Malmidea

Malmidea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Lecanoromycetes
Order:	Lecanorales
Family:	Malmideaceae
Genus:	Malmidea; Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
Type species
	; (Spreng.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)

Malmidea is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae.^[1] It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus Malcolmiella. Malmidea comprises more than 50 mostly tropical species that grow on bark, although a few grow on leaves.

Taxonomy[]

Both the family Malmideaceae and the genus Malmidea were created in 2011 to accommodate a group of species, formerly placed in genus Malcolmiella (family Pilocarpaceae), that molecular phylogenetics showed to be a distinct lineage and worthy of recognition at the family level. Kalb and colleagues originally placed 37 species in the genus–5 new species and 32 new combinations.^[1] Many additional species have since been transferred to Malmidea from other genera, or described as new.

Description[]

The thallus of Malmidea lichens grow on bark (corticolous) or on leaves (foliicolous). The form of the thallus is like a crust, ranging in surface texture from smooth to verrucose (studded with wartlike protuberances), granulose (covered with small grains) or pustulate (covered with pustules). These variously shaped surface bumps are often formed by goniocysts (spherical aggregations of photobiont cells surrounded by short-celled hyphae) that develop on a whitish fibrous underlying prothallus. The photobiont partner of Malmidea is a member of Chlorococcaceae, a family of green algae.^[1]

Malmidea apothecia are sessile, with a more or less rounded shape, and have a distinct margin. They have a biatorine structure, meaning that they have only a pale, not blackened proper margin and always lack a margin on the thallus. The excipulum is usually paraplectenchymatous (a cell arrangement where the hyphae are oriented in all directions), made of radiating hyphae, partly with medullary layer or chambers composed of loosely arranged, periclinal hyphae (i.e. lined up in parallel adjacent to another layer of hyphae) with constricted septa and incrusted with hydrophobic granules. The hypothecium (the layer of hyphal tissue immediately beneath the hymenium) is prosoplectenchymatous (a cell arrangement where the hyphae are all oriented in one direction), and translucent to dark brown. Asci are club-shaped, lacking a distinct tubular structure in the tholus that is characteristic of family Pilocarpaceae. Ascospores usually number 4 to 8 per ascus, and are colourless, ellipsoid, non-septate, and usually filled with oblong crystals. The spore walls are evenly thickened or thickened at the ends, and halonate (having a transparent outer layer). Conidia are threadlike and curved, measuring 17–25 by 0.8 μm.^[1]

Secondary chemicals associated with Malmidea include atranorin, sometimes (as in ), anthraquinones, biphenyls and many unknown .^[1]

Species[]

As of 2020, Malmidea contains an estimated 52 species,^[2] although more are expected to be transferred into the genus from tropical species of Lecidea. Malmidea mostly occurs in tropical rainforests.^[3] Eleven new Malmidea species were reported from Brazil and Venezuela in 2021.^[4]

