[]

On April 11, 2021, at 1:48 p.m., 20-year-old Daunte Wright was shot and killed during a traffic stop by Kim Potter, an officer with the police department of Brooklyn Center, a suburb of Minneapolis. His girlfriend, a passenger in his car, was also injured. An initially peaceful demonstration at the scene of the shooting turned violent following a strengthened police presence, and looting was reported.^{[126][127][128]} On April 13, 2021, Potter resigned, as well as Brooklyn Center police chief Tim Gannon, who said that Potter accidentally fired her gun.^[129] The next day, Potter was charged with second-degree manslaughter.^[130]

Winston Boogie Smith protests and vehicle-ramming, June 3–ongoing[]

Winston Boogie Smith, a 32-year-old Black man, was shot and killed by law enforcement authorities on June 3, 2021, as they attempted to apprehend him at a parking ramp in the Uptown neighborhood of Minneapolis. Protests following the killing began on June 3 and continued for several days, primarily in Uptown.^{[131][132][133]} Soon after the shooting, Smith's family demanded greater law enforcement transparency and the release of any surveillance footage that might have captured the incident.^[134] Civil rights activists and Smith's friends and family disputed the law enforcement accounts of the incident. Local organization Communities United Against Police Brutality held a press conference near the shooting site on June 4 to call for officials to release video footage and other details of the shooting.^[135][136] Family and friends of Smith held a peaceful vigil the evening of June 4 at the parking ramp where he was killed, and participated in a protest march on June 6.^[137][131] Activist Nekima Levy Armstrong led a protest on June 8 outside the home of Minnesota's U.S. Marshal, Ramona Dohman, calling for her resignation. Armstrong alleged that Dohman, a Trump administration appointee, had a conflict of interest due to a past working relationship with the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension.^[138]

On June 13, 2021, a man drove a car into a crowd of demonstrators who had gathered as a part of the ongoing Winston Boogie Smith protests, killing Deona M. Knajdek and injuring three others. That evening, demonstrators had blocked the intersection of West Lake Street and Girard Avenue.^[139][140] At approximately 11:39 p.m. CDT, a man in a Jeep Cherokee drove into the crowd at a high speed, striking a parked vehicle that had been used to block off the intersection to traffic, which then collided with protesters.^{[140][141][142]} On June 16, 2021, the driver was charged with second-degree intentional murder and two counts of assault with a deadly weapon in relation to the crash, after allegedly telling investigators that he had accelerated towards the crowd in an attempt to clear the barricades that were protecting protesters.^[143]

Themes and demands[]

"Defund the police"[]

Unlike recent racial protests in the United States before it, the 2020 protests frequently included the slogan "defund the police", representing a call for divestment in policing.^[144] The degree of divestment advocated varied, with some protesters calling for the elimination of police departments and others for reduced budgets. Supporters of partial or complete defunding of the police argued that budgets should be directed instead towards community-driven police alternatives, investment in mental health and substance abuse treatment services, job-training programs, or other forms of investment into Black urban communities. In June 2020, New York City mayor Bill De Blasio responded to calls for divestment by cutting $1 billion of the New York City Police Department (NYPD)'s $6 billion budget and directing it instead to city youth groups and social services, a reduction of 17%.^[145] The cut mostly involved shifting some responsibilities to other city agencies, with the size of the force barely changing.^[146]

The city council in Minneapolis voted in June to "end policing as we know it" and replace it with a "holistic" approach to public safety, but by September 2020, the pledge collapsed without implementation.^[147][148] An increasing number of community groups had opposed the pledge, a poll from the Minneapolis Star-Tribune showed that a plurality of residents, including 50% of Black people, opposed decreasing the size of the police force, and city councilors cited alarm from business owners and residents in more affluent areas of their wards who feared for their safety, as beliefs anticipating an immediate end to the police department proliferated.^[148] Incremental reforms of a type that the city's progressive politicians had denounced were pursued in lieu of the pledge.^[148] The Black Visions Collective, an activist group seeking police abolition, called past reforms "weak" and stated, "It is the nature of white supremacy, capitalism, patriarchy or any of these other systems of oppression to want to do what is necessary to save themselves."^[148]

