List of windmills in Malta

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A model of a traditional Maltese windmill at Montekristo Estates

This is a list of windmills in Malta, that include those on Malta and Gozo. Most windmills (Maltese: imtieħen tar-riħ)[1][2] in Malta were built while the islands were under the rule of the Order of St. John,[1] by the Cottoner and the Manoel Foundations,[3] while other were built in the British Colonial period. There are 48 windmills (apart from those demolished that would add up to at least 69)[4] which were included on the antiques list of 1932[5] and scheduled as cultural buildings by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA).[6] The windmills form an integral part of Maltese history.[7] Those in the countryside were used exclusively for food production, such as wheat, barley or vines, while some of those within the fortified walled cities in Valletta and the Three Cities had a military use, for the production of gunpowder.[8]

At the time of construction, each windmills' tower could site the next windmill from distance, similar to military watchtowers, in order to learn whether the others are working on that day.[9] An instrument called bronja, colloquially known as tronga, is commonly associated with the functioning of windmills. The tronja is a sea snail that is modified, with a hole at one end, and when blown it creates a strong noise reaching a large distance in a given Maltese village. This was useful to inform the people that the windmills are operating that day due to being a windy day, by which the sails turn for general function.[10][11]

The architecture of a windmill could differ from one to another, but in general a Maltese windmill has similar characteristics. A tower has a built circular staircase inside it that leads to the top. Rooms are built around the tower, giving both support to the tower and used for the general storage of production. A windmill could simultaneously be the family residence of the miller. Each tower has an approximate height of 15 meters and a radius of 1.5 meters.[9] A functioning Maltese windmill has six sails.[12] The first mills were built in the 16th century, however these were post mills. The oldest tower mills were built in the late 17th century on the island of Malta while the latest were built on Gozo in the late 19th or early 20th centuries. The windmills were eventually replaced with the industrial development of steam mills, circa 1900, but managed to keep competitive production throughout the mid-twentieth century.[9]

Malta has the highest density of windmills in the world, having approximately a windmill for each 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi), which is higher than the Netherlands which is famous for its windmills. At one point there were more than the present amount of windmills on the islands, but many were demolished over the years. Despite the survival of a significant number of windmills, only three still have their sails in place. Other more traditional mills in Malta include those that made use of animals, such as horses and donkeys, to turn the mill.[13]

List[]

Malta[]

