Maya rulers

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Maya kings were the centers of power for the Maya civilization. Each Maya city-state was controlled by a dynasty of kings. The position of king was usually inherited by the oldest son.

Symbols of power[]

Maya kings felt the need to legitimize their claim to power. One of the ways to do this was to build a temple or pyramid. Tikal Temple I is a good example. This temple was built during the reign of Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil. Another king named Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal would later carry out this same show of power when building the Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque. The Temple of Inscriptions still towers today amid the ruins of Palenque, as the supreme symbol of influence and power in Palenque.

Succession[]

Maya kings cultivated godlike personas. When a ruler died and left no heir to the throne, the result was usually war and bloodshed. King Pacal's precursor, Pacal I, died upon the battlefield. However, instead of the kingdom erupting into chaos, the city of Palenque, a Maya capital city in southern Mexico, invited in a young prince from a different city-state. The prince was only twelve years old.

Expansion[]

Pacal and his predecessors not only built elaborate temples and pyramids. They expanded their city-state into a thriving empire. Under Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil, Tikal conquered Calakmul and the other cities around Tikal, forming what could be referred to as a super city-state. Pacal achieved in creating a major center for power and development.

Responsibilities[]

A Maya king was expected to be an excellent military leader. He would often carry out raids against rival city-states. The Maya kings also offered their own blood to the gods. The rulers were also expected to have a good mind to solve problems that the city might be facing, including war and food crises.

Maya kings were expected to ensure the gods received the prayers, praise and attention they deserved and to reinforce their divine lineage.^[1] They did this by displaying public rituals such as processions through the streets of their cities. A more private ritual was that of blood sacrifice, which was done by Lords and their wives.^[2]

Known rulers of Mayan city-states[]

Notes:

• All dates AD; if otherwise, it is stated.
• The lists may not be completed. However, take in consideration that some lists are more completed than others in different aspects.
• English language names are provisional nicknames based on their identifying glyphs, where rulers' Maya language names have not yet been definitively deciphered phonetically.

Aguateca[]

• Ucha'an K'an B'alam – father of Tan Te' Kinich, ruled in the 8th century AD.
• Tan Te' K'inich – son of Ucha'an K'an B'alam, ruled from 770 AD to approximately 802 AD.^[3]

La Amelia[]

Name/Glyph	Other names	Image	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Death	Consort (s)	Monuments	Notes
Lachan Kʼawiil Ajaw Bot			25 June 760	1 May 802	After 804	After 804	?	Panels 1[4] and 2[5] Hieroglyphic Stairway 1[4]	In 802, conducted a ritual supervised by king Tan Teʼ Kʼinich of Aguateca.

Calakmul []

Name/Glyph	Other names	Image	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Death	Consort (s)	Monuments	Notes
Yuknoom Chʼeen I			?	c.484	c.520	c.520 Calakmul	? at least onde child		Founder of the dynasty, or at least the first recorded ruler of the city.
Tuun K'ab' Hix	Cu Ix, Ku Ix, K'altuun Hix, Bound-Stone Jaguar		? Calakmul Son of Yuknoom Chʼeen I	c.520	c.546	c.546 Calakmul	Lady Ek' Naah at least one child		His daughter married a lord from La Corona.
Sky Witness			?	Before 561	572	572 Dzibanche	?		Made war with Tikal and won over that city, causing the collapse of the extensive power that Tikal had.
Yax Yopaat			?	572	579	579 Dzibanche	?		His life is mostly unknown today.
Uneh Chan	Scroll Serpent		? Dzibanche	2 September 579	611	611 Dzibanche	at least one child
Yuknoom Ti' Chan	Chan		?	c.619		?	?
Tajoom Ukʼab Kʼahkʼ	Ta Batz		?	28 March 622	1 October 630	1 October 630	?
Yuknoom Head	Cauac Head		?	630	636	636	?	Stelae 76 and 78
Yuknoom Chʼeen II the Great			11 September 600 Dzibanche Son of Uneh Chan and	28 April 636	686	686 Calakmul (aged around 85/86)	? at least three children	Stelae 9, 13, 30?, 31, 32?, 33, 34?, 35, 36, 37?, 75, 77?, 79, 85?, 86, 87?, 93 and 94 [6]	His daughter married a lord from La Corona.
			?	c.695		?	?		Probably a co-ruler.
Yuknoom Tookʼ Kʼawiil	Ruler 5/6/7		?	c.702	c.731	c.731 Calakmul	[7] at least one child[8]	Stelae 1, 7?, 8, 23, 24, 38, 39?, 40, 41?, 42?, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 and 89[6]	His daughter married a lord from La Corona.
Wamaw K'awiil			?	c.736		?	? at least one child
Bolon K'awiil I	Ruler Y Ruler 8		? Calakmul Son of Wamaw K'awiil[9]	c.741		?	?	Stelae 25, 26, 27, 59 and 60[6]
Great Serpent	Ruler 8 Ruler Z		?	c.751		?	[10]	Stelae 62 (unfinished) and 68
Bolon Kʼawiil II	Ruler 9		?	c.771	c.789	c.789 Calakmul	?	Stelae 57 and 58[6]
			?	c.849		?	?
			?	c.909		?	?	Stela 61	Last known ruler of the city.