Nationwide, defunding the police has not received broad support from congressional Democrats.^[148] Senator Bernie Sanders, a former Democratic presidential candidate, and Democratic President Joe Biden, both support police reform instead.^{[149][150][151]} During the 2020 campaign, President Donald Trump heavily criticized the "defund the police" movement;^[148] Trump and his campaign, as well as Trump allies, repeatedly and falsely claimed that Biden supported police defunding.^{[152][153][154]}

Monument removals[]

Protesters have called for the removal of statues commemorating historical figures, such as Confederate war veterans and politicians as well as Christopher Columbus, who are perceived as racist by modern standards. Often those depicted in the statues were responsible for human rights violations.^[155] A number were either removed by authorities, or vandalized and toppled by protesters.^[156] Statues of United States presidents, including the Emancipation Memorial featuring Abraham Lincoln, have also been vandalized and attacked by protesters.^[157] Some pro-Union or anti-slavery monuments were also targeted, as they were seen to embody disrespectful attitudes towards Native Americans or the enslaved. In one case, a statue of abolitionist Hans Christian Heg was torn down.^[158][159]

Related racial unrest outside the United States[]

Writing for Foreign Affairs, professor Brenda Gayle Plummer noted that "The particulars of Floyd's murder, taking place against the backdrop of the pandemic, may well have been the dam-break moment for the global protest movement. But they are only part of the story. International solidarity with the African American civil rights struggle comes not from some kind of projection or spontaneous sentiment; it was seeded by centuries of Black activism abroad and foreign concern about human rights violations in the United States."^[160]

The Netherlands[]

Related racial unrest in the Netherlands included widespread participation in George Floyd protests. The unrest has led to a change in public opinion on Zwarte Piet, a character used in Dutch Sinterklaas celebrations who has been historically portrayed in blackface. Leaving the appearance of Zwarte Piet unaltered has traditionally been supported by the public but opposed by anti-racism campaigners, but a June 2020 survey saw a drop in support for leaving the character's appearance unaltered: 47 per cent of those surveyed supported the traditional appearance, compared to 71 per cent in a similar survey held in November 2019.^[161] Prime minister Mark Rutte stated in a parliamentary debate on June 5, 2020, that he had changed his opinion on the issue and now has more understanding for people who consider the character's appearance to be racist.^[162]

United Kingdom[]

The 2020–21 United States racial unrest has triggered protests, political gestures and policy changes in the United Kingdom, both in solidarity with the United States and in comparable protest against racism in the United Kingdom.^[163] The debate over statues of certain historical figures has been a significant feature of the unrest in Britain, following the unauthorized removal of the statue of Edward Colston in Bristol on June 11 during a protest in the city.^{[164][165][166][167]} The Culture Secretary Oliver Dowden wrote a three-page letter to MPs, peers and councillors arguing against the removal of statues.^[168] Prime Minister Boris Johnson condemned protesters who defaced the statue of Winston Churchill in Parliament Square in London,^[169][170] and several statues were subsequently covered up as a precaution.^[171]

Social impact[]

In late May to June 2020, the high-profile killings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery led to a racial reckoning that greatly increased sentiment regarding systemic racism in the United States, with changes occurring in public opinion, government, industry, education and sports.^{[44][45][172][173]} This racial reckoning aimed at confronting a legacy^[44][45] of systemic inequality and racial injustice stemming from overt discrimination and unconscious bias in the societal treatment of black Americans, who have experienced disproportionately negative outcomes in the form of racial inequality such as in education, health care, housing, imprisonment, voting rights and wages.^{[42][44][174][175]} While most Black Americans acutely felt these issues, many white Americans were insulated.^[42]

Previously, there had been protests and riots over the killings of Black Americans by law enforcement. The 2014 killing of Michael Brown, the 2014 killing of Eric Garner, the 2015 Charleston church shooting, and the 2017 Charlottesville rally received headlines yet did not lead to systemic change^[41] or as wide a level of support.^[43] However, the videos of Floyd's death and police violence at protests resonated with many white Americans.^[176] White people have attended the George Floyd protests and continuing related protests in greater numbers than they had prior protests of killings of Black Americans by law enforcement.^[42]

Public opinion[]

