Mineral resource classification
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Mineral resource classification is the classification of mineral resources based on an increasing level of geological knowledge and confidence.[1] In an effort to achieve a standard set the classifications, representative bodies from Australia, Canada, South Africa, the USA and the UK reached a provisional agreement in 1997 on the definitions of each of the various mineral classifications. This was followed in 1998 to have these definitions incorporated into the International Framework Classification for Reserves and Resources - Solid Fuels and Mineral Commodities, developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UN-ECE).[2]
Mineral deposits can be classified as:
- Mineral resources that are potentially valuable, and for which reasonable prospects exist for eventual economic extraction.
- Mineral reserves or Ore reserves are valuable and legally, economically, and technically feasible to extract
Classification, because it is an economic function, is governed by statutes, regulations and industry best practice norms. There are several classification schemes worldwide, the most commonly used are the Canadian CIM classification (see NI 43-101), the Australian Joint Ore Reserves Committee Code (JORC Code), the South African Code for the Reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (SAMREC)[3] and the “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits by H. G. Dill.[4]
To ensure international standardization in the definitions of the various mineral classifications, an initiative was commenced by CRIRSCO to develop a template (largely based on the JORC Code) to assist countries in developing their own guidelines and regulations based upon global best practices. This template was recognized in the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC).
Mineral Resources[]
A 'Mineral Resource' is a concentration or occurrence of material of intrinsic economic interest in or on the earth's crust in such form, quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. Mineral Resources are further sub-divided, in order of increasing geological confidence, into inferred, indicated and measured as categories.
Inferred Mineral Resource is the part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade (or quality) and mineral content can be estimated with a low level of confidence. It is inferred from geological evidence and assumed but not verified geological or grade continuity. It is based on information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes which may be of limited or uncertain quality and it is also reliability.
Indicated resources are simply economic mineral occurrences that have been sampled (from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits and drill holes) to a point where an estimate has been made, at a reasonable level of confidence, of their contained metal, grade, tonnage, shape, densities, physical characteristics.
Measured resources are indicated resources that have undergone enough further sampling that a 'competent person' (defined by the norms of the relevant mining code; usually a geologist) has declared them to be an acceptable estimate, at a high degree of confidence, of the grade (or quality), quantity, shape, densities, physical characteristics of the mineral occurrence.
Mineral Reserves[]
A Mineral Reserve is the economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral Resource and/or Indicated Mineral Resource.
Mineral Reserves are subdivided in order of increasing confidence into Probable Mineral Reserves or Proved Mineral Reserves.
A Probable Mineral Reserve is the economically mineable part of an Indicated Mineral Resource, and in some circumstances, a Measured Mineral Resources. It includes diluting material and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. A Probable Mineral Reserve has a lower level of confidence than a Proved Mineral Reserve but is of sufficient quality to serve as the basis for decision on the development of deposit.
A Proved Mineral Reserve is the economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which occur when the material is mined.
A Proved Mineral Reserve represents the highest confidence category of Mineral Reserve estimate. It implies a high degree of confidence in the geological factors and a high degree of confidence in the Modifying Factors. The style of mineralization or other factors could mean that Proved Mineral Reserves are not achievable in some deposits.
Generally the conversion of Mineral Resources into Mineral Reserves requires the application of various Modifying Factors, including, but not restricted to:
- mining factors;
- mineral processing / ore dressing related factors;
- metallurgical factors;
- infrastructure factors;
- economic factors;
- marketing factors;
- legal factors;
- ESG factors: Environmental, Social (including Health and Safety) and Governance[3]
See also[]
- Economic geology
- Mineral economics
- Mineral exploration
- Ore genesis
- Ore
- National Instrument 43-101
- United Nations Framework Classification for Resources
- Valuation (finance) § Valuation of mining projects
References[]
- ^ "The International Reporting Template" (PDF). CRIRSCO.com. CRIRSCO. November 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
- ^ Joint Ore Reserves Committee (2012). The JORC Code 2012 (PDF) (2012 ed.). p. 44. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ a b Staff (2012). "Home". SAMCODE - South African Mineral Codes. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ^ Dill, Harald G. (June 2010). "The "chessboard" classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium". Earth-Science Reviews. 100 (1–4): 1–420. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.011.
External links[]
- CRIRSCO - Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards
- PERC Reporting Standard - Pan-European Standard for the Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves
- JORC Code - The Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves
- University of Western Australia Mining Law Centre
- U.S. Geological Survey Circular 831, Principles of a Resource/Reserve Classification for Minerals
- Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum - CIM Definition Standards - On Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (PDF Format)
- The Canadian Council of Professional Geoscientists CCPG
- National Instrument (NI) 43-101 Standards for Disclosure of Mineral Properties (Canada)
- The South African SAMVAL, SAMREC and SAMOG Codes
- United Nations Framework Classification of Resources
- Economic geology
- Mineral economics