Cancuén[]

Name	Ruled	Notes
Tajal Chan Ahk	757 – c. 799	Built the city palace in 770.
Kan Maax	c.800

Caracol []

• 331–349: Te' K'ab Chaak
• c. 470: K'ak' Ujol K'inich I
• 484–514: Yajaw Te' K'inich I
• 531–534: K'an I
• 553–593: Yajaw Te' K'inich II (Lord Water)
• 599–613: Knot Ajaw
• 618–658: K'an II
• 658–680: K'ak' Ujol K'inich II
• c. 700: Ruler VII
• mid 8th century: name unknown
• 793: Tum Yohl K'inich
• 798: K'inich Joy K'awiil
• 810–830: K'inich Toob'il Yoaat
• 835–849: K'an III
• 859: Ruler XIII

Chiapa de Corzo[]

(Here two different sets of rulers are known, separated by a hiatus of nearly 100 years.)

• 600-605:
• 605-c.610:
• 643-c.650:
• ?-746:
• 746-776:
• 776-790:

Chichen Itzá[]

• c.869-890: K’ak’upakal K’awiil, possibly ruler or a high-ranked official
• c.930-950:
• ?-1047:
• 1047-?:
• c.1194: Canek

Cocom dynasty[]

• Hunac Ceel, general who conquered the city in the 12th–13th century, and founded a new ruling family.

Cobá[]

(Note: the order of the rulers is unknown)

• c.500? -?: Yu’npik Tok’, founded the city and the ruling family, which lasted in power until 780^[11]
• ?: K’ahk’ Chitam
• ?: Uxman K’awiil
• ?: Yopaat Taj Naaj
• ?: Lady Yopaat
• ?: K’ahk’ Yopaat
• ?: K’aloomte
• ?: Xaman K’awiil
• ?: Ruler A (unknown)
• ?: Ruler B (unknown)
• ?: Ruler C (unknown)
• ?: Ruler D (unknown)
• ?: Ruler E (unknown)

Copán []

(Note:Despite the sparse references to previous rulers in Copán, the first safe reference is from 426. All the rulers, with the exception of the last one, appear in the called Altar Q.)

Name/Glyph	Other names	Image	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Death	Consort (s)	Monuments	Notes
Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ	Great Sun, Quetzal Macaw		c.380/390? Tikal	426	437	437 Copán (aged around 47/57?)	? at least one child	Hunal tomb in Temple 16	Came from Tikal. Founder of Copán lineage, he also founded Quirigua's by installing there the first king, Tok Casper.[12]
Kʼinich Popol Hol	Great Sun		c.415 Copán Son of Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ	437	470	c.470 Copán (aged around 54/55?)	?	Stelae 18 & 63 Motmot capstone Xukpi Stone[13]	Co-ruler with his father since 430, as he was shown in Structure 10L-26, dated to 9 December 435. Founded the institutions of the city.
?[13]	Ruler 3		?	c.455	c.465?	c.465? Copán	?		Identifiable with Ruler 3. Probably, given his reign date, a co-ruler.
Ku Ix	K'altuun Hix, Tuun K'ab' Hix, Ruler 4		?	c.470?	476	c.476 Copán	?	Stela 34 Papagayo Step CPN 584[13]	Co-ruler since 465.
Ruler 5			?	c.475?		?	?
Muyal Jol	Ruler 6		?	c.485?	504	c.504 Copán	?
Bahlam Nehn	Mirror Jaguar, Waterlily Jaguar		?	504	524 or 544	524 or 544 Copán	? at least one child	Stela 15 Ante Step Stele 16 of Caracol (possibly) Stela E of Quirigua[13]
Wil Ohl Kʼinich[14]	Head on Earth, Ruler 8		?	532	551	551 Copán	?		If Bahlam Nehn ruled until 544, Wil Ohl K'inich was a co-ruler until the former's death.
Sak-Lu	Ruler 9		?	551	553	553 Copán	?	A step of the Hieroglyphic Stairway[13]
Tzi-Bahlam	Moon Jaguar, Ruler 10		? Copán Son of Bahlam Nehn	May 553	22 October 578	22 October 578 Copán	?	Stelae 9 & 17 Rosalila Step[13]
K'ak' Chan Yopaat[15]	Butz' Chan, Smoke Serpent		564? Copán	15 November 578[16]	5 February 628	5 February 628 Copán (aged around 64?)	?	Stelae 7 & P Altars Y? & X?[13]
Chan Imix K'awiil	Smoke Jaguar, Smoke Imix		597[13][17] or 612 Copán	8[13] or 21[18] February 628	15 June 695	15 June 695 Copán (aged around 78/79 or 97/98)	?	Stelae 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 19, 23 Altars H', I', K & 5 Burial in Temple 26[13]	Probably the longest-reigning ruler of the city.
Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil	Oxwitik,[19] 18 Rabbit		?	2 January or 15 June[13] 695	12 May 736	12 May 736 Quiriguá	?	Stelae A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J & 4 Altar S Lower Hieroglyphic Stairway of Temple 26 Step of Temple 22 Ballcourt AIIb markers Ballcourt A-III text & markers[13]	If ascended on 2 January, he briefly co-ruled with his predecessor. He was captured and beheaded by the ruler of Quirigua.
Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil	Smoke Monkey		?	7 or 11 June[13] 738	January 749	January 749 Copán	? at least one child
Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil	Smoke Shell, Smoke Squirrel		? Son of Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil	18 February 749[13]	c.761[13] or January 763	c.761 or January 763 Copán	A lady from Palenque at least one child	Stelae M & N Upper Hieroglyphic Stairway of Temple 26 Temple 26 text. Burial in Temple 11 (probably)[13]
Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat	Yax Pac, Rising Sun		? Copán Son of Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil	2 July 763[13]	c.810[13] or January 763	c.810 Copán		Stelae 8 & 29 Altars G, G2, G3, Q, R, T, U, V, Z, B', C', D', F', G', W', J?, 41 CPNs 157, 244, 19119, 19222, 19469, 23748, 2843 and 26300; Temple 22a Stone Temple 11 Wall Panels, Step & Reviewing Stand Temple 18 Door jamb and Wall Texts Temple 21a Bench 9N-82, Harvard and Tegucigalpa Benches, House Models from Structures 29 & 33 Various incense burners. Burial in Temple 18[13]
Ukit Took	Yax Pac, Yax Pasah 18 Rabbit		?	6 or 10[13] February 822	c.830	c.830 (or after)	?	Altar L (unfinished)[13]	Last known ruler of Copán, and the only who doesn't appear on the mentioned Altar Q. The city collapsed suddenly, possibly under an epidemic.[20]