Location Name of mill[a]
and coordinates 		Type Built Notes Photograph
Birkirkara Għar il-Ġobon Windmill
35°54′12.9″N 14°27′59.1″E / 35.903583°N 14.466417°E / 35.903583; 14.466417 		Tower c. 1685 Built by Gregorio Carafa. Remained in use until 1930, and sails were subsequently removed. Converted into a house.[14] Ghar il-Gobon Windmill.jpeg
Birkirkara Mrieħel Windmill
35°53′34.6″N 14°27′42.9″E / 35.892944°N 14.461917°E / 35.892944; 14.461917 		Tower c. 1685 Built by Gregorio Carafa, and possibly rebuilt in 1807. Remained in use until 1886.[15] The base still exist while the mill’s parts were sold out in 1889. It has been a residence since then.[16] Old Santa Maria Church and Windmill.jpg
Birkirkara Ta' Ganu Windmill
35°53′59.9″N 14°27′21.5″E / 35.899972°N 14.455972°E / 35.899972; 14.455972 		Tower 1724 Built by the Manoel Foundation. Contains a niche of St. Michael.[17] Remained in use until 1929, and sails were subsequently removed. Later used as a blacksmith's workshop. Restored in 1985–89 and converted into an artist's studio.[18] Ta' Ganu Windmill 1.jpg
Birkirkara Ta' Triq San Ġiljan Windmill
35°54′7.5″N 14°28′17.3″E / 35.902083°N 14.471472°E / 35.902083; 14.471472 		Tower 1855 Remained in use until 1900. Tower demolished and base converted into a house.[19] Bkara windmill 4.jpg
Cospicua T'Għuxa Windmill
35°52′44″N 14°31′7.7″E / 35.87889°N 14.518806°E / 35.87889; 14.518806 		Tower 1674 Built by the Cottoner Foundation. Remained in use until 1879. Sails removed.[20]
Cospicua Santa Margherita Windmills
35°53′0.2″N 14°31′28.7″E / 35.883389°N 14.524639°E / 35.883389; 14.524639 		Tower 1674 2 side-by-side windmills built by the Cottoner Foundation. One remained in use until c. 1916. Sails removed. Its mechanism was used to restore the Xarolla Windmill.[21][22]
Floriana Saint Francis Ravelin/Sarria Street Windmill 1 Tower c. 1670 Built by the Cottoner Foundation. Demolished.[23]
Floriana Saint Francis Ravelin/Sarria Street Windmill 2 Tower c. 1670 Built by the Cottoner Foundation. Demolished.[24]
Floriana Robert Samut Square Windmill Tower Demolished.[25]
Għargħur Għargħur Windmill
35°55′31.6″N 14°27′7.5″E / 35.925444°N 14.452083°E / 35.925444; 14.452083 		Tower 1838 Remained in use until c. 1910, and sails were subsequently removed. Converted into a house.[26] Gharghur Windmill.jpeg
Gudja Gudja Windmill Tower c. 1670 Built by the Cottoner Foundation. Demolished in 1930.[27]
Kirkop Kirkop Windmill Tower Demolished, no details known.[28]
Lija Tal-Mirakli Windmill / Tal-Għadiriet il-Bordi Windmill
35°53′50.9″N 14°26′21.9″E / 35.897472°N 14.439417°E / 35.897472; 14.439417 		Tower 1674 Built by the Cottoner Foundation. Has a round base. Remained in use until 1889, and sails were subsequently removed. Later used as a blacksmith's forge. Restored in 1991–92 and used for socio-cultural activities.[29] Lija Windmill, the only windmill in Malta with a round base.jpeg
Luqa Ta' Caraffa Windmill
