Oryol

Oryol Орёл
City[1]
Left:A 400th anniversary monument of Oryol, Oryol City Hall, Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev nonument in Krituri Oddri Park, Right:Lenina (Lenin) Square and Theotokos Smolensk Church, Oryol Eagle Monument in Privokzalnaya Square, Orink River and Oryol financial heritage building, Orzol Saint Michael Church, (all item from above to bottom)
Flag Coat of arms
show Location of Oryol Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Oryol Location of Oryol Oryol Oryol (Oryol Oblast) Show map of RussiaShow map of Oryol OblastShow all
Coordinates: 52°58′07″N 36°04′10″E / 52.96861°N 36.06944°E / 52.96861; 36.06944Coordinates: 52°58′07″N 36°04′10″E / 52.96861°N 36.06944°E / 52.96861; 36.06944
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Oryol Oblast[1]
Founded	1566
Government
• Mayor	Yuri Parakhin[2]
Area [3]
• Total	121.21 km2 (46.80 sq mi)
Elevation	170 m (560 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[4]
• Total	317,747
• Estimate  (2021)	303,696
• Rank	57th in 2010
• Density	2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	city of oblast significance of Oryol[1]
• Capital of	Oryol Oblast[1], city of oblast significance of Oryol[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Oryol Urban Okrug[5]
• Capital of	Oryol Urban Okrug[5], Orlovsky Municipal District[6]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [7])
Postal code(s)[8]	302000–302999
Dialing code(s)	+7 4862
OKTMO ID	54701000001
City Day	August 5
Website	www.orel-adm.ru

Oryol or Orel (Russian: Орёл, IPA: [ɐˈrʲɵl], lit. eagle), also known as Oriol,^[9] is a city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast, Russia. It is part of the Central Federal District, as well as the Central Economic Region.

It is located on the Oka River, approximately 368 kilometers (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow.

Population: 303,696 (est.2021); 317,747 (2010 Census);^[4]

Oryol is the City of the First Salute and the City of Military Glory.

History[]

The Central Bank of Russia for Oryol Oblast (photo 2018)

A monument of 400th birthplace anniversary (photo 2016)

Kievan Rus[]

While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence shows that a fortress settlement existed between the Oka River and as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the Principality of Chernigov. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century, the fortress became a part of the Zvenigorod district of the Karachev Principalinsty. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The city was soon abandoned by its population, after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the Golden Horde. The territory became a part of the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century.

Tsardom of Russia[]

Ivan IV Vasilyevich decreed that a new fortress be built on the spot in 1566, for the purpose of defending the southern borders of the country.^{[citation needed]} The fortress was built quickly, with work starting in the summer of 1566 and ending in the spring of 1567. The location chosen was less than ideal strategically, as the fortress was located on a seasonally flooded low ground easily targeted from the neighboring high ground. False Dmitry I and his army passed through Oryol in 1605; Ivan Bolotnikov in 1606; False Dmitry II camped in Oryol for the winter of 1607–1608. Polish intervention sacked it in 1611 and 1615; the population fled after the second sacking and moved to Mtsensk. Orlovsky Uyezd nonetheless continued to exist on paper.

Oryol was rebuilt in 1636. The question of moving the fortress to the more advantageous high ground was debated until the 1670s, but the move was never made. The fortress was deemed unnecessary and was taken apart in the early 18th century.

Russian Empire[]

In the mid-18th century Oryol became one of the major centers of grain production, with the Oka River being the major trade route until the 1860s when it was replaced by a railroad.

Oryol was granted town status in 1702. In 1708, Oryol was included as a part of Kiev Governorate; in 1719, was created within Kiev Governorate. The Province was transferred to the newly created in 1727. On March 11 (February 28 old style), 1778 was created from parts of Voronezh and Belgorod Governorates. In 1779, the city was almost entirely rebuilt based on a new plan; and the Oryol River was renamed Orlik (lit: "little eagle").

Russian Republic[]

After the October Revolution of 1917, the city was in Bolshevik hands, except for a brief period between October 13 and October 20, 1919, when it was controlled by Anton Denikin's White Army.

Soviet Union[]

Oryol was once again moved between different oblasts in the 1920s and 1930s (at first as Oryol Governorate until 1928, then Central Black Earth Region between 1928 and 1934, finally in Kursk Oblast), finally becoming the administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937.

The Oryol Prison was a notable place of incarceration for political prisoners and war prisoners of the Second World War. Christian Rakovsky, Maria Spiridonova, Olga Kameneva and 160 other prominent political prisoners were shot on September 11, 1941 on Joseph Stalin's orders in the Medvedev Forest massacre outside Oryol.

During German-Soviet war[]

During the German-Soviet war, Oryol was occupied by the Guderian's Panzer group of the Wehrmacht on October 3, 1941, burst from the south-west.