Dos Pilas []

Name/Glyph[21]	Other names	Image	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Death	Consort (s)	Monuments	Notes
B'alaj Chan K'awiil	Ruler 1, Flint Sky, Flint Sky God K, Lightning Sky, Malah Chan K'awil		15 October 625[22] Tikal Son of	648[23]	692	c.692 Dos Pilas (aged around 66/67)	Lady of Itzan at least two children Lady Bulu' at least one child		He probably saw himself as the legitimate heir to the Tikal throne. Howwever, moved away from the capital to found a new one at Dos Pilas, which grew to become a rival kingdom, under overlordship of Calakmul.[24][25] One of his children was Lady Wak Chanil Ajaw, queen regnant Naranjo, who, by using the Tikal emblem, proved her ascendance, through B'alaj Chan K'awiil, from Tikal royal line.
Itzamnaaj B'alam	Shield Jaguar		? Dos Pilas Son of B'alaj Chan K'awiil and Lady of Itzan	c.695		? Dos Pilas	?		Little is known about him. He probably had a short reign.
Itzamnaaj K'awiil	Ruler 2 Shield God K		25 January 673 Calakmul Son of B'alaj Chan K'awiil and Lady of Itzan	24 March 698	22 October 726	22 October 726 Dos Pilas (aged 53)	? at least one child	Tomb under Structure L5-1
Ucha'an K'in B'alam	Ruler 3, Master of the Sun Jaguar, Scroll-head God K, Spangle-head, Jewelled-head		?	6 January 727	28 May 741	28 May 741 Dos Pilas	Lady GI-Kʼawiil of Cancuén no children?	Stela 5	Has no apparent family relation to his predecessors, being probably a regent. It is known that, twenty years earlier, he was already a prominent figure in the kingdom (being responsible, for example, for the capture of the lord of Tikal in 705, or involving himself closely in rituals performed by the previous king). As a ruler (regent or usurper) he provided strong leadership. Erected monuments in Dos Pilas and Aguateca.
Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich	Ruler 4 God K Sky Mahkʼina		Before 726 Dos Pilas Son of Itzamnaaj K'awiil	23 June 741	c.761	After 761	?	Panel 19	He was forced to flee from Dos Pilas in 761 and was never mentioned again. As a result, the date of his death is currently unknown.

Ek' Balam []

Holmul[]

(Note: No known dates)

• ?: Och Chan Yopaat
• ?: Sakhb Chan Yopaat Makcha
• ?: K’inich Tacal Tun
• ?: Vilaan Chak Tok Vakhab

Iximche[]

Ahpo Sotzʼil[26]	Ahpo Xahil[27]	Kʼalel Achi	Ahuchan
Wuqu-Batzʼ	Hun-Toh	Chuluk
Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ

Ixkun[]

Nickname	Ruled
Eight Skull[28]	–c. 790
Rabbit God K[29]	c. 790–800

Ixtutz[]

• c.780:^[30] Aj Yaxjal B’aak

Izamal[]

• c.1000?: Ah Ulil

Machaquila[]

Name/Glyph	Other names	Image	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Death	Consort (s)	Monuments	Notes
			?	c.475		?	?
			?	?		?	?
			?	670	710	c.710 Machaquila	?	Stela 13 Altar E[31]
			?	711	761	c.761 Machaquila	?	Stelae 10, 11, 12 Altar F[31]	At the end of his reign, Machaquilá's suzerain kingdom, Dos Pilas, was abandoned and, during the political turmoil that followed, Cancuén stole power from Machaquilá.[31]
			?	c.775		?	?	Stela 18[31]
Under Cancuén rule: 786-799
			5 December 770 Machaquila	28 June 800	815	815 Machaquila (aged around 44/45)	? at least one child	Stela 2[31]
			? Machaquila Son of	2 April 815	824	824 Machaquila	? at least one child	Stelae 3, 4[31]
			? Machaquila Son of	3 March 824	840	840 Machaquila	?	Stelae 5, 6, 7, 8[31]
			?	824	840	?	?

