Mark Carney

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mark Carney

OC
Mark Carney.jpg
Governor of the Bank of England
In office
1 July 2013 – 15 March 2020
Appointed byGeorge Osborne
Preceded byMervyn King
Succeeded byAndrew Bailey
Chair of the Financial Stability Board
In office
4 November 2011 – 26 November 2018
Preceded byMario Draghi
Succeeded byRandal Quarles
8th Governor of the Bank of Canada
In office
1 February 2008 – 3 June 2013
Preceded byDavid Dodge
Succeeded byStephen Poloz
Personal details
Born
Mark Joseph Carney

(1965-03-16) 16 March 1965 (age 56)
Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, Canada
CitizenshipCanada, Ireland, the United Kingdom
Political partyLiberal
Spouse(s)
Diana Fox
​
(m. 1994)​
Children4
EducationHarvard University (BA)
St Peter's College, Oxford (MPhil)
Nuffield College, Oxford (DPhil)
Signature

Mark Joseph Carney OC (born 16 March 1965) is a Canadian-British-Irish economist and banker. He is Vice Chairman and Head of Impact Investing at Brookfield Asset Management as of October 2020.[2] He served as the Governor of the Bank of Canada from 2008 until 2013 and the Governor of the Bank of England from 2013 to 2020. He was Chairman of the Financial Stability Board from 2011 to 2018.[3] Prior to his governorships, Carney worked at Goldman Sachs as well as the Canadian Department of Finance.

Early life[]

Carney was born on 16 March 1965, in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories,[3][4] the son of Verlie Margaret (née Kemper) and Robert James Martin Carney.[5][6][7]

When Carney was six, his family moved to Edmonton, Alberta.[4] Carney has three siblings — an older brother and sister, Seán and Brenda, and a younger brother Brian.[4][7] Carney attended St. Francis Xavier High School, Edmonton[8] before studying at Harvard University.[4][9]

Carney graduated from Harvard in 1988 with a bachelor's degree with high honours in economics,[4] before postgraduate studies at the University of Oxford at St Peter's College and Nuffield College, where he received masters and doctoral degrees in the same field in 1993 and 1995, respectively.[9][10] The title of his DPhil thesis is "The dynamic advantage of competition".[11]

Career[]

Goldman Sachs[]

Carney spent 13 years at Goldman Sachs[12] and worked in their Boston, London, New York City, Tokyo, and Toronto offices.[13]

His progressively more senior positions included: co-head of sovereign risk; executive director, emerging debt capital markets; and managing director, investment banking. He worked on South Africa's post-apartheid venture into international bond markets, and was involved in Goldman's work with the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[4]

In 2003, he left Goldman Sachs to join the Bank of Canada as a Deputy Governor.[citation needed] One year later, he was recruited to join the Federal Department of Finance as Senior Associate Deputy Minister of Finance, beginning that role on November 15, 2004.[14]

Department of Finance[]

From November 2004 to October 2007, Carney was Senior Associate Deputy Minister and G7 Deputy at the Canadian Department of Finance. He served under Liberal Finance Minister Ralph Goodale and Conservative Finance Minister Jim Flaherty. During this time Carney oversaw the Canadian Government's controversial plan to tax income trusts at source.[15] Carney was also the lead on the Canadian Government's profitable sale of its 19-percent stake in Petro-Canada.[16][17]

Governor of the Bank of Canada[]

In November 2007, it was announced that Carney would be appointed Governor of the Bank of Canada. He immediately left his position at the Department of Finance to serve as an advisor to the outgoing Governor, David Dodge, before formally assuming Dodge's position on 1 February 2008.[18] Carney was selected over Paul Jenkins, the Senior Deputy Governor, who had been considered the front-runner to succeed Dodge.[19]

Carney took on this role at the beginning of the 2007 global financial crisis. At the time of his appointment, Carney was the youngest central bank governor among the G8 and G20.[20]

Financial crisis[]

Carney's actions as Governor of the Bank of Canada are said to have played a major role in helping Canada avoid the worst impacts of the financial crisis.[21][22]

