Ljudevit Gaj

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Ljudevit Gaj
Ljudevit Gaj (Knjižnica Gajeva 1875).png
Born
Ludwig Gay

(1809-08-08)8 August 1809
Krapina, Kingdom of Croatia, Austrian Empire
Died20 April 1872(1872-04-20) (aged 62)
Zagreb, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary
Resting placeMirogoj Cemetery, Zagreb, Croatia
OccupationLinguist, politician, journalist, writer
Known forGaj's Latin alphabet
MovementIllyrian movement
Spouse(s)
Paulina Krizmanić
​
(m. 1842)​
Children5

Ljudevit Gaj (Croatian pronunciation: [ʎûdeʋit ɡâːj]; born Ludwig Gay;[1] 8 August 1809 – 20 April 1872) was a Croatian linguist, politician, journalist and writer. He was one of the central figures of the pan-Slavist Illyrian Movement.

Biography[]

Origin[]

He was born in Krapina (then in the Varaždin County, Kingdom of Croatia, Austrian Empire), on August 8, 1809.[2] His father Johann Gay was a German immigrant from Hungarian Slovakia, and his mother was Juliana née Schmidt, the daughter of a German immigrant arriving in the 1770s.[3][4]

The Gays were originally of Burgundian Huguenot origin. They arrived in Batizovce in present-day Slovakia in 16th or 17th century. Thence they became serfs of and families in 18th century. As there were a lot of ethnic Germans in that area, the Gays were soon Germanised. Ljudevit's father originates from a branch that moved to the village of Markušovce.[5]

Ljudevit completed high school in Varaždin, Zagreb and Karlovac, and he studied philosophy in Vienna and Graz (graduated in 1828) and law in Budapest (1829-1831).[2]

Orthography and other work[]

Concise Basis for a Croatian-Slavonic Orthography (1830)

Gaj started publishing very early; his 36-page booklet on stately manors in his native district, written in his native German, appeared already in 1826 as Die Schlösser bei Krapina.[6][7]

In Buda in 1830 Gaj's Latin alphabet was published [8][9] ("Concise Basis for a Croatian-Slavonic Orthography"), which was the first common Croatian orthography book (after the works of Ignjat Đurđević and Pavao Ritter Vitezović). The book was printed bilingually, in Croatian and German. The Croatians used the Latin alphabet, but some of the specific sounds were not uniformly represented. Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography, using one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. He used diacritics and the digraphs lj and nj.

The book helped Gaj achieve nationwide fame. In 1834 he succeeded where fifteen years before Đuro Matija Šporer had failed, i.e. obtaining an agreement from the royal government of the Habsburg Monarchy to publish a Croatian daily newspaper. He was known as an intellectual leader thereafter. On 6 January 1835, Novine Horvatske ("The Croatian News") appeared, and on 10 January the literary supplement Danicza horvatzka, slavonzka y dalmatinzka ("The Croatian, Slavonian, and Dalmatian Daystar"). The "Novine Horvatske" were printed in Kajkavian dialect until the end of that year, while "Danic[z]a" was printed in Shtokavian dialect along with Kajkavian.

In early 1836 the publications' names were changed to Ilirske narodne novine ("The Illyrian People's News") and Danica ilirska ("The Illyrian Morning Star") respectively. This was because historians at the time hypothesised Illyrians had been Slavic and were the direct forefathers of the present-day South Slavs.

In addition to his intellectual work, Gaj was also a poet. His most popular poem was "Još Hrvatska ni propala" ("Croatia is not in ruin yet"), which was written in 1833.

Death[]

Gaj died in Zagreb, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, in 1872 at the age of 62.[2]

Linguistic legacy[]

Main article: Gaj's Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet used in the Serbo-Croatian language is credited to Gaj's Kratka osnova Hrvatskog pravopisa. Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography, making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. Following Vuk Karadžić reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica, using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latinica as applied to the Serbian or Croatian parallel system.[10] The Slovenian alphabet, introduced in the mid-1840s, is also a variation of Gaj's Latin alphabet, from which it differs by the lack of the letters ć and đ.

Personal[]

He married 26-year-old Paulina Krizmanić, niece of an abbott, in 1842 at Marija Bistrica. They had five children: daughter Ljuboslava, and sons Velimir, Svetoslav, Milivoje, and Bogdan.[11]

Legacy[]

In 2008, a total of 211 streets in Croatia were named after Ljudevit Gaj, making him the fourth most common person eponym of streets in the country.[12]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Ognjenović, Gorana; Jozelić, Jasna (2014). Politicization of Religion, the Power of State, Nation, and Faith: The Case of Former Yugoslavia and its Successor States. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 81. ISBN 9781137477866.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Milorad Živančević (1971). Živan Milisavac (ed.). Jugoslovenski književni leksikon [Yugoslav Literary Lexicon] (in Serbo-Croatian). Novi Sad (SAP Vojvodina, SR Serbia): Matica srpska. p. 128-129.
  3. ^ Traian Stoianovich (1994). Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. M.E. Sharpe. p. 282. ISBN 9780765638519.
  4. ^ Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945), Vol. 2, by Balázs Trencsényi and Michal Kopeček
  5. ^ Horvat, Josip. Politička povijest Hrvatske 1. August Cesarec, Zagreb, p. 49
  6. ^ "Die Schloesser bei Krapina". Koha Online Catalog: ISBD View. Library of the Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb. UDC: 94(497.5)-2. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
  7. ^ Đuro Šurmin (1904). Hrvatski Preporod. p. 121. ISBN 9781113014542. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
  8. ^ Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisanja, poleg mudroljubneh, narodneh i prigospodarneh temeljov i zrokov
  9. ^ Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisaňa
  10. ^ Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (1 September 2003). The Slavonic Languages. Taylor & Francis. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-203-21320-9. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ... following Vuk's reform of Cyrillic (see above) in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica,...
  11. ^ "Krapinski Vjesnik". Godina VI. Broj 58. Studeni 2009. ISSN 1334-9317
  12. ^ Letica, Slaven (29 November 2008). Bach, Nenad (ed.). "If Streets Could Talk. Kad bi ulice imale dar govora". Croatian World Network. ISSN 1847-3911. Retrieved 2014-12-31.
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