La Mar[]

• 781-?: Parrot Chaak

Mixco Viejo[]

Name	Ruled	Alternative names
Lajuj No'j	c.1450–c.1480[32]	Ichalkan Chi Kumkwat, Ychal Amollac Chicumcuat
Achi Q'alel	early 16th century[33]	–

Moral Reforma[]

• 662-after 690: Muwaan Jol, ascended under king Yuknoom of Calakmul; however, in 690, ascended once again under the king of Palenque.

Motul de San José[]

• 701-c.710:
• c.700–725: Sak Muwaan
• c.725-735:
• ?:
• c.742–755: Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich (son of Sak Muwaan)
• c.755–779: Lamaw Ek'

Naranjo []

Name/Glyph	Other names	Image	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Death	Consort (s)	Monuments	Notes
			?	?		?	?	Stela 45[34]	First known ruler.
?			?	c.475		?	?	Stela 41
			?	?		?	?
			? Naranjo Son of [35]	?		?	?
[35]			?	?		?	at least one child		Inferred as king by his son's inscriptions.
	Double Comb[36]		534 Naranjo Son of and [35]	5 May 546[36]	615	615 Naranjo (aged around 80/81)	?	Stela 15?, 16, 17, 25, 27, 38, 41 Altar 1
?			?	c.626		?	?		Defeated by Caracol
			?	c.631		?	?		Defeated by Calakmul
K'ahk' Xiiw Chan Chaahk			?	c.644	c.680	c.680 Naranjo	?		37th ruler of Naranjo, according to the inscriptions on the site. His rule, however, didn't produce any surviving monuments.[37] He was victorious against Caracol.
Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak (Under regency of Lady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas until 26 March 706[36])	Smoking Squirrel[36]		4 January 688 Naranjo Son of and Lady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas	31 May 693	c.720	c.720 (or after[38][36]) Naranjo (aged around 31/32)	21 March 710[36] at least one child	Stelae 1, 2, 3, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30 and 31[35]	His father was probably a cousin of K'ahk' Xiiw Chan Chaahk. Shortly after his accesson, Naranjo fought and won a series of victories against polities, some of whom may have been rebelling against K'ak' Tiliw's mother. It's possible that was his mother the organizer of many of Naranjo campaigns that, early in his reign, defeated Yaxha, Tikal, and Ucanal.
Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas	Lady Six Sky		15 July 669 (or after[39][36]) Dos Pilas Daughter of Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil, King of Dos Pilas and Lady Bulu'	11 October 721	11 February 741	11 February 741 Naranjo (aged around 72)	at least one child	Stelae 3, 18, 24, 29, 31	Mother of her predecessor. Previously regent on her son's behalf, from 721 assumed the reins of the kingdom herself as queen regnant.
Yax Mayuy Chan Chaak			? Naranjo Son of and Lady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas	c.741	4 February 744	4 February 744 Naranjo or Tikal?	?	Stelae 18 and 46 Stela 5 of Tikal[35]	Defeated by Tikal and sacrificed.
			?	15 August 746[35]	748	748 Naranjo	?	Stela 20[35]
			? Naranjo Son of Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak and	8 November 755[35]	780	780 Naranjo	at least two children[35]	Stelae 6, 11, 13, 19, 33, 36[35]
			? Naranjo Son of and [35]	?		?	?
	Shield God K, Shield		13 March 771 Naranjo Son of and [35]	4 February 784	810	c.810 Naranjo (aged around 38/39)		Stelae 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 35[35]	He was victorious against Yaxha.
			?	c.814		?	?	Stela 32 of Ucanal[35]

Palenque []

Mythological and legendary rulers[]

• c.2325 BC
• c.987 BC
• c.252 BC

Palenque dynasty[]

