Moai
Moʻai /ˈmoʊ.aɪ/ (
listen), or moai (Spanish: moái, Rapa Nui: moʻai, meaning "statue" in Rapa Nui), are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 and 1500.[1][2] Nearly half are still at Rano Raraku, the main moʻai quarry, but hundreds were transported from there and set on stone platforms called ahu around the island's perimeter. Almost all moʻai have overly large heads three-eighths the size of the whole statue. The moʻai are chiefly the living faces (aringa ora) of deified ancestors (aringa ora ata tepuna).[3] The statues still gazed inland across their clan lands when Europeans first visited the island in 1722, but all of them had fallen by the latter part of the 19th century.[4]
The production and transportation of the more than 900 statues[5][6] is considered a remarkable creative and physical feat.[7] The tallest moʻai erected, called Paro, was almost 10 metres (33 ft) high and weighed 82 tonnes (80.7 tons).[8][9] The heaviest moʻai erected was a shorter but squatter moʻai at Ahu Tongariki, weighing 86 tonnes (84.6 tons). One unfinished sculpture, if completed, would have been approximately 21 m (69 ft) tall, with a weight of about 145–165 tons.[10] The moʻai were toppled in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, possibly as a result of European contact or internecine tribal wars.[11]
Description[]
The moʻai are monolithic statues, their minimalist style reflective of forms found throughout Polynesia. Moʻai are carved from volcanic ash. The human figures would be outlined in the rock wall first, then chipped away until only the image was left.[12] The over-large heads (a three-to-five ratio between the head and the trunk, a sculptural trait that demonstrates the Polynesian belief in the sanctity of the chiefly head) have heavy brows and elongated noses with a distinctive fish-hook-shaped curl of the nostrils. The lips protrude in a thin pout. Like the nose, the ears are elongated and oblong in form. The jaw lines stand out against the truncated neck. The torsos are heavy, and, sometimes, the clavicles are subtly outlined in stone. The arms are carved in bas relief and rest against the body in various positions, hands and long slender fingers resting along the crests of the hips, meeting at the hami (loincloth), with the thumbs sometimes pointing towards the navel. Generally, the anatomical features of the backs are not detailed, but sometimes bear a ring and girdle motif on the buttocks and lower back. Except for one kneeling moʻai, the statues do not have clearly visible legs.
Though moʻai are whole-body statues, they are often referred to as "Easter Island heads" in some popular literature. This is partly because of the disproportionate size of most moʻai heads, and partly because many of the iconic images for the island showing upright moʻai are the statues on the slopes of Rano Raraku, many of which are buried to their shoulders. Some of the "heads" at Rano Raraku have been excavated and their bodies seen, and observed to have markings that had been protected from erosion by their burial.
The average height of the moʻai is about 4 m (13 ft), with the average width at the base around 1.6 m (5.2 ft). These massive creations usually weigh around 12.5 tonnes (13.8 tons) each.
All but 53 of the more than 900 moʻai known to date were carved from tuff (a compressed volcanic ash) from Rano Raraku, where 394 moʻai in varying states of completion are still visible today. There are also 13 moʻai carved from basalt, 22 from trachyte and 17 from fragile red scoria.[13] At the end of carving, the builders would rub the statue with pumice.
Characteristics[]
Easter Island statues are known for their large, broad noses and big chins, along with rectangle-shaped ears and deep eye slits. Their bodies are normally squatting, with their arms resting in different positions and are without legs. The majority of the ahu are found along the coast and face inland towards the community. There are some inland ahu such as Ahu Akivi. These moʻai face the community but given the small size of the island, also appear to face the coast.[10]
Eyes[]
In 1979, and a team of archaeologists discovered that the hemispherical or deep elliptical eye sockets were designed to hold coral eyes with either black obsidian or red scoria pupils.[14] The discovery was made by collecting and reassembling broken fragments of white coral that were found at the various sites. Subsequently, previously uncategorized finds in the Easter Island museum were re-examined and recategorized as eye fragments. It is thought that the moʻai with carved eye sockets were probably allocated to the ahu and ceremonial sites, suggesting that a selective Rapa Nui hierarchy was attributed to the moʻai design until its demise with the advent of the religion revolving around the tangata manu.