35°51′23.3″N 14°29′17.4″E / 35.856472°N 14.488167°E / 35.856472; 14.488167 		Tower c. 1684 Probably built by Giovanni Paolo Lascaris or Gregorio Carafa. Remained in use until c. 1889, and pulled down in July 1943. Rebuilt after World War II but demolished again in c. 1985.[30]
Mellieħa Windmill near Salib tal-Pellegrini
35°57′23.6″N 14°21′54.1″E / 35.956556°N 14.365028°E / 35.956556; 14.365028 		Tower Late 17th century
Rebuilt 1849 		Sails removed in 1938. Now used as a restaurant known as Il-Mitħna Restaurant.[31] Mellieha windmill restaurant conversion.jpeg
Mellieħa Il-Qadima Windmill
35°57′15.4″N 14°21′50.3″E / 35.954278°N 14.363972°E / 35.954278; 14.363972 		Tower c. 1843 Remained in use until c. 1920. Tower demolished and base converted to a house.[32] Mellieħa 15.jpg
Mellieħa Il-Ġdida Windmill Tower c. 1849 Demolished, exact location unknown.[33]
Mosta Jesus of Nazareth Windmill / Il-Qadima Windmill
35°54′15.5″N 14°25′34.5″E / 35.904306°N 14.426250°E / 35.904306; 14.426250 		Tower c. 1685
Rebuilt 1757 		Façade bears the coat of arms of Gregorio Carafa (reigned 1680–90). It was rebuilt in 1757 by the architect Francesco Zerafa and master mason Nicola Camilleri, and this is commemorated by an inscription below the coat of arms. Remained in use until 1925, and sails were removed in c. 1928.[34] Windmilk with red ucre.jpg
Mosta Il-Ġdida Windmill
35°54′19.2″N 14°25′32.6″E / 35.905333°N 14.425722°E / 35.905333; 14.425722 		Tower c. 1800 Contains a niche of St. Anthony of Padua. Remained in use until 1979, and sails were subsequently removed. Converted into a house.[35] Mosta main road windmill.jpg
Mosta Ta' Triq San Silvestru Windmill
35°54′14.6″N 14°25′24.8″E / 35.904056°N 14.423556°E / 35.904056; 14.423556 		Tower c. 1800 Tower demolished and base converted into a house.[36]
Mosta Our Lady of Mount Carmel Windmill
35°54′25.6″N 14°25′46.9″E / 35.907111°N 14.429694°E / 35.907111; 14.429694 		Tower 1858 Tower demolished, base used as a shop.[37] Things in Mosta 03.jpg
Mqabba Tar-Rith Windmill / Mqabba Windmill
35°50′34.8″N 14°27′54.5″E / 35.843000°N 14.465139°E / 35.843000; 14.465139 		Tower c. 1873 Sails removed c. 1890. Converted into a house.[38] Mqabba monuments 35.jpg
Naxxar Tas-Sgħajtar Windmill
35°54′49″N 14°26′12.4″E / 35.91361°N 14.436778°E / 35.91361; 14.436778 		Tower c. 1670 Built by the Cottoner Foundation. Sails removed and converted into a house.[39] Il-Mitħna tas-Sgħajtar.jpg
Naxxar Tal-Għaqba Windmill
35°54′36.5″N 14°26′43.9″E / 35.910139°N 14.445528°E / 35.910139; 14.445528 		Tower c. 1710 Built by Ramon Perellos y Roccaful. Sails removed c. 1960 but most of the machinery is still present. Partially restored in 2002. Converted into a house.[40] Il-Mitħna tal-Għaqba.jpg
Naxxar Tad-Dejf Windmill / Darnino Windmill
35°54′50.7″N 14°26′23.4″E / 35.914083°N 14.439833°E / 35.914083; 14.439833 		Tower 18th century Sails removed and converted into a house.[41] Il-Mitħna tad-Dejf.jpg
Naxxar Santa Luċija Windmill
35°54′55.1″N 14°26′32.1″E / 35.915306°N 14.442250°E / 35.915306; 14.442250 		Tower 18th century Sails removed and converted into a house and studio.[42] Il-Mitħna ta' Santa Luċija.jpg
