NVDIMM
A non-volatile dual in-line memory module (NVDIMM) is a type of random-access memory for computers. Non-volatile memory is memory that retains its contents even when electrical power is removed, for example from an unexpected power loss, system crash, or normal shutdown. "Dual in-line" identifies the memory as using the DIMM package. NVDIMMs improve application performance[1][failed verification] and system crash recovery time. They enhance solid-state drive (SSD) endurance and reliability.[2][3]
"Non-volatile" products may use volatile memory during normal operation and dump the contents into non-volatile memory if the power fails, using an on-board backup power source. Volatile memory is faster than non-volatile; it is byte-addressable; and it can be written to arbitrarily, without concerns about wear and device lifespan. However, including a second memory to achieve non-volatility (and the on-board backup power source) increases the product cost compared to volatile memory.
There are many emerging non-volatile memories in development and a few that have been launched including Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) and Intel's 3D XPoint. Like MRAM, Nano-RAM based on carbon nanotubes is one technology intended to come close to DRAM on the criteria of performance, byte-addressability and device lifespan; first products are expected in 2021 at moderate density, from fabrication partner Fujitsu.[4] If this ambitious technology pans out, and then manages to scale cost-effectively in the near horizon, it's not clear that DRAM has no direct non-volatile replacement.
Types[]
There are three types of NVDIMM implementations by JEDEC Standards org:[5][non-primary source needed]
- NVDIMM-F: DIMM with flash storage. System users will need to pair the storage DIMM alongside a traditional DRAM DIMM. While there's no official standard, NVDIMM-F type of modules have been available since 2014.
- NVDIMM-N: DIMM with flash storage and traditional DRAM on the same module. The computer accesses the traditional DRAM directly during system runtime. In the event of a power failure, the module copies the data from the volatile traditional DRAM to the persistent flash memory, and copies it back when power is restored. It uses a small backup power source for the module while the data in DRAM is being copied to the flash storage.
- NVDIMM-P: specification fully released by JEDEC in February 2021.[6] It enables computer main memory to be persistent, using Persistent memory technology and can share the DDR4 or DDR5 DIMM interconnect with DRAM DIMMs.
Non-Standard NVDIMM implementations:
- NVDIMM-X: DDR4 DIMM with NAND Flash storage and volatile DRAM on the same module, developed by Xitore.
As of November 2012, most NVDIMMs used NAND flash as the non-volatile memory.[7] Emerging memory technologies aim to achieve NVDIMM without a cache or two separate memories. Intel and Micron have announced use of the 3D XPoint PCM technology in NVDIMM-F.[8] Sony and Viking Technology have announced an NVDIMM-N product based on the ReRAM technology.[9] In 2015, Samsung and Netlist announced a NVDIMM-P product, possibly based on Z-NAND.[10]
Backup power[]
NVDIMMs evolved from the BBU (battery backed up) DIMM, which used a backup battery to sustain power to a volatile memory for up to 72 hours. However, batteries are disfavored in computer components because they have a limited lifespan, they may be regarded as hazardous waste, and may contain heavy metals[citation needed] which violate RoHS compliance.
When the module includes non-volatile memory, backup power is required for only a short time after the computer's main power fails, while the module copies the data from volatile to non-volatile memory. Therefore, modern NVDIMMs use on-board supercapacitors to store energy.
Interface[]
A few server vendors, still make products using the DDR3 interface to the computer, but standardization work in 2014 and 2015, such as at JEDEC[11] and ACPI,[12] was based on the DDR4 interface.
Uses[]
The BBU DIMM was originally designed for use as the cache of RAID HBAs (host bus adapters) or systems, to enable data in the cache to survive a power failure. NVDIMMs have moved beyond RAID applications into fast storage appliances or in-memory processing for the data center and cloud computing.[13]
See also[]
- Non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM)
- Non-volatile memory (NVM)
References[]
- ^ Narayanan, Dushyanth; Hodson, Orion (March 2012). "Whole-system Persistence with Non-volatile Memories" (PDF). Microsoft Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-10. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
- ^ Grupp, Laura M.; Davis, John; Swanson, Steven (February 2012). "The Bleak Future of NAND Flash Memory" (PDF). Microsoft Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-10. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
- ^ Maleval, Jean Jacques (2013-03-11). "SSDs Risk Massive Data Loss". Storage Newsletter. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
- ^ Clarke, Peter (14 April 2020). "First carbon nanotube NRAM products due in 2020, says Nantero". eenewsanalog.com. European Business Press. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ Golander, Amit (2015-08-23). "Welcome to the era of NVDIMM Cards". Plexistor. Archived from the original on 2018-12-23. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- ^ "JEDEC Publishes DDR4 NVDIMM-P Bus Protocol Standard". JEDEC. 2021-02-17. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
- ^ Crump, George (2012-10-02). "Does DRAM Storage Still Make Sense?". Storage Switzerland. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16.
- ^ Mah Ung, Gordon (2015-08-21). "Intels crazy fast 3D XPoint Optane memory heads for DDR slots but with a cache". PCWorld. Archived from the original on 2015-08-23. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
- ^ Russell, Gil (2015-08-11). "Viking technology and Sony in ReRAM memory mashup". TechEye. Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
- ^ Armstrong, Adam (2015-11-19). "Netlist And Samsung Partner To Deliver NVDIMM-P". Storage Review. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02.
- ^ "JEDEC announces support NVDIMM hybrid memory modules". JEDEC. 2015-05-26. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
- ^ Larabel, Michael (2015-05-21). "ACPI 6 Non-Volatile Memory Device Support NFIT libND For Linux". Phoronix. Archived from the original on 2018-12-23. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
- ^ Verity, John W. (2012-09-19). "Non-Volatile DRAM Is Poised to Give Apps a Big Boost". Datacenter Acceleration. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
External links[]
- Non-volatile random-access memory