London International Model United Nations

London International Model United Nations

Emblem of the Conference
Abbreviation	LIMUN
Formation	2000
Type	3 Day Conference, February
Legal status	Charity (England and Wales, 1096197)
Purpose	Recreative and Educational
Location	London, United Kingdom
Membership	1500 Participants
Secretary-General	Ben Santhouse-James
Honorary President	Mark Malloch Brown
Main organ	Secretariat, Board of Trustees
Website	www.limun.org.uk

The London International Model United Nations (LIMUN) is an annual three-day Model United Nations conference in London, United Kingdom. Taking place every February since 2000, LIMUN has established itself as Europe's largest such conference at university-level,^[1] bringing together over 1500 students – with some high school students and recent graduates – to deliberate on issues of global concern. It is organised by students from the various institutions of the University of London and other London-based universities. The 21st session of the conference took place from the 21st to the 23rd of February, 2020.

History[]

Inception and growth[]

LIMUN was known as London Model United Nations (LoMUN) until 2002.^[2] It held its first conference in 2000, and was conceived by a group of University of London (UoL) students who had attended a Model UN conference in 1999 in Cambridge, Massachusetts (Harvard World Model United Nations 1999).^[3] The aim was to organise an annual Model UN event in London, in conjunction with the other University of London colleges. The first conference in 2000 involved about 200 delegates over 5 committees. In 2007, this figure grew to about 500, and later to 700 over 12 committees in 2008.

In 2009, LIMUN held its first milestone conference at King's College London, celebrating its 10th anniversary with 800 delegates spread over 12 committees. New committees were also introduced, expanding to about 16 in 2011. 2012 marked a peak, as about 1,200 delegates were spread over 20 committees at Imperial College, one of the top ten universities in the world;^[4] and, finally in 2013, LIMUN reached its current status as it attracted approximately 1500 delegates in 25 committees.^[5] In June 2014 LIMUN also organised an MUN session in collaboration with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as part of the Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, which was chaired by Foreign Secretary William Hague and Angelina Jolie, Special Envoy for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees.^[6]

In recent years LIMUN has also held a number of side-events, including Diplomacy Panels. Embassies including Germany, the United States of America, and Estonia have all sent Ambassadors to LIMUN's Diplomacy Panels. Other side-events include networking sessions with university or graduate recruitment teams and academic training workshops.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, LIMUN launched several online initiatives. This included the world's first integrated debate and training platform for MUN, the LIMUN Academy,^[7] and a series of dialogues with the United Nations Secretary-General's UN75 campaign to mark the organisation's 75th anniversary.

Past conference venues[]

In 2020, LIMUN's committee sessions moved to King's College's Strand Campus. LIMUN has its opening ceremony and registration elsewhere, which since its 2013 edition has been at Central Hall Westminster,^[4] where the first-ever session of the United Nations General Assembly was held in 1946.^[8] In previous years, registration and the opening ceremony most often took place at the Institute of Education, and committee-sessions at King's College London (Waterloo Campus),^{[9][10][11][12]} but University College London,^[3] the London School of Economics,^[2] Imperial College London, Central Hall Westminster and Canada House have been used occasionally before as well.^[13] Closing ceremony venues have included Shaftesbury Theatre, the Royal African Society, and the Southbank Centre.

Central Hall Westminster, where the first session of the United Nations General Assembly was held in 1946, is a conference centre in Central London, built between 1905 and 1911 as a Methodist Church but also as "a meeting place for all people, regardless of religious persuasion… for conferences on religious, educational, scientific, philanthropic and social questions".^[8] As such, the Hall has housed meetings of historical significance: there, British Suffragettes campaigned for women's rights in 1914, General Charles de Gaulle founded the Free French Forces following the initial defeat of France, and Winston Churchill addressed the Conservative Party in 1945. There, also, during the first meeting of the UN General Assembly, the Security Council and International Court of Justice were founded, and Trygve Lie was elected the first Secretary-General. It continues serving as a centre for political conferences.