Symbolism[]
Many archaeologists suggest that "[the] statues were thus symbols of authority and power, both religious and political. But they were not only symbols. To the people who erected and used them, they were actual repositories of sacred spirit. Carved stone and wooden objects in ancient Polynesian religions, when properly fashioned and ritually prepared, were believed to be charged by a magical spiritual essence called mana."[15]
Archaeologists believe that the statues were a representation of the ancient Polynesians' ancestors. The moai statues face away from the ocean and towards the villages as if to watch over the people. The exception is the seven Ahu Akivi which face out to sea to help travelers find the island. There is a legend that says there were seven men who waited for their king to arrive.[16] A study in 2019 concluded that ancient people believed that quarrying of the moʻai might be related to improving soil fertility and thereby critical food supplies.[17]
Pukao topknots and headdresses[]
The more recent moʻai had pukao on their heads, which represent the topknot of the chieftains. According to local tradition, the mana was preserved in the hair. The pukao were carved out of red scoria, a very light rock from a quarry at Puna Pau. Red itself is considered a sacred color in Polynesia. The added pukao suggest a further status to the moʻai.[18]
Markings[]
When first carved, the surface of the moʻai was polished smooth by rubbing with pumice. However, the easily worked tuff from which most moʻai were carved is easily eroded, such that the best place to see the surface detail is on the few moʻai carved from basalt or in photographs and other archaeological records of moʻai surfaces protected by burials.[citation needed]
Those moʻai that are less eroded typically have designs carved on their backs and posteriors. The Routledge expedition of 1914 established a cultural link[19] between these designs and the island's traditional tattooing, which had been repressed by missionaries a half-century earlier. Until modern DNA analysis of the islanders and their ancestors, this was key scientific evidence that the moʻai had been carved by the Rapa Nui and not by a separate group from South America.[citation needed]
At least some of the moʻai were painted; Hoa Hakananai'a was decorated with maroon and white paint until 1868, when it was removed from the island. It is now housed in the British Museum, London, but demands have been made for its return to Rapa Nui.[citation needed]
History[]
The statues were carved by the Polynesian colonizers of the island, mostly between circa 1250 and 1500.[1] In addition to representing deceased ancestors, the moʻai, once they were erected on ahu, may also have been regarded as the embodiment of powerful living or former chiefs and important lineage status symbols. Each moʻai presented a status: "The larger the statue placed upon an ahu, the more mana the chief who commissioned it had."[18] The competition for grandest statue was ever prevalent in the culture of the Easter Islanders. The proof stems from the varying sizes of moʻai.[18]
Completed statues were moved to ahu mostly on the coast, then erected, sometimes with pukao, red stone cylinders, on their heads. Moʻai must have been extremely expensive to craft and transport; not only would the actual carving of each statue require effort and resources, but the finished product was then hauled to its final location and erected.
The quarries in Rano Raraku appear to have been abandoned abruptly, with a litter of stone tools and many completed moʻai outside the quarry awaiting transport and almost as many incomplete statues still in situ as were installed on ahu. In the nineteenth century, this led to conjecture that the island was the remnant of a sunken continent and that most completed moʻai were under the sea. That idea has long been debunked, and now it is understood that:
- Some statues were rock carvings and never intended to be completed.
- Some were incomplete because, when inclusions were encountered, the carvers would abandon a partial statue and start a new one.[20] Tuff is a soft rock with occasional lumps of much harder rock included in it.
- Some completed statues at Rano Raraku were placed there permanently and not parked temporarily awaiting removal.[21]
- Some were indeed incomplete when the statue-building era came to an end.
Craftsmen[]
It is not known exactly which group in the communities were responsible for carving statues. Oral traditions suggest that the moʻai were carved either by a distinguished class of professional carvers who were comparable in status to high-ranking members of other Polynesian craft guilds, or, alternatively, by members of each clan. The oral histories show that the Rano Raraku quarry was subdivided into different territories for each clan.
