Nitrosyl chloride

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Nitrosyl chloride
Skeletal formula of nitrosyl chloride with measurements
Spacefill model of nitrosyl chloride
Names
IUPAC name
Nitrosyl chloride[citation needed]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.018.430 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 220-273-1
E number E919 (glazing agents, ...)
MeSH nitrosyl+chloride
RTECS number
  • QZ7883000
UNII
UN number 1069
Properties
NOCl
Molar mass 65.459 g mol−1
Appearance Yellow gas
Density 2.872 mg mL−1
Melting point −59.4 °C (−74.9 °F; 213.8 K)
Boiling point −5.55 °C (22.01 °F; 267.60 K)
Reacts
Structure
Dihedral, digonal
Hybridisation sp2 at N
Dipole moment
 1.90 D
Thermochemistry
261.68 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)
 51.71 kJ mol−1
Hazards
Safety data sheet inchem.org
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
3
0
1
W
OX
Related compounds
Related compounds
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY  (what is checkY☒N ?)
Infobox references

Nitrosyl chloride is the chemical compound with the formula NOCl. It is a yellow gas that is commonly encountered as a component of aqua regia, a mixture of 3 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1 part of concentrated nitric acid. It is a strong electrophile and oxidizing agent. It is sometimes called Tilden's reagent.

Structure and synthesis[]

The molecule is bent. A double bond exists between N and O (distance = 1.16 Å) and a single bond between N and Cl (distance = 1.96 Å). The O=N–Cl angle is 113°.[1]

Production[]

Nitrosyl chloride can be produced in many ways.

HCl + NOHSO4 → H2SO4 + NOCl
  • A more convenient laboratory method involves the (reversible) dehydration of nitrous acid by HCl[3]
HNO2 + HCl → H2O + NOCl
Cl2 + 2 NO → 2 NOCl
  • By reduction of nitrogen dioxide with hydrogen chloride:[4]
2NO2 + 4 HCl → 2NOCl + 2H2O +  Cl2

Occurrence in aqua regia[]

NOCl also arises from the combination of hydrochloric and nitric acids according to the following reaction:[5]

HNO3 + 3 HCl → 2[Cl] + 2 H2O + NOCl

In nitric acid, NOCl is readily oxidized into nitrogen dioxide. The presence of NOCl in aqua regia was described by Edmund Davy in 1831.[6]

Reactions[]

NOCl behaves as an electrophile and an oxidant in most of its reactions. With halide acceptors, for example antimony pentachloride, converts to nitrosonium salts:

NOCl + SbCl5 → [NO]+[SbCl6]−

In a related reaction, sulfuric acid gives nitrosylsulfuric acid, the mixed acid anhydride of nitrous and sulfuric acid:

ClNO + H2SO4 → ONHSO4 + HCl

NOCl reacts with silver thiocyanate to give silver chloride and the pseudohalogen nitrosyl thiocyanate:

ClNO + AgSCN → AgCl + ONSCN

Similarly, it reacts with silver cyanide to give nitrosyl cyanide.[7]

Nitrosyl chloride is used to prepare metal nitrosyl complexes. With molybdenum hexacarbonyl, NOCl gives the dinitrosyldichloride complex:[8]

Mo(CO)6 + 2 NOCl → MoCl2(NO)2 + 6 CO

It dissolves platinum:[9]

Pt + 6 NOCl → (NO+)2[PtCl6]2- + 4 NO

Applications in organic synthesis[]

Aside from its role in the production of caprolactam, NOCl finds some other uses in organic synthesis. It adds to alkenes to afford α-chloro oximes.[10] The addition of NOCl follows the Markovnikov rule. Ketenes also add NOCl, giving nitrosyl derivatives:

H2C=C=O + NOCl → ONCH2C(O)Cl

Epoxides react with NOCl to give an α-chloronitritoalkyl derivatives. In the case of propylene oxide, the addition proceeds with high regiochemistry:[11]

Electrophilic addition of NOCl to propylene oxide.png

It converts amides to N-nitroso derivatives.[12] NOCl converts some cyclic amines to the alkenes. For example, aziridine reacts with NOCl to give ethene, nitrous oxide and hydrogen chloride.

Industrial applications[]

NOCl and cyclohexane react photochemically to give cyclohexanone oxime hydrochloride. This process exploits the tendency of NOCl to undergo photodissociation into NO and Cl radicals. The oxide is converted to caprolactam, a precursor to Nylon-6.[2]

Safety[]

Nitrosyl chloride is very toxic and irritating to the lungs, eyes, and skin.

References[]

  1. ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Ritz, Josef; Fuchs, Hugo; Kieczka, Heinz; Moran, William C. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_031.
  3. ^ Morton, J. R.; Wilcox, H. W.; Moellerf, Therald; Edwards, Delwin C. (1953). "Nitrosyl Chloride". In Bailar, John C. Jr (ed.). Inorganic Syntheses. 4. McGraw‐Hill. p. 48. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch16 – via Wiley Online Library.
  4. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  5. ^ Beckham, L. J.; Fessler, W. A.; Kise, M. A. (1951). "Nitrosyl Chloride". Chemical Reviews. 48 (3): 319–396. doi:10.1021/cr60151a001. PMID 24541207.
  6. ^ Edmund Davy (1830–1837). "On a New Combination of Chlorine and Nitrous Gas". Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 3: 27–29. JSTOR 110250.
  7. ^ Kirby, G. W. (1977). "Tilden Lecture. Electrophilic C-Nitroso Compounds". Chemical Society Reviews. 6: 1. doi:10.1039/CS9770600001.
  8. ^ Johnson, B. F. G.; Al-Obadi, K. H. (1970). "Dihalogenodinitrosylmolybdenum and Dihalogenodinitrosyltungsten". Inorg. Synth. 12: 264–266. doi:10.1002/9780470132432.ch47.
  9. ^ Moravek, Richard T. (1986). "Nitrosyl Hexachloroplatinate(IV)". Inorganic Syntheses. 24: 217–220. doi:10.1002/9780470132555.ch63.
  10. ^ Ohno, M.; Naruse, N.; Terasawa, I. (1969). "7-Cyanoheptanal". Org. Synth. 49: 27. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.049.0027.
  11. ^ Malinovskii, M. S.; Medyantseva, N. M. (1953). "Olefin Oxides. IX. Condensation of Olefin Oxides with Nitrosyl Chloride". Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 23: 84-6. (translated from Russian)
  12. ^ Van Leusen, A. M.; Strating, J. (1977). "p-Tolylsulfonyldiazomethane". Org. Synth. 57: 95. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.057.0095.

External links[]

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