Bush House, part of King's College's Strand Campus, is a Grade II listed building at the southern end of Kingsway between Aldwych and the Strand in London. Conceived as a major new trade centre by American industrialist Irving T. Bush, design was approved in 1919, work began in 1925, and was completed in 1935. Erected in stages, by 1929 Bush House was already declared the "most expensive building in the world". It was formerly the BBC World Service's Headquarters, with the last broadcast from Bush House in July 2012.

Past speakers[]

In 2021:

• Irina Bokova, first female Director General of UNESCO and Bulgarian Ambassador to France, Monaco, and UNESCO;
• , Managing Director of the COVAX facility and the youngest ever MD at Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance;
• Erik Solheim, former UNEP Executive Director, Chair of the OECD Development Assistance Committee, and Norwegian Minister for Environment and for International Development;
• Catherine Bertini, former Executive Director of the World Food Programme, winner of the 2003 World Food Prize Laureate, and former UN Under Secretary-General for Management.

In 2020:

• Rory Stewart OBE, former UK Secretary of State for International Development and Deputy Governor for the Coalition Provisional Authority following the 2003 invasion of Iraq;
• Michael Keating, Executive Director of the European Institute of Peace and a former UN Under-Secretary-General with decades of experience in the UN System.

In 2019:

• Lord Mark Malloch-Brown, LIMUN Honorary President, former UK government minister and United Nations Deputy Secretary-General;
• Rt Hon Patricia Scotland QC, British Labour Party politician and former Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland.

In 2018:

• Sir Stephen O'Brien, Under Secretary-General for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs;
• Dr. Srgjan Kerim, 62nd President of the UN General Assembly.

In 2017:

• Danilo Türk, former Slovenian President and United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Political Affairs;
• Mogens Lykketoft, former President of the United Nations General Assembly and Member of the Danish Parliament;
• Kate Gilmore, Deputy High Commissioner of Human Rights of the United Nations.

In 2016:

• Ahmad Alhendawi, the first Youth Envoy to the UN Secretary-General and the youngest Secretary-General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement;
• Karen Pierce, Chief Operating Officer of the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

In 2015:^[14]

• Lord Mark Malloch-Brown, former UN Deputy Secretary-General;
• Mrs. Natalie Samarasinghe, Executive Director of the United Nations Association - UK.

In 2014:^[15]

• Sir Stephen Irwin QC, High Court Judge;
• Mr. Koji Sekimizu, Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization.

In 2013:^[16]

• John Ericson, Chief of the Outreach Unit of the Office of Human Resources Management of the United Nations Secretariat;
• Anne-Marie Leroy, Senior Vice-President and General Counsel of the World Bank Group;
• Edward Mortimer, Chief Speech Writer and Director of Communications to former Secretary-General Kofi Annan;
• Federico Alberto Cuello Camilo, Ambassador of the Dominican Republic to the United Kingdom and former Permanent Representative of the Dominican Republic to the United Nations.

In 2012:

• Sir Jeremy Greenstock, Chairman of the United Nations Association of the United Kingdom and former Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations;

In 2011:

• Jung Chang, best-selling author of Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China and Mao: The Unknown Story.

In 2010:

• Luis Moreno Ocampo, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court;
• David Hallam, Deputy Director of the UK Department for International Development and Head of its United Nations and Commonwealth Section.

In 2009:

• Minouche Shafik, then Permanent Secretary of the Department of International Development (since 2011 Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund);
• Nicholas Hopton, then Deputy Director of the International Organisations Department at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (later UK Ambassador to Yemen).

In 2008:

• David Nabarro, then Senior UN System Coordinator for Avian and Human Influenza.

In 2007:

• Kieran Prendergast, former UN Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs.