Naxxar Tal-Laqx Windmill
35°55′6.8″N 14°26′55.1″E / 35.918556°N 14.448639°E / 35.918556; 14.448639 		Tower c. 1730 Built by the Manoel Foundation. Contains a niche. Sails removed and converted into a house.[43] Gharghur Windmill, Malta.jpeg
Paola Paola Windmill Tower Demolished.[44]
Qormi Tal-Erwieħ Windmill / Ta' Pampalaw Windmill
35°53′2.4″N 14°28′25.4″E / 35.884000°N 14.473722°E / 35.884000; 14.473722 		Tower c. 1685 Sails removed.[45] Qormi Windmill with trees.jpg
Qrendi Qrendi Windmill
35°50′21.2″N 14°27′44.6″E / 35.839222°N 14.462389°E / 35.839222; 14.462389 		Tower c. 1695 Built by Gregorio Carafa. Sails removed.[46]
Rabat Ħal Bajjada Windmill
35°52′46.7″N 14°23′42.3″E / 35.879639°N 14.395083°E / 35.879639; 14.395083 		Tower c. 1685 Built by Gregorio Carafa. Façade bears an eroded coat of arms. Sails removed and converted into a house.[47] Rabat in 2018 07.jpg
Rabat Taċ-Ċagħki Windmill
35°52′41.9″N 14°23′53.4″E / 35.878306°N 14.398167°E / 35.878306; 14.398167 		Tower 18th century Sails removed and converted into a house.[48] Rabat walk 2017 Malta 01.jpg
Rabat Ta' Għeriexem Windmill / Tal-Balla Windmill
35°52′59.9″N 14°23′54.6″E / 35.883306°N 14.398500°E / 35.883306; 14.398500 		Tower c. 1730 Built by the Manoel Foundation. Sails removed and converted into a house.[49]
Senglea Senglea Windmill 1
35°53′24.2″N 14°30′53″E / 35.890056°N 14.51472°E / 35.890056; 14.51472 		Post c. 1536 Probably the first windmill to be built in Malta. Existed during the Great Siege of Malta of 1565. Demolished.[50] The Siege of Malta- Siege and Bombardment of St Michael, 28 June 1565 RMG BHC0255.tiff
Senglea Senglea Windmill 2
35°53′23.2″N 14°30′54″E / 35.889778°N 14.51500°E / 35.889778; 14.51500 		Post c. 1565 Probably the second windmill to be built in Malta. Existed during the Great Siege of Malta of 1565. Demolished.[51] The Siege of Malta- Siege and Bombardment of St Michael, 28 June 1565 RMG BHC0255.tiff
Siġġiewi Tat-Tank Windmill
35°51′22.4″N 14°26′7″E / 35.856222°N 14.43528°E / 35.856222; 14.43528 		Tower 18th century Sails removed. At one point it was converted into a water tower.[52] Siggiewi Windmills 03.jpg
Siġġiewi Ta' Kerċeppu Windmill
35°51′30.8″N 14°26′31″E / 35.858556°N 14.44194°E / 35.858556; 14.44194 		Tower c. 1800 Sails removed.[53] Siggiewi Windmills 01.jpg
Siġġiewi Ta' Barba Zepp Windmill
35°51′16.1″N 14°26′3.3″E / 35.854472°N 14.434250°E / 35.854472; 14.434250 		Tower 1879 Built by Joseph Sammut. Remained in use until the 1930s, and the sails were removed in c. 1940. Converted into a house.[54]
Tarxien Tower Tower demolished and base used as a store room.[55]
Valletta St. Michael's Bastion Windmill 1
35°53′56.6″N 14°30′27.2″E / 35.899056°N 14.507556°E / 35.899056; 14.507556 		Tower 1674 Built by the Cottoner Foundation. Demolished before 1900.[56]
Valletta St. Michael's Bastion Windmill 2
35°53′56.8″N 14°30′28.8″E / 35.899111°N 14.508000°E / 35.899111; 14.508000 		Tower 1674 Built by the Cottoner Foundation. Demolished before 1900.[57] St Michael's Bastion No. 2 Mill (demolished before 1890).jpeg