Name/Glyph	Other names	Image	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Death	Consort (s)	Monuments	Notes
Kʼukʼ Bahlam I	Kuk, Bahlum K'uk'		30 March 397 Palenque	10 March 431[40]	435	435 Palenque (aged 37/38)	?	One stone censer	Founder of the dynasty.
Casper	11 Rabbit		8 August 422 Palenque Son of Kʼukʼ Bahlam I?	9 August 435	c.487	c.487 Palenque (aged 64/65)	?
Bʼutz Aj Sak Chiik	Manik		15 November 459 Palenque Son of Casper?	28 July 487	c.501	c.501 Palenque (aged 41/42)	?		His successor, Ahkal Moʼ Nahb, was probably his brother.[40]
Ahkal Moʼ Nahb I	Chaacal I, Akul Anab I		5 July 465 Palenque Son of Casper?[40]	3 June 501	29 November 524	29 November 524 Palenque (aged 59)	?		The list of ancestors made by his descendant Pakal the Great starts with him.[40]
Interregnum: 524–529
Kʼan Joy Chitam I	Hok, Kan Xul I, K'an Hok' Chitam		5 May 490 Palenque Son of Ahkal Moʼ Nahb I?	6 February 529	6 February 565	6 February 565 Palenque (aged 74)	? two children
Ahkal Moʼ Nahb II	Chaacal II, Akul Anab II		3 September 523 Palenque Son of Kʼan Joy Chitam I	2 May 565	21 July 570	21 July 570 Palenque (aged 46)	? no children
Kan Bahlam I	Chan Bahlum I		18 September 524 Palenque Son of Kʼan Joy Chitam I	6 April 572	1 February 583	1 February 583 Palenque (aged 58)	? one child?
Yohl Ikʼnal	Lady Kan Ik, Lady K'anal Ik'nal		? Palenque Daughter of Kʼan Joy Chitam I or Kan Bahlam I	21 December 583	5 November 604	5 November 604 Palenque	? two children
Ajen Yohl Mat	Aj Ne' Ohl Mat, Ac Kan, Ahl Lawal Mat		? Palenque Son of Yohl Ikʼnal?	1 January 605	8 or 11 August 612	8 or 11 August 612 Palenque	? two children		During his reign (4 April 611), Palenque was invaded by Calakmul.
Janahb Pakal	Janaab Pakal, Pakal I		? Palenque Son of Yohl Ikʼnal?	c.612		c.612 Palenque	Yohl Ikʼnal? at least one child		Position uncertain.
Sak K'uk'	Muwaan Mat, Lady Beastie		? Palenque Daughter of Janahb Pakal I and Yohl Ikʼnal?	20 October 612[36]	27 July 615[36]	10 September 640 Palenque	Kʼan Moʼ Hix one or two children		Abdicated to her son.
Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I the Great	Pacal, 8 Ahau, Sun Shield		19 March 603 Palenque Son of Kʼan Moʼ Hix and Sak K'uk'	27 July 615[36]	26 August 683	26 August 683 Palenque aged 80	three children	Temple El Olvidado Additions to the Palace of Palenque Building E (Sak Nuk Naah, "White Skin House") Houses A, B and C[41]	He was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture.
K'inich Kan Bahlam II	Chan Bahlum II		May 635 Palenque Son of Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I and	January 684	February 702	February 702 Palenque aged 66	? no children	Tablets and Alfardas of the Temples of the Cross, Sun and Foliated Cross; Tablets and facade of the Temple of the Inscriptions Temple 17 Panel Death's Head Jonuta Panel Temple of the Cross Stela[42][43]	He continued the ambitious project of adorning Palenque with fine art and architecture begun by his father.
K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II	Kan Xul II, K'an Hok' Chitam On II		31 October 644 Palenque Son of Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I and	28 May 702	c.721	721 Palenque aged 76/77	? no children	Tablets and Alfardas of the Temples of the Cross, Sun and Foliated Cross; Tablets and facade of the Temple of the Inscriptions Temple 17 Panel Death's Head Jonuta Panel Temple of the Cross Stela[42][43]	He was captured by Toniná in 711, but possibly restored to kingship.
Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III	Chaacal III, Akul Anab III		23 September 678 Palenque Son of Tiwol Chan Mat and Kinuw	30 December 721	c.736	c.736 Palenque aged 57/58	one child	Temple XVIII texts Temple XIX bench and texts Temple XXI texts Tablets of the Orator and Scribe Bundle Panel House E Painted text?[42][44]	Grandson of Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I. His construction program rivaled that of his predecessors, and contributed enormously to the surviving records of Palenque history.
Kʼinich Janaab Pakal II	Upakal K'inich		? Palenque Son of Tiwol Chan Mat and Kinuw	c.742		?	? one child	Bodega no. 1144[44]	Probable brother of the predecessor.
K'inich Kan Bahlam III			?	c.751		?	?		A text at Pomona, the only source of his existence, suggests that his reign was short or troubled.[44]
K'inich K'uk' Bahlam II	Bahlum K'uk' II, Mahk'ina K'uk'		? Palenque Son of Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III and	4 March 764	c.783	c.783 Palenque	?	Tablet of the 96 glyphs Creation Tablet House B Mural? Bodega no. 218[44]
Janaab Pakal III	6 Cimi Pakal		?	13 November 799	?		?

El Perú[]

• 672–692: Lady K'abel

Piedras Negras []

