Mean arterial pressure
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In medicine, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is an average blood pressure in an individual during a single cardiac cycle.[1]
Calculation[]
The Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR), denoted is represented mathematically by the formula
- ,[2] where is the change in pressure across the systemic circulation from its beginning to its end and
is the flow through the vasculature (equal to cardiac output)
another type of equation is:
In other words:
Systemic Vascular Resistance = (Mean Arterial Pressure - Mean Venous Pressure) / Cardiac Output
Therefore, Mean arterial pressure can be determined from:[3]
where:
- is cardiac output
- is systemic vascular resistance
- is central venous pressure and usually small enough to be neglected in this formula.
Estimation[]
While MAP can only be measured directly by invasive monitoring it can be approximately estimated using a formula in which the lower (diastolic) blood pressure is doubled and added to the higher (systolic) blood pressure and that composite sum then is divided by 3 to estimate MAP. In patients with sepsis, the vasopressor dosage may be titrated on the basis of estimated MAP.[4]
This is only valid at normal resting heart rates during which can be approximated using the measured systolic () and diastolic () blood pressures:[5][6][7]
or equivalently
or equivalently
or equivalently
where is the pulse pressure,
At high heart rates is more closely approximated by the arithmetic mean of systolic and diastolic pressures because of the change in shape of the arterial pressure pulse.
For a generalized formula of :
Where HR is the heart rate.[8]
Clinical significance[]
is considered to be the perfusion pressure seen by organs in the body.
It is believed that a that is greater than 70 mmHg is enough to sustain the organs of the average person. is normally between 65 and 110 mmHg.[9] Even 1 minute at a mean arterial pressure of 50 mmHg, or accumulative effects over short periods, increases the risk of mortality by 5% and can result in organ failure or complications.[10][11] MAP may be used similarly to systolic blood pressure in monitoring and treating[clarification needed] for target blood pressure. Both have been shown advantageous targets for sepsis, major trauma, stroke, intracranial bleed, and hypertensive emergencies.[12]
If the falls below this number for an appreciable time, vital organs will not get enough oxygen perfusion, and will become hypoxic, a condition called ischemia.
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Zheng L, Sun Z, Li J, et al. (July 2008). "Pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure in relation to ischemic stroke among patients with uncontrolled hypertension in rural areas of China". Stroke. 39 (7): 1932–7. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.510677. PMID 18451345.
- ^ Systemic vascular resistance, Wikipedia
- ^ Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts: Mean Arterial Pressure, Richard E. Klabunde, Ph.D
- ^ Calculating the mean arterial pressure (MAP) Nursing center2011-12-08
- ^ Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 3/3ch7/s3ch7_4". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.
- ^ Cardiovascular Physiology (page 3) Archived 2006-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ http://www.clinicalreview.com Physiology Review
- ^ Moran D, Epstein Y, Keren G, Laor A, Sherez J, Shapiro Y (1995). "Calculation of mean arterial pressure during exercise as a function of heart rate". Applied Human Science. 14 (6): 293–5. doi:10.2114/ahs.14.293. PMID 8591100.
- ^ impactEDnurse (May 31, 2007). "mean arterial pressure". impactednurse.com. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-12.
- ^ Nicklas, J.Y., Beckmann, D., Killat, J. et al. Continuous noninvasive arterial blood pressure monitoring using the vascular unloading technology during complex gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective observational study. 2019;33:(25).
- ^ Maheshwari K., Khanna S., Bajracharya GR., et al. A Randomized Trial of Continuous Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring During Noncardiac Surgery. Anesth Analg. 2018;127(2):424–431.
- ^ Magder SA (2014). "The highs and lows of blood pressure: toward meaningful clinical targets in patients with shock". Crit. Care Med. 42 (5): 1241–51. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000324. PMID 24736333. S2CID 39745357.
External links[]
- Diagnostic intensive care medicine
- Medical signs
- Blood pressure