Valletta Saint Elmo Windmill Tower Demolished.[58]
Żabbar Bir Għeliem Windmill / Ta' Buleben Windmill
35°52′10.8″N 14°31′37.8″E / 35.869667°N 14.527167°E / 35.869667; 14.527167 		Tower c. 1710 Built by Ramon Perellos y Roccaful. Used as a redoubt in 1798–1800. Sails removed and converted into a house.[59] Ta' Buleben Windmill.jpeg
Żabbar Ħaż-Żabbar Windmill
35°52′23.1″N 14°32′0.7″E / 35.873083°N 14.533528°E / 35.873083; 14.533528 		Tower 19th century Sails removed and converted into a house.[60]
Żebbuġ Tal-Għodor Windmill
35°52′15.2″N 14°26′4.2″E / 35.870889°N 14.434500°E / 35.870889; 14.434500 		Tower 1674–82 Remained in use until c. 1900. Sails removed and converted into a house.[61] Triq IL-Buskett, Ħaż-Żebbuġ, Malta - panoramio (78).jpg
Żebbuġ Ta' Ċanfut/Qanfut Windmill
35°52′28.4″N 14°27′23.6″E / 35.874556°N 14.456556°E / 35.874556; 14.456556 		Tower c. 1680 Built by the Cottoner Foundation. Remained in use until 1884. Was later used as an abattoir and a lime kiln. Tower demolished and base converted into a house.[62][63]
Żebbuġ Ta' Srina Windmill
35°52′44.2″N 14°26′21.4″E / 35.878944°N 14.439278°E / 35.878944; 14.439278 		Tower c. 1685 Remained in use until c. 1900. Sails removed and tower reduced in height. Converted into a house.[64] Zebbug heritage 02.jpg
Żebbuġ Ta' Għasfura Windmill
35°52′28″N 14°26′23.3″E / 35.87444°N 14.439806°E / 35.87444; 14.439806 		Tower 1858 Remained in use until 1865. Sails removed and tower reduced in height. Converted into a house.[65]
Żebbuġ Ta' Kustanz Windmill
35°52′22.3″N 14°26′21.4″E / 35.872861°N 14.439278°E / 35.872861; 14.439278 		Tower 1872 Remained in use until c. 1900, and sails subsequently removed. Converted into a house.[66]
Żejtun Tower c. 1670 Built by the Cottoner Foundation. Demolished.[67]
Żejtun Bir id-Deheb Windmill
35°51′5.3″N 14°31′35.2″E / 35.851472°N 14.526444°E / 35.851472; 14.526444 		Tower c. 1724 Built by the Manoel Foundation. Demolished c. 1960.[68] Bir id-Deheb Windmill.jpeg
Żejtun Tower Demolished.[69]
Żurrieq Tal-Qaret Windmill / Nigret Windmill
35°49′25″N 14°28′7.9″E / 35.82361°N 14.468861°E / 35.82361; 14.468861 		Tower 1674 Built by the Cottoner Foundation. Has a round base. Sails removed.[70] Zurrieq Windmill.jpg
Żurrieq Xarolla Windmill
35°49′54.5″N 14°28′50.5″E / 35.831806°N 14.480694°E / 35.831806; 14.480694 		Tower 1724 Built by the Manoel Foundation. Restored a number of times, and is one of the few windmills in Malta which are preserved in working order. Open to the public as a museum.[71] Malta - Zurrieq - Triq Sant' Andrija - Xarolla Windmill 09 ies.jpg
Żurrieq Ta' Marmara Windmill
35°49′27.4″N 14°28′10.7″E / 35.824278°N 14.469639°E / 35.824278; 14.469639 		Tower c. 1800 Sails removed.[72] Another Zurrieq Windmill.jpg
Żurrieq St. James Windmill / Tas-Salib Windmill
35°49′45.7″N 14°28′27.5″E / 35.829361°N 14.474306°E / 35.829361; 14.474306 		Tower 1857 Built by the Gafà family. Remained in use until 1938 and sails removed in c. 1945.[73] St James Windmill.jpg