Kalb & J.Hern. (2021)^[4] – Venezuela
Kalb & M.Cáceres (2021)^[4] – Brazil
Kalb (2021)^[4] – Venezuela
(Redinger) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
(M.Cáceres & Lücking) M.Cáceres & Kalb (2011)
Kalb & M.Cáceres (2021)^[4] – Brazil
Kukwa & B.Guzow-Krzem. (2019)^[5] – Bolivia
(Fée) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
(Lücking) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
(M.Cáceres & Lücking) M.Cáceres & Kalb (2011)
(Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011) – Asia
(Zahlbr.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
(Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011) – Asia
Breuss & Lücking (2015)^[3] – Nicaragua
(Vain.) Kalb (2011)
Kalb (2011) – Thailand
Aptroot & Schumm (2012) – Philippines
(Papong & Kalb) Kalb & Papong (2011)
Kalb (2011) – Thailand
(Lücking) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
(Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
(M.Cáceres & Lücking) M.Cáceres & Kalb (2011)
(Nyl.) M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2017) – ^[6]
(Malme) Kalb & van den Boom (2014)
(Tuck. ex Nyl.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
(Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
(Ach.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
(Vain.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
Kalb (2011)
Kalb (2021)^[4] – Venezuela
Kalb (2021)^[4] – Venezuela
(Nyl.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
Kalb (2012)^[7] – Brazil
(D.D.Awasthi & M.R.Agarwal) Hafellner & T. Sprib. (2011)
Kalb (2011) – Thailand
Kalb (2021)^[4] – Brazil; Venezuela
(Müll.Arg.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
M.Cáceres & Lücking (2012)
Kalb (2021)^[4] – Brazil; Venezuela
(Malme) Lücking & Breuss (2015)^[3] – Nicaragua
M. Cáceres, V.M.Santos & Aptroot (2013)^[8] – Brazil
Weerakoon & Aptroot (2014)^[9] – Sri Lanka
(Malme) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
Kalb (2011) – Brazil; Thailand
(Kalb) Kalb (2011) – Thailand
(Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Breuss (2015)
(Spreng.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
Weerakoon & Aptroot (2016)^[10] – Sri Lanka
(Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
(Tuck.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
(Kalb & Lücking) Kalb (2011)
Kalb (2012)^[7] – Réunion
(Tuck.) Kalb (2011)
Kalb (2021)^[4] – Brazil
Weerakoon & Aptroot (2013)^[11] – Sri Lanka
(Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
(Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011) – Asia
Kalb (2021)^[4] – Venezuela
(Kalb & Elix) Kalb & Elix (2011)
M.Cáceres, D.A.Mota & Aptroot (2013)^[8] – Brazil
(Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
(Müll.Arg.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
Kalb & Mongk. (2012)^[7] – Thailand
Kalb (2011) – Thailand
(Eschw.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
Kalb & J.Hern. (2021)^[4] – Brazil; Venezuela

References[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kalb, K.; Rivas Plata, E.; Lücking, R.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2011). "The phylogenetic position of Malmidea, a new genus for the Lecidea piperis- and Lecanora granifera-groups (Lecanorales, Malmideaceae), inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences, with special reference to Thai species". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 106: 143–168.
^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; LKT, Al-Ani; S, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; Tsurykau, Andrei; Mesic, Armin; Navathe, Sudhir; Papp, Viktor; Oliveira Fiuza, Patrícia; Vázquez, Víctor; Gautam, Ajay; Becerra, Alejandra G.; Ekanayaka, Anusha; K. C., Rajeshkumar; Bezerra, Jadson; Matočec, Neven; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa; Suetrong, Satinee (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Breuss, Othmar; Lücking, Robert (2015). "Three new lichen species from Nicaragua, with keys to the known species of Eugeniella and Malmidea". Lichenologist. 47 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000565.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Kalb, Klaus (2021). "New or otherwise interesting lichens mainly from Brazil and Venezuela with special reference to the genus Malmidea" (PDF). Archive for Lichenology. 27: 1–41.
^ Guzow-Krzemińska, B; Flakus, A; Kosecka, M; Jabłońska, A; Rodriguez-Flakus, P; Kukwa, M. (2019). "New species and records of lichens from Bolivia". Phytotaxa. 397 (4): 257–279. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.397.4.1.
^ Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert (2017). "Sprucidea, a further new genus of rain forest lichens in the family Malmideaceae (Ascomycota)". Bryologist. 120 (2): 202–211. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-120.2.202. S2CID 90645323.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Kalb, Klaus; Buaruang, Kawinnat; Mongkolsuk, Pachara; Boonpragob, Kansri (2012). "New or otherwise interesting lichens. VI, including a lichenicolous fungus". Phytotaxa. 42: 35–47. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.42.1.5.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Santos, Viviane Monique dos; Góes, Drielle Tavares de; Mota, Danyelle Andrade; Aptroot, André (2013). "Two new species of Malmidea from north-eastern Brazil". Lichenologist. 45 (5): 619–622. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000248.
^ Weerakoon, Gothamie; Aptroot, André (2014). "Over 200 new lichen records from Sri Lanka, with three new species to science". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 35 (1): 51–62. doi:10.7872/crym.v35.iss1.2014.51. S2CID 85091814.
^ Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Arachchige, Omal; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Jayalal, Udeni; Aptroot, André (2016). "Eight new lichen species and 88 new records from Sri Lanka". Bryologist. 119 (2): 131–142. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.2.131. S2CID 89247649.
^ Weerakoon, Gothamie; Aptroot, André (2013). "Some new lichen species from Sri Lanka, with a key to the genus Heterodermia in Sri Lanka". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 34 (4): 321–328. doi:10.7872/crym.v34.iss4.2013.321. S2CID 85294274.