In 2006:

• Lord David Hannay, Diplomat and former Chair of the Board of the United Nations Association of the United Kingdom.^[17]

Recent speakers for LIMUN's online UN75 dialogue, in partnership with the United Nations' commemoration team for the organisation's 75th anniversary, have included: Mary Robinson, former UN Human Rights High Commissioner and the first female President of Ireland; Jan Eliasson, former UN Deputy Secretary-General and General Assembly President; and Anthony Di Iorio, co-founder of the world's second largest cryptocurrency platform.

21st Session of LIMUN[]

The 21st session of LIMUN took place from the 21st to the 23rd of February, 2020. The theme was Challenging the Dilemmas of Progress. Over 1300 participants gathered in London from over 100 different nations.

Venues[]

The opening ceremony venue was held in Central Hall Westminster, and sessions took place at the newly established Bush House, King's College London; the closing ceremony was held at Shaftesbury Theatre. The Friday night social was be held at Islington Metal Works, and the Saturday night social at the Grand Connaught Rooms.^[18]

Committees[]

While standard committees remained in place, new committees were also added, including Bretton Woods 1944, Bretton Woods 2020, FIFA, the World Social Forum, and Korean Peninsula Negotiations. Other notable committees included the Bandung Conference, the UN Security Council, and Council of Marvel. Two foreign language committees were simulated: the Organisation of American States (Spanish), and UN Office on Drugs and Crime (French).^[19]

Purpose[]

The purpose and benefits of a Model UN conference such as LIMUN can be generally classified into two strands: first, personal development (the skills gained or developed through participation, whether as delegate, chair, secretariat-member); second, the instilling of a cosmopolitan ethic in its participants.

• Delegates:
  • Deepen understanding of the United Nations (System), its work, and of contemporary issues in world politics.
  • Improve public speaking, rhetoric, negotiation and reasoning/analytic skills.
  • Training in creativity, problem-solving and the finding of compromise.
• Chairs:
  • Early training in management/public administration.
  • Test of proactivity and training in problem-solving.
• Secretariat:
  • Develop administrative and planning skills.

In regards to the instilling of a cosmopolitan ethic, the most essential purpose of LIMUN and MUN is to spread cosmopolitan values across new generations, to address the problems that confront humanity. Model UN has an essential message to convey: all men, women and children, regardless of where they live or where they come from, are deserving of equal concern and respect; all human beings, anywhere and everywhere, form part of one single grand community, indivisible. Nations may be of importance for one's self-conception and identification, but are of no concern to moral deliberation – states even less so, which are considered naught but imaginary lines drawn arbitrarily. As such, each is a citizen of the world.^[20]

Organisation[]

Trustees, secretariat and logistics staff[]

The London International Model United Nations annual conference is organised by the trustees, the secretariat, and the Logistics Staff.

As LIMUN is a registered charity, it must be run by a Board of Trustees which bears responsibility for the charity. These trustees are, in essence, the governors of LIMUN, who ensure that the organisation attains its goals and adheres to Charity Law.^[21]

These trustees delegate the task of organising the conference to the Organising Committee, known as the Secretariat. The Secretariat is a group of students from world-leading institutions such as LSE, Imperial College London, and Cambridge, who give their time freely to organise the annual Model United Nations conference. Under the leadership of the Secretary-General, who supervises the Secretariat, they deal with tasks such as: advertising the conference and coordinating applications, managing the outreach programme, selecting Directors. The next Secretary-General is elected by the Board of Trustees and the previous Secretariat soon after the previous conference, and is then left to select the rest of the new Secretariat. Positions and roles may differ from year to year.

In addition to the trustees and the Secretariat, LIMUN recruits volunteers, called the Logistics Staff, who help with a great variety of tasks to ensure the smooth running of the conference, including: preparation of the conference venue, the social programme venue, and assisting directors with the operation of the committee sessions.^[22]

LIMUN's Honorary President is Lord Mark Malloch Brown, former Deputy Secretary-General to Kofi Annan.