The epoch-making feature of his tenure as Governor remains the decision to cut the overnight rate by 50 basis points in March 2008, only one month after his appointment. While the European Central Bank delivered a rate increase in July 2008, Carney anticipated the leveraged-loan crisis would trigger global contagion. When policy rates in Canada hit the effective lower-bound, the central bank combatted the crisis with the non-standard monetary tool: "conditional commitment" in April 2009 to hold the policy rate for at least one year, in a boost to domestic credit conditions and market confidence. Output and employment began to recover from mid-2009, in part thanks to monetary stimulus.[23] The Canadian economy outperformed those of its G7 peers during the crisis, and Canada was the first G7 nation to have both its GDP and employment recover to pre-crisis levels.[citation needed]

The Bank's decision to provide substantial additional liquidity to the Canadian financial system,[24] and its unusual step of announcing a commitment to keep interest rates at their lowest possible level for one year,[25] appear to have been significant contributors to Canada's weathering of the crisis.[26][page needed]

Canada's risk-averse fiscal and regulatory environment is also cited as a factor. In 2009 a Newsweek columnist wrote, "Canada has done more than survive this financial crisis. The country is positively thriving in it. Canadian banks are well capitalized and poised to take advantage of opportunities that American and European banks cannot seize."[27]

Carney earned various accolades for his leadership during the financial crisis: he was named one of The Financial Times 's "Fifty who will frame the way forward",[28] and of Time Magazine's 2010 Time 100.[29] In May 2011, Reader's Digest named him "Editor's Choice for Most Trusted Canadian".[30]

In October 2012, Carney was named "Central Bank Governor of the Year 2012" by the editors of Euromoney magazine.[31]

International organization memberships[]

Carney during the WEF 2013

On 4 November 2011, Carney was named Chairman of the Basel-based Financial Stability Board. In a statement, Carney credited his appointment to "the strong reputation of Canada's financial system and the leading role that Canada has played in helping to develop many of the most important international reforms".[citation needed]

The three-year term was a part-time commitment, allowing Carney to complete his term at the Bank of Canada. While there had been no indication of his priorities as chairman, on the day of his appointment the Board published a list of 29 banks that were considered sufficiently large as to pose a risk to the global economy should they fail.[32][33] At his first press conference as Chairman of the FSB in January 2012, Carney laid out his key priorities for the board.[34]

Carney served as Chairman of the Bank for International Settlements' Committee on the Global Financial System from July 2010 until January 2012.[35]

Carney is a member of the Group of Thirty, an international body of leading financiers and academics, and of the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum.[36][37] Carney attended the annual meetings of the Bilderberg Group in 2011 and 2012.[38][39]

Governor of the Bank of England[]

On 26 November 2012, Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne announced the appointment of Carney as Governor of the Bank of England.[40] He succeeded Sir Mervyn King on 1 July 2013.[41] He is the first non-Briton to be appointed to the role since the Bank was established in 1694[citation needed]. The Bank of England was given additional powers from 2013, such as the ability to set bank capital requirements.[42]

Prior to taking up the post, Carney had already indicated disagreement with the Bank of England's Executive Director of Financial Stability Andy Haldane, specifically on leverage ratios and on bank break-ups. He has been quoted as saying that Haldane does not have a "proper understanding of the facts" on bank regulation.[23] He was thought to have been offered a total pay package of about £624,000 ($990,000) per year, approximately £100,000 ($160,000) more per year than his predecessor.[41]

Since 2020[]

Carney was appointed as United Nations special envoy for climate action and finance as he prepared to step down as governor of the Bank of England in March 2020.[43] In January 2020, UK Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, appointed Carney to the position of finance advisor for the UK presidency of the COP26 United Nations Climate Change conference due to take place in Glasgow;[44] at that time the conference was scheduled for November 2020 but was later postponed to November 2021.[45]