Name/Glyph	Other names	Image	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Death	Consort (s)	Monuments	Notes
K'an Ahk I	Ruler A Turtleshell		?	c.297[45]		?	?		Ruler A was later captured by Moon Skull of Yaxchilan[45]
K'an Ahk II	Ruler B		?	c.478[45]		?	?
Yat Ahk I	Ah Cauac Ah K'in Turtletooth		?	c.510[46]		?	?
Ruler C			?	June 30, 514[45]	c.520[46]	c.520 Piedras Negras	?	Panel 12[45]
K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I	Ruler 1		?	14 November 603[47]	3 February 639[47]	3 February 639[47] Piedras Negras	at least one child	Stelae 25, 26, 31[47][48] R-5 Pyramid[47]	Some scholars have argued that K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I refounded the ruling dynasty at Piedras Negras.[48]
Itzam K'an Ahk I	Ruler 2		22 May 626 Piedras Negras Son of K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I and	12 April 639[49]	15 November 686[49]	15 November 686 Piedras Negras [49] (aged 50)	at least one child	Stelae 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39[50][49] Panels 2, 4, 7[50][49] Throne 2[50][49]
K'inich Yo'nal Ahk II	Ruler 3		29 November 664 Piedras Negras Son of Itzam K'an Ahk I and	2 January 687[51]	c. 729[49][52]	c. 729[49][52] Piedras Negras (aged 64/65)	K'atun of Namaan (5 July 674 – after 28 June 729) 686 one child	Stelae 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8[48][51] J-5 Pyramid courtyard[48][51] Altar 1[48][51] Panel 15[48]
Itzam K'an Ahk II	Ruler 4		18 November 701 Piedras Negras	9 November 729[53]	26 November 757[53]	26 November 757 Piedras Negras (aged 56)	? possibly three children	Stelae 9, 10, 11, 22, 40[48][53] O-13 Pyramid[48][53] Altar 2[48][53]	There is evidence that Itzam K'an Ahk II started a new patriline at Piedras Negras.[54]
Yo'nal Ahk III	Ruler 5		? Piedras Negras Son of Itzam K'an Ahk II	10 March 758[55]	c. 767[55]	c. 767[55] Piedras Negras	?	Stelae 14, 16[48][55]
Ha' K'in Xook	Ruler 6		? Piedras Negras Son of Itzam K'an Ahk II	14 February 767[55]	24 March 780[55]	24 March 780[55] or after 780[56] Piedras Negras	?	Stelae 13, 18, 23[48][55]	Appears to have either died or abdicated.[55] Scholars are unsure if March 24, 780 AD refers to Ha' K'in Xook's death date, or rather the date of his burial.[48][55]
K'inich Yat Ahk II	Ruler 7		? Piedras Negras Son of Itzam K'an Ahk II	31 May 781[57]	c. 808[58]	c. 808[58] Piedras Negras	?	Stelae 12, 15[48][57] Altar 4[48][57] Panel 1?, 3[48][57] Throne 1[48][57]	Took the throne almost a year following the death of Ha' K'in Xook. Despite this time gap, there is no evidence anyone was ruling Piedras Negras in the interim.[59] He was later captured by K'inich Tatbu Skull IV of Yaxchilan.[60]

Pusilha[]

• c.569-595: (this first ruler and dynasty probably descended from the first dynasty of Naranjo^[61])
• c.595-650:
• c.650-670:
• c.670-680:
• c.680-710:
• c.710-731:
• c.731-750: (began a new line of rulers)
• c.750-768:
• c.768-c.800?:

Quiriguá []

Name (or nickname)	Ruled	Dynastic succession no.[62]
"Tok Casper"	426–?[63]	1
Tutuum Yohl K'inich	c. 455[63]	?
"Ruler 3" ("Turtle Shell")	c. 480[63][64]	?
"Ruler 4" ("Basket Skull")	?–?[64]	3?
Mih Toh	493–[64]	4?
K'awiil Yopaat ("Ruler 5")	c. 653[64]	?
K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat ("Cauac Sky" or "Kawak Sky")	724–785[65]	14
"Sky Xul"	785 – c. 795[65]	15
"Jade Sky"	c. 800 – c. 810[65]	17?

Q'umarkaj[]

• c.1225–1250: Bahlam Kitze
• c.1250–1275: Kʼokʼoja
• c.1275–1300: E Tzʼikin
• c.1300–1325: Ajkan
• c.1325–1350: Kʼokaibʼ
• c.1350–1375: Kʼonache
• c.1375–1400: Kʼotuja
• c.1400–1435: Quqʼkumatz
• c.1435–1475: Kʼiqʼabʼ
• c.1475–1500: Vahxakʼ i-Kaam
• c.1500–1524: Oxib Keh

Río Azul[]

• Ruler X, not yet satisfactorily deciphered.

Sacul []

• c.760–790:^[66] Ch'iyel

Sak tz'i[]

Name	Dates
U K'ab'[67]	c. 564
K'ab Chan Te' I	c. 594–641
K'ab Chan Te' II?	c.653–693
Aj Sak Maax	c.754–772
Yeht' K'inich	c. 787
Jats' Tokal Ek' Hiix	c.796?
K'ab' Chan Te' III	c. 864

Seibal[]

Name	Title or nickname	Ruled
		? (7th-8th century?)
	"Jaguar Claw"	?-c.735
Ich'aak Bahlam II	"Jaguar Claw"	c.735–c.750[68]
		?
Ajaw B'ot	Ruler D, Ah-Bolon-Abta[69]	771–?[70]
Wat'ul Chatel[71]	Aj B'olon Haab'tal[72]	830–889+[72]
[73]		c.860?
		c.880?