Committees, directors and delegates[]

At a MUN conference, the bulk of a participant's time is spent during committee sessions, which is when debate takes place. Committees, at LIMUN, are classified into three levels of difficulty: beginner, intermediate and advanced. Committees differ from year to year depending on the whims of the Secretariat and the number of attending delegates; yet, certain core ones are retained, such as the General Assembly committees (namely DISEC, ECOFIN, SOCHUM and SPECPOL), the Security Council, the Human Rights Council, some Crisis Committees, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ).

Each of these committees is then headed by two or three chairpersons which together form the Dais. One serves as the director, and the others as assistant directors, whom are selected by the Under-Secretary-General for Chairs. The director is a highly experienced member of the Model UN community who have attended many conferences as delegate, but also has previous Dais experience; the assistant directors are also experienced as delegates, and have most likely served as chair before at other conferences. Chairs come from both UK universities and leading global institutions, including Harvard, Berkeley, and Sciences Po.

These directors submit a number of potential topics of discussion to the Secretariat, who then reviews and selects two or three for debate during the conference. Once the topics are chosen, the Directors write a Study Guide/Research Report for each topic so that delegates may have an effective source from which to commence their research. Delegates are then asked to submit a Position Paper – a document that outlines the views of their state on each of the topics – to the committee Director.

In February, when the LIMUN conference takes place, directors and delegates of a specific committee convene to let debate take its course. The sizes of committees differ very much from, for instance, the 15 members of the Security Council to about 70 in DISEC, but the rules are broadly the same, except for special agencies like the ICJ. Delegates, who each represent a country, are the speakers of the committee and give course to debate: by collective vote they determine in what order of topics the agenda is set, what to discuss, when and for how long, and ultimately which proposed resolutions are to be accepted and which are not. Directors, for their part, regulate the debate by choosing which speakers to entertain and at times suggesting potential courses of action. They also review Working Papers (delegates’ very rough drafts of resolutions to be presented to the committee), Draft Resolutions (proposed resolutions) and Amendments (suggested modifications to draft resolutions) upon their submission. Below follows a general outline of a committee-sessions’ flow of debate:

• Setting the agenda;
• Entertaining delegates on the General Speaker's List;
• Holding moderated and unmoderated caucuses on:
  • General ideas,
  • Working papers,
  • Draft resolutions,
  • Amendments on draft resolutions;
• Adopting or rejecting draft resolutions.

Press[]

Each year, LIMUN also has a press team that roams around the committees, observing what occurs. Their work includes the production of interviews with keynote speakers, Secretariat members, delegates and chairs, the production of videos and photographs of the conference, and written pieces on the development of events both in committee sessions and the conference as a whole.^[23] LIMUN has also received external press coverage, including from Vice.

Outreach[]

LIMUN is committed to extending knowledge of international affairs, and other benefits of practising Model United Nations, to all young people; hence the Charity includes an outreach programme, working with inner-London youth groups to extend access to those whom would not otherwise have the opportunity of experiencing MUN.^[24] LIMUN works with several secondary school MUN programmes, assisting with workshops, conference management and development. During LIMUN's annual conference itself, LIMUN offers scholarships to secondary school students. In 2014, LIMUN offered two expenses-paid scholarships in collaboration with United Nations Association – UK, recipients of which won an essay competition laid on by LIMUN. These delegates not only represent intelligent, internationally minded youths, but also the cornerstone of a younger generation of LIMUN attendees. Their essays are published on the LIMUN website in record of their achievement and dedication to MUN.

In 2020, five delegates from LIMUN's High School Conference were given full scholarships to the University Conference by the Foundation. The High School Conference in 2019 also launched an initiative to subsidise tickets for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Meanwhile, LIMUN's Ambassador Scheme operates in a dozen countries worldwide, encouraging young people to get involved with cultural exchange, empathy and understanding whilst providing them with resources to help them learn more about the United Nations.

Additionally, each year, LIMUN welcomes a number of high school students from Pestalozzi International Village, a charitable organisation based in Surrey that provides education to bright youths of less economically developed countries. In addition to providing for a group of these students each year, LIMUN sends secretariat members to the school to run various MUN training workshops in preparation for their attendance at LIMUN.