As of October 2020, Carney is vice chairman at Brookfield Asset Management where he leads the firm's environmental, social and governance (ESG) and impact fund investment strategy.[46][2][47] In February 2021 Carney, had to retract an earlier claim that the $600bn Brookfield Asset Management portfolio was carbon neutral. He based his claim on the fact that Brookfield has a large renewable energy portfolio and "all the avoided emissions that come with that”. The claim was criticized as accounting tricks as avoided emissions do not counteract the emissions from investments in coal and other fossil fuels responsible for Brookfield's carbon footprint of about 5,200 metric tons of carbon dioxide.[48][49]

In February 2021, Carney joined the board of fintech company Stripe.[50] As of March 2021, Stripe was valued at $95 billion.[51]

Policy views[]

Risks of increasing wealth inequality[]

In December 2016, Carney warned of the societal risk of "staggering wealth inequalities" in a Roscoe Lecture at Liverpool John Moores University: "The proportion of the wealth held by the richest 1% of Americans increased from 25% in 1990 to 40% in 2012 ... Globally, the share of wealth held by the richest 1% in the world rose from one-third in 2000 to one-half in 2010."[52]

Brexit[]

Carney warned many times that Brexit was expected to negatively influence the UK economy. Consequently, Brexit activists accused him of making statements in the British EU-membership referendum favouring the UK's continued membership of the EU.[53][54] He replied that he felt it was his duty to speak up on such issues.[55]

In September 2018, Chancellor Philip Hammond confirmed speculation that Carney would remain as Governor until January 2020, in order to ensure a "smooth" transition after the UK was set to leave the EU on 29 March 2019, a departure deadline that was missed.[56]

In November 2018, Carney warned that large parts of the British economy were not ready for a no-deal Brexit. Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Today Programme, Carney explained that fewer than half of businesses have initiated contingency plans.[57]

In February 2019, speaking about the global economy, Carney provided a less negative perspective on Brexit, stating that globalisation has resulted in "imbalances of democracy and sovereignty", and that Brexit "is the first test of a new global order and could prove the acid test of whether a way can be found to broaden the benefits of openness while enhancing democratic accountability".[58]

Monetary policy in the 2019 international monetary and financial system[]

In his 23 August 2019 speech delivered at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City's 2019 annual Jackson Hole Economic Symposium at Jackson Lake Lodge, entitled "The Growing Challenges for Monetary Policy in the current International Monetary and Financial System", Carney said that the "widespread use of the US dollar—the —in "trade invoicing, in place of the currency of either the producer or the importer"[59] has had a "destablilizing" effect on the global economy, according to Reuters.[60] About 50 percent of international trade relies on the US dollar as the "currency of choice." This represents "five times greater than the US's share in world goods imports, and three times its share in world exports."[61] Dominant currency pricing is not problematic when there is "synchronised growth" globally, Carney said. When "the tide is rising in America while receding elsewhere", the system needs to be revamped. Carney cited an article[59] by Markus K. Brunnermeier, Harold James, and Jean-Pierre Landau on the potential role of digital currency area (DCA) in redefining the international monetary system.[61]

Speaking only hours after U.S. President Donald Trump had posted on Twitter that he blamed the Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell's policies creating fears of an economic recession—and then threatened China with more retaliatory tariffs—Carney urged central banks to work together to replace the US dollar as reserve currency. He cautioned against choosing another new hegemonic reserve currency like the Renminbi and suggested instead, a "new (SHC), such as Libra,[60][61][62] which could potentially be provided "through a network of central bank digital currencies," that would decrease the US dollar's "domineering influence" on trade worldwide.[61][62]

Carney also said that the recent increase in the perception that a No Deal Brexit is likely, is "evidenced by betting odds and financial market asset pricing" resulting in the UK now having "the highest FX implied volatility, the highest equity risk premium and lowest real yields of any advanced economy."[61]

Climate change[]

Carney has taken a leading position on the need for climate action.[63]

Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets (TSVCM)[]