Transportation[]
 | This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: the section is not chronological with its exploration of different theories and the ongoing debate. (June 2014) |
Since the island was largely treeless by the time the Europeans first visited, the movement of the statues was a mystery for a long time; pollen analysis has now established that the island was almost totally forested until 1200 CE. The tree pollen disappeared from the record by 1650.[citation needed]
It is not known exactly how the moʻai were moved across the island. Earlier researchers assumed that the process almost certainly required human energy, ropes, and possibly wooden sledges (sleds) and/or rollers, as well as leveled tracks across the island (the Easter Island roads). Another theory suggests that the moʻai were placed on top of logs and were rolled to their destinations.[22] If that theory is correct it would take 50–150 people to move the moʻai.[citation needed] The most recent study demonstrates from the evidence in the archaeological record that the statues were harnessed with ropes from two sides and made to "walk" by tilting them from side to side while pulling forward.[4][6][23][24] They would also use a chant, whilst 'walking' the moʻai. Coordination and cohesion were essential, so they developed a chant in which the rhythm helped them pull at the precise moment necessary.[25][better source needed]
Oral histories recount how various people used divine power to command the statues to walk. The earliest accounts say a king named Tuu Ku Ihu moved them with the help of the god Makemake, while later stories tell of a woman who lived alone on the mountain ordering them about at her will. Scholars currently support the theory that the main method was that the moʻai were "walked" upright (some assume by a rocking process), as laying it prone on a sledge (the method used by the Easter Islanders to move stone in the 1860s) would have required an estimated 1500 people to move the largest moʻai that had been successfully erected. In 1998, Jo Anne Van Tilburg suggested fewer than half that number could do it by placing the sledge on lubricated rollers. In 1999, she supervised an experiment to move a nine-tonne moʻai. A replica was loaded on a sledge built in the shape of an A frame that was placed on rollers and 60 people pulled on several ropes in two attempts to tow the moʻai. The first attempt failed when the rollers jammed up. The second attempt succeeded when tracks were embedded in the ground. This was on flat ground and used eucalyptus wood rather than the native palm trees.[26]
In 1986, Pavel Pavel, Thor Heyerdahl and the Kon-Tiki Museum experimented with a five-tonne moʻai and a nine-tonne moʻai. With a rope around the head of the statue and another around the base, using eight workers for the smaller statue and 16 for the larger, they "walked" the moʻai forward by swiveling and rocking it from side to side; however, the experiment was ended early due to damage to the statue bases from chipping. Despite the early end to the experiment, Thor Heyerdahl estimated that this method for a 20-tonne statue over Easter Island terrain would allow 320 feet (100 m) per day. Other scholars concluded that it was probably not the way the moʻai were moved due to the reported damage to the base caused by the "shuffling" motion.[26][27]
Around the same time, archaeologist experimented with a 10-tonne replica. His first experiment found rocking the statue to walk it was too unstable over more than a few hundred yards. He then found that placing the statue upright on two sled runners atop log rollers, 25 men were able to move the statue 150 feet (46 m) in two minutes. In 2003, further research indicated this method could explain supposedly regularly spaced post holes (his research on this claim has not yet been published) where the statues were moved over rough ground. He suggested the holes contained upright posts on either side of the path so that as the statue passed between them, they were used as cantilevers for poles to help push the statue up a slope without the requirement of extra people pulling on the ropes and similarly to slow it on the downward slope. The poles could also act as a brake when needed.[28]
Based on detailed studies of the statues found along prehistoric roads, archaeologists and have shown that the pattern of breakage, form and position of statues is consistent with an "upright" hypothesis for transportation.[4] Hunt and Lipo argue that when the statues were carved at a quarry, the sculptors left their bases wide and curved along the front edge. They showed that statues along the road have a center of mass that causes the statue to lean forward. As the statue tilts forward, it rocks sideways along its curved front edge and takes a "step." Large flakes are seen broken off of the sides of the bases. They argue that once the statue was "walked" down the road and installed in the landscape, the wide and curved base was carved down.[29] All of this evidence points to an upright transportation practice.
Recent experimental recreations have proven that it is fully possible that the moʻai were literally walked from their quarries to their final positions by ingenious use of ropes. Teams of workers would have worked to rock the moʻai back and forth, creating the walking motion and holding the moʻai upright.[23][30] If correct, it can be inferred that the fallen road moʻai were the result of the teams of balancers being unable to keep the statue upright, and it was presumably not possible to lift the statues again once knocked over.[31] However, the debate continues.[32]
Birdman cult[]
Originally, Easter Islanders had a paramount chief or single leader.[citation needed] Through the years the power levels veered from sole chiefs to a warrior class known as matatoʻa. The therianthropic figure of a half bird and half-man was the symbol of the matatoʻa; the distinct character connected the sacred site of Orongo. The new cult prompted battles of tribes over worship of ancestry. Creating the moʻai was one way the islanders would honor their ancestors; during the height of the birdman cult there is evidence which suggests that the construction of moʻai stopped.
