National bank

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In banking, the term national bank carries several meanings:

• a bank owned by the state
• an ordinary private bank which operates nationally (as opposed to regionally or locally or even internationally)
• in the United States, an ordinary private bank operating within a specific regulatory structure, which may or may not operate nationally, under the supervision of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.

In the past, the term "national bank" has been used synonymously with "central bank", but it is no longer used in this sense today. Some central banks may have the words "National Bank" in their name; conversely if a bank is named in this way, it is not automatically considered a central bank. For example, National Bank of Canada of Montreal, Canada, is a privately owned commercial bank. On the other hand, National Bank of Ethiopia is the central bank of Ethiopia and National Bank of Cambodia is the central bank of Cambodia.

By country[]

Afghanistan[]

Pashtany Bank is the government-owned bank in based in Kabul that controls Da Afghanistan Bank as well as the Afghan National Bank.

Argentina[]

Argentina's national bank is the Banco de la Nación Argentina, founded in 1891.

Australia[]

The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was founded by an Australian Act of Parliament in 1911. Bank Nationalisation was the policy of the Andrew Fisher Labor Government. In a rare move for the time, the bank was to have both savings and general bank business. The bank was also the first bank in Australia to receive a Federal Government guarantee.

In 1958 and 1959, there was a controversy concerning the dual function of the bank as the central bank on the one hand and a general bank on the other. As a result of this, the bank was split, giving the reserve bank function to the Reserve Bank of Australia and the general bank function to the Commonwealth Banking Corporation.

The Commonwealth bank was privatised in the 1990s by the Keating Labor government. As of 2016, it is one of the big four banks, along with the National Australia Bank which has always been privately owned.

Bulgaria[]

Bulgarian National Bank is the central bank of Bulgaria, founded in 1879 and it is the 13 oldest central bank in the world.

Canada[]

For Canada's central bank see Bank of Canada. The National Bank of Canada is a privately owned bank unrelated to the central bank.

Chile[]

The national bank in Chile is BancoEstado. It was created in 1953 by merging several state-owned financial institutions. The bank operates in competition with private banks but in addition to profitability its goals include having a positive social impact.^[1]

Colombia[]

The national bank in Colombia is the Bank of the Republic. Its primary role is to control the flow of money inside and outside the country and to issue the Colombian currency, the peso.

Denmark[]

Danmarks Nationalbank is the central bank of the Kingdom of Denmark.

India[]

In India there are 18 major nationalised banks which dominate the banking sector due to their large size and widespread network.

Public Sector Banks (Government Shareholding %, as of 31 Dec '18)

1. Allahabad Bank (79.41%)
2. Andhra Bank (84.83%)
3. Bank of India (99.99%)
4. Bank of Baroda (63.74%)
5. Bank of Maharashtra (87.01%)
6. Canara Bank (72.55%)
7. Central Bank of India (88.02%)
8. Corporation Bank (84.96%)
9. Indian Bank (81.73%)
10. Indian Overseas Bank (91.99%)
11. Oriental Bank of Commerce (77.23%)
12. Punjab & Sind Bank (79.62%)
13. Punjab National Bank (70.22%)
14. State Bank of India (58.53%)
15. Syndicate Bank (81.23%)
16. UCO Bank (93.29%)
17. Union Bank of India (67.43%)
18. United Bank of India (92.25%)

Iran[]

Iran's national bank is Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran (CBI) (Persian: بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ايران, Bank Markazi Jomhouri Islami Iran). It was established in 1960.^[2]

Kenya[]

National Bank of Kenya is a commercial bank founded in 1968. Its shares are listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange and are majority owned (70%) jointly by the Government of Kenya and by the state owned National Social Security Fund of Kenya.^[3][4]

New Zealand[]

New Zealand currently has one state-owned bank, Kiwibank, established in 2001.^[5]

The New Zealand government formerly owned two other banks in New Zealand: The Bank of New Zealand, from 1945 to 1992 when it was privatised and sold, and Post Office Savings Bank, which was created as a separate entity with the privatisation of New Zealand Post. PostBank was sold to ANZ New Zealand in 1989.

The National Bank of New Zealand was a retail bank which, in 2003, was purchased by ANZ from its former owner, Lloyds TSB. In 2013 it was rebranded as ANZ.

Pakistan[]

National Bank of Pakistan is a major bank in Pakistan.

Palestine[]

The National Bank TNB is the leading bank in Palestine.

Serbia[]

National Bank of Serbia is the state-owned central bank in Serbia which regulates the currency Serbian dinar.

South Africa[]

First National Bank (South Africa) is a commercial bank and is one of the "Big Four" banks in South Africa.

United States[]

In the United States, the term national bank originally referred to the Revolutionary War–era Bank of North America, its successor, the First Bank of the United States, or that institution's successor, the Second Bank of the United States. The first survives as an acquisition of Wells Fargo, while the others are defunct.

In the modern United States, the term national bank has a precise meaning: a banking institution chartered and supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC"), an agency in the U.S. Treasury Department, pursuant to the National Bank Act. Inclusion in the bank's name of the word National,^[6][7] the designation National Association, or its abbreviation N.A. is a required part of the distinguishing legal title of a national bank, as in "Farmers National Bank" or "Citibank, N.A." Many state banks, by contrast, are chartered by the applicable state government agencies (usually the state's department of banking). The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures deposits at both national and state banks.

The advantage of holding a National Bank Act charter is that a national bank is not subject to state usury laws intended to prevent predatory lending.^[8] (However, see also Cuomo v. Clearing House Association, L. L. C., stating that federal banking regulations do not preempt the ability of states to enforce their own fair-lending laws.)^[9] There is currently no federal cap on rates. The federal government only requires that whatever rates, fees, or terms are set by issuers be disclosed to the consumer in accordance with the Truth in Lending Act.

Notwithstanding the name, not all national banks have nationwide operations. Some national banks have operations in only one city, county, or state. National banks should also be distinguished from federal savings associations, including federal savings and loans and federal savings banks, which are financial institutions chartered by the Office of Thrift Supervision, an agency of the U.S. Treasury Department that was merged with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency on 21 July 2012.

The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States; it is not a national bank but rather a unique system of institutions specially chartered by Congress to serve in this capacity.

References[]

External links[]

• Alexander Hamilton: for the bank (February 23, 1791)
• James Madison Debates the Constitutionality of a National Bank