Polyneoptera

Polyneoptera
	Some representatives
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Subclass:	Pterygota
Branch:	Metapterygota
Infraclass:	Neoptera
Cohort:	Polyneoptera; Martynov, 1938
Synonyms
	Dermapterida; Gryllones; Mystroptera; Orthoptères; Orthopteroid Orders; Orthopteroidea; Paurometabola; Polyneopterata; Polyorthoptera; Polyplecoptera; Plecopterida; Plecopterodea;

The cohort Polyneoptera^[1]^[2] is a proposed taxonomic ranking for the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other Neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. These winged insects, now in the Paraneoptera, were formerly grouped as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no metamorphosis, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages.^[3]

Superorders and orders[]

The Polyneoptera Species File lists the following:^[4]

Superorder Dictyoptera[]

Blattodea – cockroaches and termites
Mantodea – praying mantises

Superorder Orthopterida[]

Synonyms include: Archaeorthoptera, Gryllidea, Orthopterodea, Orthopterodida, Orthopteroidea, Panorthoptera

†Caloneurodea
†
Orthoptera – 2 extant suborders:
- Caelifera – grasshoppers, groundhoppers, pygmy mole-crickets
- Ensifera – crickets, mole-crickets, katydids or bush crickets, camel crickets, wetas, etc.
- †Titanoptera – from the Triassic period
order Incertae sedis
- family † Handlirsch, 1911
- family †Chresmodidae Haase, 1890
- family † Béthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003
- family † Brongniart, 1885
  - genus † Liu, Ren & Prokop, 2009
  - genus † Béthoux, 2005
  - genus † Béthoux, 2005
  - genus † Prokop & Ren, 2007

Superorder † (synonym Plecopteroidea)[]

†

Superorder []

Dermaptera – earwigs

Stem-Phasmatodea[]

†family Sharov 1968
†family Vishnyakova 1980
†family Tillyard 1918
† family Sharov 1968
† family Martynov, 1928
Phasmatodea – stick and leaf insects

Superorder not placed[]

Embioptera – web-spinners
†
Notoptera – redefined in 2006 to include Grylloblattidae (ice-crawlers) and Mantophasmatidae (gladiators)
Plecoptera – stone-flies
†Protorthoptera
Zoraptera – angel insects

References[]

^ Martynov, AV (1938). "Studies on the geological history and phylogeny of the orders of insects (Pterygota)". Tr. Paleont. Inst. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 7 (4): 70.
^ Delclos; Nel; Azar; Bechly; Dunlop; Engel; Heads (2008). "The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 247 (3): 353–381. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353.
^ Entomology Endopterygota. Royal Entomological Society. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ Polyneoptera, Species File (Version 5.0/5.0; retrieved 5 September 2020)

External links[]

Media related to Polyneoptera at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Martynov, AV (1938). "Studies on the geological history and phylogeny of the orders of insects (Pterygota)". Tr. Paleont. Inst. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 7 (4): 70.

[2] Delclos; Nel; Azar; Bechly; Dunlop; Engel; Heads (2008). "The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 247 (3): 353–381. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353.

[3] Entomology Endopterygota. Royal Entomological Society. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[4] Polyneoptera, Species File (Version 5.0/5.0; retrieved 5 September 2020)

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