Tamarindito[]

Name	Ruled
Ruler 1	ca. 513
Wakoh K'inich	ca. 534 – ca. 554
Ruler 3	ca. 573
Ruler 4	– 613
Wakoh Chan K'inich	a. 613 –
Aj Ajan Nah	ca. 660
Aj Ihk' Wolok	ca. 660 – ca. 702
Ruler 8	ca. 705
Ruler 9	– ca. 711
Ruler 10	– 712
Chak Bin Ahk	a. 712 – ca. 731
Chanal Balam	a. 760 – ca. 764

Teotihuacan[]

• c.378: Spearthrower Owl, ruled when his son took over Tikal.

Tikal []

Name/Glyph[74][75]	Other names	Image	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Death	Consort (s)	Monuments	Notes
Yax Ehb' Xok	Yax Moch Xok, Yax Chakte'l Xok, First Scaffold Shark[76]		?	c.90		?	?		Founder of Tikal lineage
? Bahlam[77]	Foliated Jaguar Decorated Jaguar[77] Scroll Ahau Jaguar		?	c.292		?	?	Stelae 29 and 31[77]
K'inich Ehb'[78]	Animal Headdress		?	?		?	at least one child	Stela 1 of El Encanto[77]
Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil I			? Tikal Son of K'inich Ehb' and	c.307		?	?
Unen Bahlam	Lady Une' B'alam		?	c.317		?	?	Stela 31 (twice) Small sherd (fragment of a vase)	Assumed to be female, the sex of this ruler is in fact unclear.
Kʼinich Muwaan Jol	Mahk'ina Bird Skull, Feather Skull		?	?	23 May 359	23 May 359 Tikal	at least one child	Stelae 28 and 39 Dynastic vase Stela from Corozal Sculpture named Man of Tikal
Chak Tok Ichʼaak I	Great Paw, Great Jaguar Paw, Toh Chak Ichʼak		? Tikal Son of Kʼinich Muwaan Jol and	7 August 360	14 January 378	14 January 378 Tikal	?	Stelae 26, 31 and 39 Stela from Corozal Sculpture named Man of Tikal	In the day he died, Tikal was invaded by troops leaded by Siyaj Kʼakʼ, who overthrew the reigning family.
Yax Nuun Ayiin I	Curl Snout Curl Nose		? Teotihuacan Son of Spearthrower Owl	12 September 379	17 June 404	17 June 404 Tikal	at least one child	Stelae 4, 18 and 31 Sculpture named Man of Tikal Burial 10 of Temple 34	Probably son of the king of Teotihuacan, founded a new line of rulers in Tikal.
Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II	Storm Sky Manikin Cleft Sky		? Tikal Son of Yax Nuun Ayiin I and	26 November 411	3 February 456	3 February 456 Tikal	at least one child	Stelae 1, 28, 31 and 40 Burial 48 of Temple 33
Kʼan Chitam	Kan Boar K'an Ak		26 November 415 Tikal Son of Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II and	8 August 458	486	486 Tikal (aged 70/71)	at least one child	Stelae 2, 9, 13 and 40[79]
Chak Tok Ichʼaak II	Jaguar Paw II Jaguar Paw Skull		? Tikal Son of Kʼan Chitam and	486	24 July 508	24 July 508 Tikal	Probably two children	Stelae 3, 7, 15, 21, and possibly 26.[79][80]
Yo K'in[77]	Lady of Tikal		1 September 504 Tikal Daughter of Chak Tok Ichʼaak II and ?	19 April 511	527	After 527 Tikal	?	Stelae 6, 12 and 23	Ruled jointly. Possibly married?
Kaloomteʼ Bahlam	Curl Head		?	c.511 Tikal	527	After 527 Tikal	?	Stelae 10, 12 and 25
Bird Claw	Animal Skull		?	?		?	?	Stela 8	Ruled after Yo K'in. He carried a high-ranking name but no Tikal emblem.[81] Possibly an interim ruler, or usurper?
Wak Chan Kʼawiil	Double Bird		January 508 Tikal Son of Chak Tok Ichʼaak II and	27 December 537	562	562 Tikal (aged 53/54)	?	Stela 17 Altar 21 of Caracol
K'inich Waaw[77]	Animal Skull Lizard Head, Ete II		? Tikal Son of Fire Cross and Lady Hand Sky of Bahlam	562? or 593[77]	628[77]	628 Tikal	?
?[77]	23rd Ruler?		?	c. 635 (if he is the 23rd Ruler) or c.628–650		?	?	Ceramics	Probably identifiable with 23rd Ruler?
[77]	24th Ruler?		?	c. 645 (if he is the 24th Ruler) or c.628–650		?	? at least one child		Probably identifiable with 24th Ruler?
Nuun Ujol Chaak[77]	Shield Skull Nun Ban Chak		? Tikal Son of	657	679	679 Tikal	at least one child	Lintel 3 of Temple 1
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I[77]	Ruler A Ah Cacao Sky Rain		? Tikal Son of Nuun Ujol Chaak and	3 May 682	734	734 Tikal	Lady Lahan Unen Moʼ at least one child	Tikal Temple I Lintels 2 and 3 of Temple 1	His defeat of the rival Maya city of Calakmul in 695 is seen to represent a resurgence in the strength and influence of Tikal.
Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil	Ruler B Yaxkin Caan Chac Sun Sky Rain		? Tikal Son of Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I and Lady Lahan Unen Moʼ	8 December 734	766?	766? Tikal	? at least two children	Stelae 5, 20 and 21	He was one of Tikal's most successful and expansionary rulers, consolidating the political gains won by his father.
28th Ruler			? Tikal Son of Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil	c.766	c.768	c.768? Tikal	?		Little is known about this ruler.
Yax Nuun Ayiin II	Ruler C Chitam		? Tikal Son of Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil	25 December 768	c.794	c.794 Tikal	?	Stelae 19 and 21 Altars 6 and 10
Nuun Ujol Kʼinich			?	Between 794 and 810		?	? at least one child	Lintel of Temple 3
Dark Sun			? Tikal Son of Nuun Ujol Kʼinich	c.849		?	?	Stela 24 Altar 7 Lintel 2 of Temple 3
Jewel K'awiil			?	c.849		?	?
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II	Stella 11 Ruler		?	c.869	c.889	c.889? Tikal	?	Stela 11 Stela 12 of Uaxactun