Gozo[]

Location Name of mill[a]
and coordinates 		Type Built Notes Photograph
Fontana Ta' Randu Windmill / Ix-Xagħri Windmill
36°2′28.8″N 14°14′5.6″E / 36.041333°N 14.234889°E / 36.041333; 14.234889 		Tower c. 1856 Sails removed.[74]
Għarb Ta' Borom Windmill / Għarb Windmill
36°3′26.7″N 14°12′40.4″E / 36.057417°N 14.211222°E / 36.057417; 14.211222 		Tower 1862 Sails removed c. 1900.[75]
Għasri Tower 1858 Built by Luigi Camilleri and consisted of a wooden tower. Destroyed during a whirlwind in c. 1939.[76] Ghasri Lighthouse.jpeg
Għasri Tower 1859 Built by Giuseppe Grech. Demolished.[77]
Kerċem Tal-Qasam Windmill / Ta' Bejn Kerċem u l-Għarb Windmill
36°3′6.1″N 14°13′26.3″E / 36.051694°N 14.223972°E / 36.051694; 14.223972 		Tower 1724
Rebuilt 1784 		Originally built by the Manoel Foundation, but was poorly constructed and was rebuilt in 1784. Sails removed and converted to a farmhouse.[78] Gozo fortified tower, windmills, aqueduct 03.jpg
Kerċem Santa Luċija Windmill
36°2′33″N 14°13′7.9″E / 36.04250°N 14.218861°E / 36.04250; 14.218861 		Tower 1885 Sails removed.[79]
Nadur Tower 1727 Built by the Manoel Foundation. This windmill was poorly constructed, and it was demolished in c. 1787. Il-Ġdida Windmill was built in another location to replace it.[80]
Nadur Il-Ġdida Windmill
36°2′17.2″N 14°17′23″E / 36.038111°N 14.28972°E / 36.038111; 14.28972 		Tower 1787 Sails removed.[81] Nadur heritage 20.jpg
Qala Ta' Randu Windmill / Qala Windmill
36°2′19.1″N 14°18′40.4″E / 36.038639°N 14.311222°E / 36.038639; 14.311222 		Tower 1853 Built by the Camilleri brothers. Remained in use until 1977.[82]
Qala Ta' Sufa Windmill
36°2′15.1″N 14°18′26.9″E / 36.037528°N 14.307472°E / 36.037528; 14.307472 		Tower 1853 Built by the Camilleri brothers. Currently in poor condition.[83]
Sannat Ta' Randu Windmill
36°1′40.4″N 14°14′32.1″E / 36.027889°N 14.242250°E / 36.027889; 14.242250 		Tower c. 1860 Built by the Cammilleri brothers. Remained in use until c. 1900, and sails were removed in c. 1940. It was subsequently used as a limekiln, and its tower was shortened.[84]
Victoria Windmill
36°2′30.4″N 14°14′24.5″E / 36.041778°N 14.240139°E / 36.041778; 14.240139 		Tower c. 1680 Probably the first windmill to be built on Gozo. Built by Gregorio Carafa. Demolished in 1781 and replaced by the Ta' Marżiena Windmill.[85]
Victoria Ta' Marżiena Windmill
36°2′6.8″N 14°14′24.5″E / 36.035222°N 14.240139°E / 36.035222; 14.240139 		Tower 1783 Sails removed.[86] Ta' Marziena Mill Victoria.jpg
Victoria Għajn Qatet Windmill / Ta' Fortun Windmill
36°2′27.3″N 14°14′36.6″E / 36.040917°N 14.243500°E / 36.040917; 14.243500 		Tower 1856 Sails removed.[87]
Xagħra Il-Qadima Windmill Tower c. 1725–31 This windmill was poorly constructed, and it was demolished in c. 1787. Ta' Kola Windmill was built in another location to replace it.[88]
Xagħra Ta' Kola Windmill
36°2′59.3″N 14°16′0.5″E / 36.049806°N 14.266806°E / 36.049806; 14.266806 		Tower 1787 Remained in use until 1960. Restored a number of times, and is one of the few windmills in Malta which are preserved in working order. Open to the public as a museum.[89] Ta' Kola Windmill.jpg
Xagħra Tal-Bwier Windmill / Ta' Ġnien Xibla Windmill
36°3′7.2″N 14°16′16″E / 36.052000°N 14.27111°E / 36.052000; 14.27111 		Tower 1858 Remained in use until 1944 and sails subsequently removed. Converted into a holiday home.[90]
Xagħra Tower c. 1900
Relocated c. 1940 		Possibly the last windmill to be built in the Maltese Islands. Built by Fortun Bonello. His son George Bonello dismantled it in c. 1940 and rebuilt it a few kilometres away. It was demolished in c. 1960.[91][92]
Xewkija Tat-Tmien Kantunieri Windmill
36°2′9.4″N 14°15′36.9″E / 36.035944°N 14.260250°E / 36.035944; 14.260250 		Tower c. 1710 Built by Ramon Perellos y Roccaful. Has an octagonal base. Remained in use until it burnt down in 1886.[93][94] Tat-Tmien Kantunieri Windmill.jpeg
Żebbuġ Tower c. 1859 Probably built by Galent Vella. Tower demolished but base survives.[95]
Żebbuġ Tower c. 1870 Demolished c. 1900.[96]