Funding[]

The overwhelming majority of LIMUN's funds for the conference stem from the revenue acquired by delegate fees, but the charity also benefits from the generous support of sponsors. Most recently, these have included: Linklaters, Aviva, Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner, the French and Saudi Arabian embassies, UNA-UK, SOAS, the Hult International Business School and others.^[25]

Sample schedule[]

The majority of a delegate's time at LIMUN is spent in committee-sessions, punctuated by pre-determined breaks, social events, and other such activities. A full schedule of the 2020 Conference can be found on the LIMUN website.^[26] The three-day schedule at LIMUN generally follows the format below:^[27]

• Friday
  • Registration begins Friday morning in Central Hall Westminster, when head delegates register their delegations and are given materials for the conference.
  • The opening ceremony soon follows registration (or registration continues during and after it); the secretariat welcomes partakers, and keynote speakers address the assembly.
  • The first committee-session begins a few hours after the opening ceremony.
  • The first social event later concludes the day.
• Saturday
  • Most of the day is spent during committee-session except for the few pre-determined breaks (and, potentially, some short extra breaks the chairs and delegates agree to) and lunch.
  • Head delegates are to meet with the secretariat after the last session of the day to provide feedback.
  • The main social event is held later. This is usually a formal affair with black-tie, and in recent years has been held at the glamorous Grand Connaught Rooms.
• Sunday
  • Committee-sessions last for half the day, interrupted by lunch and occasional short breaks.
  • The closing ceremony takes place once sessions over – during which, inter alia, awards are issued – and the Secretary-General declares the conference over.

List of Secretaries-General[]

Here follows a list of past University Conference Secretaries-General:^[28]

Session	Name	Nationality	School
2000	Michael Rogers	British	King's College
2001	Tamara Cavanna	British	University College
2002	Stephanie Stavrinides	British/Cypriot	King's College
2003	Kathryn Rogers	British	London School of Economics
2004	Irina Janakievska	Macedonian	London School of Economics
2005	Rui Ho	Chinese	London School of Economics
2006	Kirsten Gislesen	Norwegian	King's College
2007	Jehan Karim	Canadian	Imperial College
2008	Jasper Pandza	German	King's College
2009	Rishi Raithatha	British	School of Oriental and African Studies
2010	Alizeh Kohari	Pakistani	London School of Economics
2011	Isabella Torres-Maluf	Brazilian	Imperial College
2012	Anmol Arora	Indian	Imperial College
2013	Anniete Cohn-Lois	Dominican	Hult International Business School
2014	Kacper Pancewicz	Polish	Queen Mary
2015	Wilf Mountfield	British	Queen Mary
2016	Dalí ten Hove	Dutch	King's College
2017	Afolabi Adekaiyaoja	Nigerian	Queen Mary
2018	Dijana Spasenoska	Macedonian	Imperial College
2019	Charis Yeap Khai Leang	Malaysian	London School of Economics
2020	Zeina Dowidar	Egyptian	University of Cambridge
2021	Ben Santhouse-James	British	Imperial College

Here follows a list of past High School Secretaries-General:^[29]

Session	Name	Nationality	School
2016	Tahmid Chowdhury	Bangladeshi	Sheffield
2017	George Mullens	British	School of Oriental and African Studies
2018	Alfie Jenkins	British	Reading
2019	Aditya Ramani	Indian	University College
2020	Nudhara Yusuf	Indian	University College
2021	ByeongKyu Jun	Korean	King's College

Popular Culture[]

LIMUN featured in the 2001 film Winning London, where an American MUN team comes to the UK to compete in the conference.

See also[]

• United Nations Association – UK
• Model United Nations
• List of Model United Nations conferences
• Category:Youth model government
• Mock Parliament
• Cosmopolitanism
• Global civics
• World Citizen
• World Federalism

References[]