By mid-June, American national culture and attitude towards racial injustice began to shift, including the Senate Armed Services Committee's approval of process to rename military facilities named for Confederate generals.^[41] American public opinion of racism and discrimination shifted in the wake of these protests. Polling of white Americans showed an increased belief in having received advantages due to their race and increased belief that Black Americans received disproportionate force in policing.^[44] Public opinion in support of the Black Lives Matter movement greatly increased,^[177][178] with a surge of "am I racist" searches^[179] and a greater approval for removing Confederate statues and memorials.^[180] However, support for the Black Lives Matter movement declined by August and September 2020.^{[181][182][183]}

The increased approval of racial justice reform may have been influenced by opposition towards President Donald Trump's support for police, greater understanding of disparate pandemic effects by race,^[41] and a weakened sense of security following the COVID-19 pandemic's social distancing and an economic fallout with the COVID-19 recession.^[176] Others had grown accustomed to protest under Trump or were responding to his racial views, agitation and "demagoguery" or handling of the pandemic.^[43] Some white Americans reported feeling more social permission from other white people to support Black Lives Matter, whereas it would have felt conspicuous prior.^[43]

Public debate[]

Faced with civil unrest, politicians fulfilled promises to remove Confederate symbols.^[184] Activism spread to other Confederate symbols, especially the modern display of the Confederate battle flag. NASCAR banned its display, and organizations including Walmart and the NCAA announced that they would no longer fly the Mississippi flag, the last state flag to include the symbol. The state also voted to retire the flag.^[185] The removal of symbols caused national debate over the appropriateness of statues of figures tied to racial injustice.^[186]

Public backlash widened to other institutional symbols, including place names, namesakes, brands and resignations. Examples include Rhode Island removing "Providence Plantations" from the state's formal name,^[187] plans to remove the Native American below a sword from the Massachusetts state flag and seal,^[188] Princeton University renaming its Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, ^[184][187] household products such as Aunt Jemima syrup, Uncle Ben's rice and Cream of Wheat pledging to review racial stereotypes in their marketing,^[189] music groups including the Dixie Chicks and Lady Antebellum changing their names to remove references to the Southern United States,^[190] and the Washington Redskins pledging to change its name following pressure from business sponsors and a 12-year advocacy campaign.^[45][191] Some firms in the music industry also phased out the term "urban music"^[192] and a social media debate considered whether the United States should change its national anthem based on a verse that some historians interpret as supporting violence against slaves.^[193] Companies that had donated to Black Lives Matter causes without addressing internal diversity issues were criticized on social media. Leaders in the media and entertainment industries were also criticized over their handling of racial issues, as were other celebrities and actors.^[194] Debates continued across corporate leadership, media organizations and other cultural institutions. Researchers also went on strike in support of the movement.^[177]

Public conversations on race and power extended to other cultural practices. One debate addressed racial vocabulary. Hundreds of news organizations modified their style guides to capitalize "Black" as a proper noun in recognition of the term's shared political identity and experiences.^[195][196] Merriam-Webster modified its definition of racism.^[177] Some real estate and technology organizations reconsidered and replaced words and phrases with similarities to discriminatory terms such as "master bedroom" and "whitelist"/"blacklist", which also encompassed "master/slave" distinctions in technology and also situations which refer to the master as the opposite of a copy.^[197][198] Journalists at major American newspapers contested their own coverage of the events.^{[199][200][201]} In the music industry, the BMG Rights Management announced it would reevaluate its record deals for race-based compensation disparities.^[202] Major record labels began searches for diversity officers and the Black Music Action Coalition formed to address industry racial inequities.^[192] The major sports channel ESPN began to air political commentary, reversing a longstanding mandate to separate sports from politics.^[203] College athletes led boycotts^[204] and a wildcat strike during the NBA playoff led to a work stoppage from other American professional athletes following the August shooting of Jacob Blake.^{[205][206][207]}

Consumer behavior[]