Toniná []

Name (or nickname)	Ruled	Alternative names
[82]	?	Cabeza de Reptil ("Reptile's Head")
[82]	6th century	Jaguar Bird Peccary; Zots Choj
Chac B'olon Chaak[82]	?	–
K'inich Hix Chapat[82]	c. 595–665	Personage 2
Ruler 2[83]	668–687	Jaguar Casper
K'inich B'aaknal Chaak[84]	688–715	Ruler 3; Personage 3; Kuk; Craneo de Serpiente ("Snake Skull")
Ruler 4[83]	708–723	Dios Jaguar ("Jaguar God")
K'inich Ich'aak Chapat[85]	723–739+	Ruler 5; Garra de Jaguar ("Jaguar Claw")
K'inich Tuun Chapat[85]	to 762	Ruler 6; Ruler 8
Ruler 7[86]	?	–
Ruler 8[87]	c. 787–806+	–
Uh Chapat[87]	c. 837	Ruler 9
Ruler 10[87]	c. 901	–

Ucanal[]

• Itzamnaaj Bahlam, ruled at least between 698 and 702.

Uxmal[]

• , founded the kingdom in year 500.

Xultun[]

• , depicted in a mural of a Late Classic room, 10K2

Yaxchilan []

Name/Glyph[74][75]	Other names	Image	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Death	Consort (s)	Monuments[88]	Notes
			?	23 July 359	?[89]	?	?		Founder of Yaxchilan lineage.
	Shield Jaguar I		?	?		?	?
	Bird Jaguar I		?	378	389	389 Yaxchilan	?
			?	389	402	402 Yaxchilan	?
Ruler 5			?	402	?	?	?
			?	?		?	?
			?	454	467	467 Yaxchilan	?		His name is not an actual reference to the moon but is rather the Maya word for a spear-thrower.
	Bird Jaguar II		?	467	?	?	? at least two children
	Knot-eye Jaguar I		? Yaxchilan Son of	508	518	518 Yaxchilan	? at least two children	Stela 27
			? Yaxchilan Son of	526	537	537 Yaxchilan	? at least two children	Temple 12 Lintel 35
	Knot-eye Jaguar II		?	c.560	c.570	c.570 Yaxchilan	?
Itzamnaaj Bahlam II[89]	Shield Jaguar II		?	c.599[89] or c.599-611[90]		?	?
			?	?		?	? at least one child
Yaxun Bahlam III	6-Tun-Bird Jaguar Bird Jaguar III		? Yaxchilan Son of	631	681	681 Yaxchilan	Lady Pacal (c.607?–705) at least one child	Stela 6 Lintel 4[91]
Itzamnaaj Bahlam III[89][92]	Shield Jaguar III		647 Yaxchilan Son of Yaxun Bahlam III and Lady Pacal	23 October 681	15 June 742	15 June 742 Yaxchilan (aged 94/95)	Lady Xoc Lady Eveningstar of Calakmul (1 September 704–751) at least one child	Temple 23 Lintels 24, 25, 26 Stelae 5, 11, 18, 35
		?	?	c.749		?	?
Yaxun Bahlam IV	Bird Jaguar IV		709 Yaxchilan Son of Itzamnaaj Bahlam III and Lady Eveningstar of Calakmul	752	768	768 Yaxchilan (aged 56/57)	at least one child of Motul de San José of Motul de San José of Hix Witz[93]	Lintels 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 29, 41 [91] Stela 10, 11[94]
[89][95]	Shield Jaguar IV		18 February 752 Yaxchilan Son of Yaxun Bahlam IV and	769	c.800	c.800 Yaxchilan (aged around 47/48)	at least one child	Lintel 2[91]
			? Son of and	c.808		?	?	Lintel 10[91]	Last known ruler of the city.

Yaxha[]

• K'inich Lakamtuun (r.c.799^[96])

Yo'okop[]

• , may have ruled under the overlord Sky Witness from Calakmul or Dzoyola.

See also[]

• List of rulers of Copan
• List of the rulers of Dos Pilas
• Rulers of Tikal
• Yaxchilan rulers
• Maya stelae

References[]

Further reading[]