"One of the most fascinating sights at Orongo are the hundreds of petroglyphs carved with birdman and Makemake images. Carved into solid basalt, they have resisted ages of harsh weather. It has been suggested that the images represent birdman competition winners. Over 480 birdman petroglyphs have been found on the island, mostly around Orongo."[33] Orongo, the site of the cult's festivities, was a dangerous landscape which consisted of a "narrow ridge between a 1,000-foot (300 m) drop into the ocean on one side and a deep crater on the other". Considered the sacred spot of Orongo, Mata Ngarau was the location where birdman priests prayed and chanted for a successful egg hunt. "The purpose of the birdman contest was to obtain the first egg of the season from the offshore islet Motu Nui. Contestants descended the sheer cliffs of Orongo and swam to Motu Nui where they awaited the coming of the birds. Having procured an egg, the contestant swam back and presented it to his sponsor, who then was declared birdman for that year, an important status position."[34]
Moʻai Kavakava[]
These figures are much smaller than the better-known stone moʻai. They are made of wood and have a small, slender aspect, giving them a sad appearance. These figures are believed to have been made after the civilization on Rapa Nui began to collapse, which is why they seem to have a more emaciated appearance to them.[35]
1722–1868 toppling of the moʻai[]
At some point after the 1722 Jacob Roggeveen arrival, all of the moʻai that had been erected on ahu were toppled, with the last standing statues reported in 1838 by Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars, and no upright statues by 1868,[36] apart from the partially buried ones on the outer slopes of Rano Raraku.
Oral histories include one account of a clan pushing down a single moʻai in the night, but others refer to the "earth shaking", and there are indications that at least some of them fell down due to earthquakes.[37] Some of the moʻai toppled forward such that their faces were hidden, and often fell in such a way that their necks broke; others fell off of the back of their platforms.[37] Today, about 50 moʻai have been re-erected on their ahus or at museums elsewhere.[38]
The Rapa Nui people were then devastated by the at the island in 1862. Within a year, the individuals that remained on the island were sick, injured, and lacking leadership. The survivors of the slave raids had new company from landing missionaries. The remaining populace converted to Christianity. Native Easter Islanders lost their identity, as first their style of clothing and then their by the new Christian proscriptions. The history of their ancestors was destroyed (artwork, buildings, sacred objects), leaving little record of their former lives. They were then subjected to forced removal from their native lands and made to reside on a much smaller portion of the island, while the rest was used for farming.[33] "Eventually all pure Rapa Nui blood died out. Annexation with Chile brought new influences, and today there are only a few individuals left with ties to the original population."[33][better source needed]
Removal[]
Eleven or more moʻai have been removed from the island and transported to locations around the world, including six out of the thirteen moʻai that were carved from basalt.
Preservation and restoration[]
From 1955 through 1978, an American archaeologist, William Mulloy, undertook extensive investigation of the production, transportation and erection of Easter Island's monumental statuary. Mulloy's Rapa Nui projects include the investigation of the Akivi-Vaiteka Complex and the physical restoration of Ahu Akivi (1960); the investigation and restoration of Ahu Ko Te Riku and Ahu Vai Uri and the Tahai Ceremonial Complex (1970); the investigation and restoration of two ahu at (1972); the investigation and restoration of the ceremonial village at Orongo (1974) and numerous other archaeological surveys throughout the island.
The Rapa Nui National Park and the moʻai are included in the 1972 UN convention concerning the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage and consequently on the 1994 list of UNESCO World Heritage sites.
The moʻai have been mapped by a number of groups over the years, including efforts by Father Sebastian Englert and Chilean researchers.[39][40] The EISP (Easter Island Statue Project) conducted research and documentation on many of the moʻai on Rapa Nui and the artifacts held in museums overseas. The purpose of the project is to understand the figures' original use, context, and meaning, with the results being provided to the Rapa Nui families and the island's public agencies that are responsible for conservation and preservation of the moʻai. Other studies include work by [41] and and .[42]
In 2008, a Finnish tourist chipped a piece off the ear of one moʻai. The tourist was fined $17,000 in damages and was banned from the island for three years.[43][44]
In 2020, an unoccupied truck rolled into a Moʻai destroying the statue and causing 'incalculable damage'.[45]
Tukuturi at Rano Raraku is the only kneeling moʻai and one of the few made of red scoria.
Moʻai on the Easter Island, a painting by William Hodges, 1775–76
Unicode character[]
In 2010, moʻai was included as a "moyai" emoji (