In 2020 Carney launched the —an initiative to increase trading of voluntary carbon offsets—[64] with Bill Winters as Group Chief Executive.[65] The TSVCM is sponsored by the Institute of International Finance.[65] Taskforce members include more than "40 leaders from six continents with backgrounds across the carbon market value chain", including representatives from the Bank of America, BlackRock, Bloomberg's New Energy Finance, BNP Paribas, BP, Boeing, Goldman Sachs, Tata Steel, Total, IHS Markit, and LSE.[65] In a December 3, 2020 Financial Times article, Carney said that the voluntary global carbon offset market was an "imperative" to help reduce emissions. The Times article cited Carney saying London would likely be the host of the new "new pilot market for voluntary carbon offsets" which could be "set up" by December 2021.[64]

Moral to market sentiments[]

On December 2, 2020 Carney delivered the first of four Reith Lectures—the BBC's flagship annual series.[66] In "How We Get What We Value - From Moral to Market Sentiments", he said society had come to esteem financial value over human value and moved from market economies to market societies. The series covers a trio of crises—credit, Covid and climate.[66]

Personal life[]

Carney met his wife, Diana Fox, a British economist specializing in developing nations, while at the University of Oxford.[30] She is active in various environment and social justice causes.[67] The couple married in July 1994 while he was finishing his doctoral thesis.[68] They have four children and lived in Toronto, before moving to the Rockcliffe Park neighbourhood of Ottawa and then moving to London in 2013[4] They have moved back to Ottawa when Mark Carney left his role in the Bank of England.

During his Harvard years, Carney was back-up goalie for the school's ice hockey team.[4][69] Carney continued playing the sport with the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club while studying at Nuffield College, Oxford.[70]

Carney completed the 2015 London Marathon in 03:31:22, which was 17 minutes faster than his time at the 2011 Ottawa Marathon.[71][72]

In addition to Canadian citizenship, Carney also holds Irish[73] (two of his grandparents are from County Mayo) and British citizenship.[74] He has distant relatives in Liverpool and is a supporter of the city's Everton Football Club[75] He is also a supporter of the Edmonton Oilers.

There was some controversy with his time running the Bank of England. Staff members compared his temper flare-ups to 'being tasered'.[76]

Honours and distinctions[]

References[]

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Further reading[]

External links[]

Government offices
Preceded by
David Dodge 		Governor of the Bank of Canada
2008–2013 		Succeeded by
Stephen S. Poloz
Preceded by
Mervyn King 		Governor of the Bank of England
2013–2020 		Succeeded by
Andrew Bailey
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Mario Draghi 		Chairman of the Financial Stability Board
2011–2018 		Succeeded by
Randal Quarles
  • v
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Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England
London.bankofengland.arp.jpg
Governor: Mark Carney (2013 – 2020)
July 2013 – October 2013: Carney | Bean | Tucker | Dale | Fisher | Miles | McCafferty | Weale | Broadbent
November 2013 – May 2014: Carney | Bean | Cunliffe | Dale | Fisher | Miles | McCafferty | Weale | Broadbent
June 2014: Carney | Bean | Cunliffe | Haldane | Fisher | Miles | McCafferty | Weale | Broadbent
July 2014: Carney | Broadbent | Cunliffe | Haldane | Fisher | Miles | McCafferty | Weale | Forbes
August 2014 – August 2015: Carney | Broadbent | Cunliffe | Haldane | Shafik | Miles | McCafferty | Weale | Forbes
September 2015 – July 2016: Carney | Broadbent | Cunliffe | Haldane | Shafik | McCafferty | Weale | Forbes | Vlieghe
August 2016 – February 2017: Carney | Broadbent | Cunliffe | Haldane | Shafik | McCafferty | Forbes | Vlieghe | Saunders
March 2017 – April 2017: Carney | Broadbent | Cunliffe | Haldane | Hogg | McCafferty | Forbes | Vlieghe | Saunders
May 2017 – June 2017: Carney | Broadbent | Cunliffe | Haldane | Vacant | McCafferty | Forbes | Vlieghe | Saunders
July 2017 – August 2017: Carney | Broadbent | Cunliffe | Haldane | Vacant | McCafferty | Vlieghe | Saunders | Tenreyro
September 2017 – March 2020: Carney | Broadbent | Cunliffe | Haldane | Ramsden | McCafferty | Vlieghe | Saunders | Tenreyro
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