Anti-racist self-education became a trend throughout June 2020 in the United States, and Black anti-racist writers found new audiences. During the Floyd protests, Black-owned bookstores saw an influx of interest, especially for books on social justice topics. In the span of two weeks from early to late June, books about race went from composing none to two-thirds of The New York Times Best Seller list. Amazon sales saw a similar pattern. In comparison, no such surge happened after prior prominent Black Lives Matter demonstrations. Popular Black authors included Ibram X. Kendi (How to Be an Antiracist, Stamped from the Beginning), Ijeoma Oluo (So You Want to Talk About Race) and Layla Saad (Me and White Supremacy). Bestsellers also include Black biographies and memoirs (Becoming, Born a Crime, Between the World and Me, Just Mercy), anti-racist books by white authors (White Fragility, The Color of Law) and older books (The New Jim Crow, The Fire Next Time). Online library checkouts of anti-racist literature increased tenfold by mid-June. Some municipal libraries saw waitlists in the thousands per title. Amazon's tracking of daily e-book readers and audiobook listeners reflected the increased readership, when many of the aforementioned books entered its most-read list.^[208]

American consumers sought out Black-owned businesses to support. June saw record high Google searches for "Black-owned businesses near me" and smartphone restaurant discovery apps added features for discovering Black-owned restaurants. Businesses on social media lists saw significantly increased sales. Black-owned bookstores in particular had difficulty meeting demand.^{[209][210][211][212]} There was also a social media and Facebook boycott on self-education.^[213]

Many major American corporations pursued anti-racism and diversity training workshops, particularly companies seeking to be consistent with their Black Lives Matter message. Demand for these trainings had grown over time, especially since 2016, and interest in diversity training bookings spiked during this period of reckoning. Robin DiAngelo, whose White Fragility topped the Amazon bestsellers list, rose to prominence during this time and was a popular speaker.^[214]

Analysis[]

The recent scrutiny on race relations in the United States brought comparisons to the Weinstein effect in which the Me Too movement put pressure on public figures for legacies of sexual assault, harassment, and systemic sexism.^{[42][194][215]} Similarly, the American public, under its racial injustice reckoning, pressured American industries to confront legacies of racism.^[215] The resulting symbolic divestments targeted white cultural hegemony.^[41] NPR wrote that renamed landmarks and similar gestures would not provide economic opportunities or civil rights, but signaled cultural disapproval towards symbols associated with racial injustice, including the history of racism and slavery.^[41] The New Yorker compared the dispersed national response to an "American Spring" on par with the Arab Spring and other international revolutionary waves.^[42] Global protests also focused on symbols of racial injustice, with The New Yorker also having a part on international solidarity towards police violence.^[42]

Firearms[]

The unrest precipitated an unprecedented number of firearm sales in the United States.^[216] Background checks for legally purchased firearms reached record highs starting in May,^[217] with year-on-year numbers up 80.2%^{[218][219][220][221]} and running through the rest of the summer.^[222] This represented the highest monthly number of firearms transfers since the FBI began keeping records in 1998.^[223]

In May 2020, firearms retailers surveyed by the National Shooting Sports Foundation estimated that 40% of their sales came from first-time gun buyers, 40% of those first-time gun buyers were women. Gun sales have been up across the country. A rise in first-time gun buyers in liberal-leaning states like California has helped fuel the national uptick in firearms and ammunition purchases.^{[224][225][226]} June 2020 represented the largest month of firearms purchases in United States history, with Illinois purchasing more firearms than any other state.^[227]

According to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), in the last days of May and the first week of June 2020, there were more than 90 attempted or successful burglaries of gun stores, according to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). More than 1,000 guns were stolen in that window of time. On May 31 alone, the BATF reported 29 separate burglaries targeting licensed firearm retailers.^[228][229]

Maps[]

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  Minneapolis civil unrest, East Lake Street

• 

  Saint Paul civil unrest, University Avenue West

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  Minneapolis civil unrest, Nicollet Avenue

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  Seattle civil unrest, Capitol Hill

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  Portland civil unrest, downtown

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  Kenosha civil unrest, downtown

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  Portland Civil Unrest, Humboldt

See also[]

• Killing of Manuel Ellis
• Death of Elijah McClain
• List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
• Mass racial violence in the United States
• Timeline of notable Black Lives Matter events and demonstrations in the United States
• 2020–21 United States election protests

Similar unrest

• Ghetto riots in the United States (1964–1969)
  • 1965 Watts riots
  • Long, hot summer of 1967
  • 1968 King assassination riots
• 1980 Miami riots
• 1992 Los Angeles riots
• 2014 Ferguson unrest
• 2015 Baltimore protests
• 2017 Charlottesville protests (Unite the Right rally)
• List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

References[]

Further reading[]

External links[]

• "America Reckons With Racial Injustice" – NPR's special series