Notes[]

  1. ^ a b If a windmill is known by several names, all are listed here.

References[]

  1. ^ a b Cassar Pullicino, Joseph (October–December 1949). "The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (4): 174–175. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2017.
  2. ^ "L-Imtieħen tar-Riħ". Air Malta (in Maltese). Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  3. ^ Abela, Mario. "Proġetti Importanti mill-Kavallieri" (PDF). hostingbydavi.info (in Maltese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2017.
  4. ^ "Welcome to the website of the windmills of Malta and Gozo". The Malta Windmill Database. November 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  5. ^ "Subsidiary Legislation 445.01 – Protection of Antiques Regulations". Laws of Malta. 21 November 1932. p. 6. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  6. ^ Ameen, Juan (25 May 2012). "At last, modern architecture is protected". Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  7. ^ "Wirja permanenti dwar l-imtieħen tar-riħ". Department of Information (in Maltese). Government of Malta. 24 February 2005. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  8. ^ Mercieca, Simon; Muscat, Joseph (2013). "Windmills and the Production of Gunpowder in Malta". Symposia Melitensia (9): 2–18.
  9. ^ a b c Jellema, Wibo (30 April 2006). "Windmills In Malta". The Malta Independent. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  10. ^ Testa, Frank. "Kampanja Maltija – bini karatteristiku – Form 5". schoolnet.gov.mt (in Maltese). Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  11. ^ Lanfranco, G. (1983). "Tal-Mitħna tar-Riħ" (PDF). L-Imnara. Rivista tal-Għaqda Maltija tal-Folklor. 2 (2): 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2017.
  12. ^ Sultana, James (29 February 2012). "Noti qosra ta' l-Istorja għall-istudenti tal-Form 5". slideserve.com (in Maltese). Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  13. ^ Staat, Willem (25 July 2005). "Malta has biggest density of windmills worldwide". Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  14. ^ "Ta 'Ghar il-Gobon Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  15. ^ "Imriehel Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  16. ^ Zammit, Winston L. (2002). "Il-Mithna ta' l-Imriehel" (PDF). Ghaqda Muzikali Santa Elena, Festa Birkirkara (in Maltese): 135, 137.
  17. ^ "Niche of St Michael" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2016.
  18. ^ "Ta ' Ganu Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017.
  19. ^ "Ta'Triq San Giljan Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  20. ^ "T'Ghuxa Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  21. ^ Mercieca, Simon. "Windmills and the Production of Gunpowder in Malta". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ^ "Santa Margerita Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  23. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  24. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  25. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  26. ^ "Hal Gharghur Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  27. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  28. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  29. ^ "Tal-Mirakli Windmill / Tal-Ghadiriet Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  30. ^ "Ta Caraffa Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  31. ^ "Windmill near Salib tal-Pellegrini". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  32. ^ "L-Qadima Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  33. ^ "l-Gdida Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  34. ^ "Jesus of Nazareth/ l-Qadima Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  35. ^ "l-Gdida Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  36. ^ "Ta'Triq San Silvestru Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  37. ^ "Windmill of Our Loady of Mount Carmel". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017.
  38. ^ "Tar-Rith Windmill / Mqabba Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  39. ^ "Tas-Sghajtar Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  40. ^ "Tal-Ghaqba Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  41. ^ "Tad-Dejf Windmill / Darnino Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  42. ^ "Santa Lucija Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  43. ^ "Tal-Laqx Windmill / Old Mill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  44. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  45. ^ "Tal-Erwich Windmill / Ta ' Pampalaw Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  46. ^ "Tal-Qrendi Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  47. ^ "Hal Bajjada Windmill / The Mill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  48. ^ "Tac -Caghki Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  49. ^ "Ta' Gheriexem Windmill / Tal-Balla Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  50. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  51. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  52. ^ "Tat-Tank Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  53. ^ "Ta' Kerceppu Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  54. ^ "Ta ' Barba Zepp Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  55. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  56. ^ "Windmill St Michael's Bastion 1". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  57. ^ "Windmill St Michael's Bastion 2". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  58. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  59. ^ "Bir Gheliem Windmill / Ta ' Buleben Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  60. ^ "Haz-Zabbar Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  61. ^ "Tal-Ghodor Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  62. ^ "Ta 'Canfut Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  63. ^ Vella, C. (2016). Imtieħen f'Ħaż-Żebbuġ. Għaqda Każin Banda San Filep, A.D. 1851, Ħaż-Żebbuġ : festa, 2016, 251-260.
  64. ^ "Ta 'Srina Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  65. ^ "Ta'Ghasfura Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  66. ^ "Ta'Kustanz Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  67. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  68. ^ "Bir-id-Deheb Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  69. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  70. ^ "Tal-Qaret / Nigret Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  71. ^ "Xarolla Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  72. ^ "Ta ' Marmara Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  73. ^ "Mithna Tas Salib / St.James Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  74. ^ "Ta 'Randu Windmill / -Xaghri Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  75. ^ "Ta 'Borom Windmill / Gharb Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  76. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  77. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  78. ^ "Tal-Qasam / Ta 'Bejn Kercem / L-Gharb Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  79. ^ "Santa Lucija Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  80. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  81. ^ "L-Gdida Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  82. ^ "Ta ' Randu Windmill / Qala Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  83. ^ "Ta ' Sufa Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  84. ^ "Ta 'Randu Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  85. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  86. ^ "Ta' Marziena Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  87. ^ "Ghain Qatet Windmill / Ta'Fortun Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  88. ^ "Mithna l-Qadima". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  89. ^ "Ta 'Kola Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  90. ^ "Tal Bwier Windmill / Ta ' Gnien Xibla Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  91. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  92. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  93. ^ "Tat-Tmien Kantunieri Windmill". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  94. ^ Gozo's oldest windmill to be restored: Building has remained empty since 1965
  95. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  96. ^ "No name". The Malta Windmill Database. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.

Further reading[]

  • Vella, Clifford (2011). L-Imtieħen tat-Tħin tal-Qamħ fil-Gżejjer Maltin (in Maltese). Malta: Self-published. ISBN 978-99957-0-029-4.

External links[]

Media related to Windmills in Malta at Wikimedia Commons

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