[Kalb_et_al._2011-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kalb, K.; Rivas Plata, E.; Lücking, R.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2011). "The phylogenetic position of Malmidea, a new genus for the Lecidea piperis- and Lecanora granifera-groups (Lecanorales, Malmideaceae), inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences, with special reference to Thai species". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 106: 143–168.

[Wijayawardene_et_al._2020-2] Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; LKT, Al-Ani; S, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; Tsurykau, Andrei; Mesic, Armin; Navathe, Sudhir; Papp, Viktor; Oliveira Fiuza, Patrícia; Vázquez, Víctor; Gautam, Ajay; Becerra, Alejandra G.; Ekanayaka, Anusha; K. C., Rajeshkumar; Bezerra, Jadson; Matočec, Neven; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa; Suetrong, Satinee (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.

[Breuss_&_Lücking_2015-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Breuss, Othmar; Lücking, Robert (2015). "Three new lichen species from Nicaragua, with keys to the known species of Eugeniella and Malmidea". Lichenologist. 47 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000565.

[Kalb_2021-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Kalb, Klaus (2021). "New or otherwise interesting lichens mainly from Brazil and Venezuela with special reference to the genus Malmidea" (PDF). Archive for Lichenology. 27: 1–41.

[Guzow-Krzemińska_et_al._2019-5] Guzow-Krzemińska, B; Flakus, A; Kosecka, M; Jabłońska, A; Rodriguez-Flakus, P; Kukwa, M. (2019). "New species and records of lichens from Bolivia". Phytotaxa. 397 (4): 257–279. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.397.4.1.

[Cáceres_et_al._2017-6] Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert (2017). "Sprucidea, a further new genus of rain forest lichens in the family Malmideaceae (Ascomycota)". Bryologist. 120 (2): 202–211. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-120.2.202. S2CID 90645323.

[Kalb_et_al._2012-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Kalb, Klaus; Buaruang, Kawinnat; Mongkolsuk, Pachara; Boonpragob, Kansri (2012). "New or otherwise interesting lichens. VI, including a lichenicolous fungus". Phytotaxa. 42: 35–47. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.42.1.5.

[Cáceres_et_al._2013-8] Jump up to: ^a ^b Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Santos, Viviane Monique dos; Góes, Drielle Tavares de; Mota, Danyelle Andrade; Aptroot, André (2013). "Two new species of Malmidea from north-eastern Brazil". Lichenologist. 45 (5): 619–622. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000248.

[Weerakoon_&_Aptroot_2014-9] Weerakoon, Gothamie; Aptroot, André (2014). "Over 200 new lichen records from Sri Lanka, with three new species to science". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 35 (1): 51–62. doi:10.7872/crym.v35.iss1.2014.51. S2CID 85091814.

[Weerakoon_et_al._2016-10] Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Arachchige, Omal; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Jayalal, Udeni; Aptroot, André (2016). "Eight new lichen species and 88 new records from Sri Lanka". Bryologist. 119 (2): 131–142. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.2.131. S2CID 89247649.

[Weerakoon_&_Aptroot_2013-11] Weerakoon, Gothamie; Aptroot, André (2013). "Some new lichen species from Sri Lanka, with a key to the genus Heterodermia in Sri Lanka". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 34 (4): 321–328. doi:10.7872/crym.v34.iss4.2013.321. S2CID 85294274.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]