Miguel Miramón

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Miguel Miramón y Tarelo
Substitute 29th President of Mexico by the Plan of Tacubaya
In office 2 February 1859 – 13 August 1860
Preceded by	José Mariano Salas
Succeeded by	José Ignacio Pavón
Provisional President of Mexico by the Plan of Tacubaya
In office 15 August 1860 – 24 December 1860
Preceded by	José Ignacio Pavón
Personal details
Born	(1831-09-29)29 September 1831 Mexico DF
Died	19 June 1867(1867-06-19) (aged 35) Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro Arteaga
Cause of death	Execution (by firing squad)
Resting place	Panteón de San Fernando Mexico city later transferred to Puebla Cathedral
Nationality	Mexican
Political party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Concepción Lombardo
Alma mater	Heroic Military Academy

Miguel Gregorio de la Luz Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo, known as Miguel Miramón, (29 September 1831^[1] – 19 June 1867) was a Mexican conservative general and politician. He opposed the liberal Constitution of 1857 and served as President of Mexico in opposition to the constitutional president, Benito Juárez of the Liberal Party. He was one of the youngest rulers and the first not born during Spanish colonial rule.^[2] He served in the imperial army during the French Intervention in Mexico and was executed with Emperor Maximilian and General Tomás Mejía by a republican army firing squad. He remains a controversial figure in Mexico, combining "military skill with political miscalculation."^[3]

Early life[]

Miramón was born in Mexico City in 1831 into a very traditional family of partial French heritage. He was the son of Colonel Bernardo de Miramón and his wife Carmen Tarelo, who apparently had twelve offspring. Some of them were Joaquin, Carlos and Mariano; these appeared next to his brother in his various military campaigns. At the age of 15, he fought bravely but was taken prisoner while a cadet by the U.S. Army in the September 1847 defending on Chapultepec Castle in the Mexican–American War.^[4]

Career[]

Miguel Miramón wearing a general's court dress during Maximilian's reign

He was a staunch conservative, typical of most Mexican army officers, and a supporter of aristocracy and religious privileges (fueros) for the Catholic Church and the army. In 1854-55, he fought with conservative General Antonio López de Santa Anna, then President of Mexico, against liberals who overthrew him in the Revolution of Ayutla that brought liberals to power. During the administration of President Ignacio Comonfort, he played a role in the city of Puebla's resistance to the liberals in 1856, and was imprisoned in 1857 after the promulgation of the new liberal Constitution of 1857.

War of Reform and presidency[]

During the War of Reform (1858-1861), he was the principal general of the conservative army. He fought in the north and the central lowlands on the side of the conservatives, which had ousted the liberal regime of Benito Juárez, who had succeeded to the presidency of Mexico after the resignation of Comonfort. He was victorious in some early battles at Salamanca, Atentique, Ahualulco, but twice failed to take the liberal stronghold of Veracruz. Several presidents were appointed by different conservative factions. Miramón's faction eventually prevailed, and on February 2, 1860, not yet 30 years old, he assumed the presidency in the zone controlled by the conservatives.^[2]

On 11 April 1859, Miramón ordered the execution of not only captured liberal officers but also the doctors who had treated their wounds, as well as numerous civilians deemed sympathetic to the liberal forces. Liberals had just suffered a defeat in attempting to retake the capital from the junta now headed by Miramón.^[5] As a result of this massacre, liberal General Santos Degollado ordered officers of the conservative armies shot upon capture.

Between 12 August and 15 August 1860, he left the presidency to an interim, José Ignacio Pavón. According to some sources, he also used the Mexico City police to raid the residence of the British consul (who was actively supporting the liberals) and steal 600,000 pesos to finance a conservative levy.^{[citation needed]} He maintained hostilities against the liberals until he was defeated by the troops of Gen. Jesús González Ortega in San Juan del Río, Querétaro, on 22 December. Two days later, Miramón resigned and left for exile in Havana, Cuba.^[2]

Second Empire[]

The Execution of Emperor Maximilian (1868–69), flanked by Generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía by Eduard Manet, oil on canvas, 252 x 305 cm. Kunsthalle Mannheim

While in France, he did not take part in the negotiations between the Mexican monarchists, Napoleon III and the Archduke Maximilian of Austria.^[4] When he returned to Mexico on July 28, 1863, the archduke, now crowned as Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, appointed him as Great Marshal of the Imperial Army and sent him to Berlin to study military tactics. However, the war which had led to constant victory for the French and their allies was beginning to turn. Republican forces were now returning with support from the United States in the form of weapons and supplies. The conservatives was joining imperial forces the retreat from mainland Mexico. Miramón returned in 1866 and organized the imperial defenses against the Republicans in a attempt to keep his allies fighting.^{[citation needed]}

On 19 February 1867, Miramón, faithful to his allies, arrived at Querétaro to break the liberal siege holding emperor Maximilian. He took charge of the infantry and sent General Tomás Mejía to take charge of the cavalry and rally up support for a breakout attempt. The attempt failed, however, and three months later the emperor capitulated to the republicans, against the advice of the seriously wounded Miramón. On 19 June all three were shot for treason on the order of republican President Benito Juárez. The execution took place at the Cerro de las Campanas in the outskirts of Querétaro, practically ending the Second Mexican Empire and the conservative cause.^[2]

Assessment[]

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Miramón was a talented leader, evidenced by his presidency and his high military commands during the reform war and the French intervention. He fought in defense of both his country and his factions against Americans and Mexican Liberals with unwavering and patriotic resolve. He was one of the few conservatives with actual battle experience and studied tactics to perform well on the battle field against the inexperienced guerillas. However, the defeat of his conservative faction forced Miramón to leave his country, and his support of the French Empire ended with both his death and that of Mexican conservatism on the battlefield. The commander was indefatigably dedicated in his beliefs, remaining loyal to his allies even as all hope was lost and the his liberal enemies advanced on all fronts around him. However, the general was cruel to his opponents and looted or stole many money and possessions from those he deemed as traitors such as the liberals leading to his reputation becoming monstrous among the enemy camp.

See also[]

• List of heads of state of Mexico

References[]

Further reading[]

• Araujo, Román. "El General Miguel Miramón, rectificaciones y adiciones a la obra del Sr. D. Víctor Daran, titulada Notas sobre la historia de México." (2000).
• Cánovas, Agustín Cué. El tratado Mon-Almonte: Miramón, el Partido conservador y la intervención europea. No. 3. Ediciones Los Insurgentes, 1960.
• Daran, Victor. Le général Miguel Miramon: notes sur l'histoire du Mexique. Rome, E. Perino, 1886.
• Fuentes Mares, José. Miramón: El hombre. 1985.
• Galeana, Patricia. "Los conservadores en el poder: Miramón." Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México 14.014 (1991).
• González Montesinos, Carlos. "Por Querétaro hacia la eternidad. El general Miguel Miramón en el Segundo Imperio." México, Comunicación Gráfica (2000).
• Hale, Charles A. "Causa de Fernando Maximiliano de Hapsburgo y sus Generales Miguel Miramón y Tomás Mejía." (1969): 606-607.
• Islas García, Luis. Miramón: Caballero del infortunio. 2nd edition. 1957.
• Miramón, Miguel, et al. Proceso de Fernando Maximiliano de Hapsburgo, Miguel Miramón y Tomás Mejía. No. 57. Editorial Jus, 1966.
• Sánchez-Navarro, Carlos. Miramón: el caudillo conservador. Editorial" Jus", 1945.

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miguel Miramón.

• El Balero: Miguel Miramón
• Guide to the Miramón family papers at The Bancroft Library