In the sky over the Oryol fought the famous squadron Normandie-Niemen.

September 19, 1943 in the Oryol was the first in the history of the Great Patriotic War parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region.

Oryol was liberated on August 5, 1943 during the Oryol strategic offensive operation "Kutuzov" on the Oryol-Kursk Bulge. The city was almost completely destroyed. By order №2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated the Oryol. Since then the city is called the "City of the First Salute" and the day of the liberation from the Nazi invaders was celebrated as the city day.^{[citation needed]}

Geography[]

Orlik River

Time zone[]

Oryol has the same time zone as Moscow (Moscow time). Time relative to UTC is +3.00 18.

Location[]

Oryol stands on the banks of the Oka River and its tributary Orlik river in the Central Russian Upland of the East European Plain, approximately 368 km (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow.

Urban layout[]

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Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. There is not much information about the initial stage of its existence: the earliest data available refers to 1636, when the city was rebuilt after it was completely destroyed during the Time of Troubles. According to the historian T.G. Svistunova, the Oryol Fortress of the 16th century had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a chopped "city", an "Ostrog" and a Posad, surrounded by gaps. The "city" housed a cathedral, a voivode's (i.e "warlord" or "military-leader") house, government buildings and siege courts for the boyar children; on the territory of the prison there were yards of gunners, collars and a blacksmith, as well as two parish churches, which stood near the towers of the prison: Epiphany gunners and Nikolskaya collars. On the posad there were about 30 yards of the Sloboda. In 1636, Oryol was rebuilt by voivode B. Koltovsky. The territory of the city increased due to the annexation of the land beyond the river. Oryol continued its existence as a fortress city with a corresponding garrison: Pushkarskaya Sloboda was still located in the prison, boyar children and nobles settled on the left bank of the Orlik, Cossack Sloboda appeared near the Oka, and Streletskaya near the Karachevskaya (Korchakovskaya) road. Oryol lost its military character after the fire in 1689, when the city fortress was partially burned down and was no longer rebuilt.

In terms of planning, Oryol is a typical sector-cape town. In its central part, there is an array of streets diverging from the fortress, with two main axes of the Upper and Lower Korchak roads. occupied part of the area in front of the main settlement of the fortress, overlooking the pier on the Oka. Opposite it, there was probably a second marketplace - in the Zaotsk part, where the dragoon settlements were located with a relatively regular layout (the regularity was explained both by a one-time cutting of land and the desire to lay streets parallel and perpendicular to the river). With the distance from the river, the rectangular mesh gradually bevels and turns into a “fan”; the two main axes of this "fan" converge to a trapezoidal square, from where the street goes perpendicular to the river to the marketplace and to the bridge. The composition of the city was most effectively perceived from the river: all the main ensembles of the city - a fortress, three marketplaces and two monasteries, as well as individual parish churches - turned to the river. The structure of the city was immediately visible from the river: its division into three parts, the leading role of the central cape with the fortress, the fan-shaped (according to the direction of the rivers) layout of the central part and the “regular” breakdown of the Zaotsk settlements. The connection between all parts of the city was also expressed across the river - not only compositionally (the dominance of the interfluvial part over the riverside), but also in planning - some streets of the central part of the city directly continued in the districts, crossing there through bridges. From the river one could understand the main functions of the city - a military fortress and a trade center.^[10]

The earliest plans are considered 1728, the authors of which are Mikhail Buzovlev and Petr Botvinev. In 1778, a plan was put in place that fixed the pre-regular layout of the city. In 1779, Oryol received its first regular plan. This plan is based on a radial-semicircular system. In 1848 a new plan was approved, with the Polesskaya Square clearly seen.

The general plan of the city, or rather the general layout of the plan, was developed only by 1939 by the Leningrad branch of Giprogor. The author of the project was the architect Suborov. The first post-war reconstruction plan was made in Lengiprogor under the direction of architect V.A. Gaikovich. Since 1950, the team of authors, including Professor V.G. Gelfreikh and architects V.A. Gaikovich and Yu.V. Shchuko. The rapid development of Orel required the development of a new general plan, which was drawn up in 1958 (VA Gaikovich, A.M. Suborov - "Lengiprogor"). The center of Eagle was Lenin Square, on which the House of Soviets was erected in 1961. In 1966, the construction of embankments began, which regulate the channel of the Orlik and Oka rivers within the central (geometrically) district of the city.^[11]

Climate[]

Oryol has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Winters are moderately cold and changeable. The first half is softer, second with often warmings. Summers are warm, in separate years — they can be rainy or hot and droughty.

Administrative and municipal status[]

Oryol is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Orlovsky District, even though it is not a part of it.^[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Oryol—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Oryol is incorporated as Oryol Urban Okrug.^[5]

Trade rows (photo 2018)

Assumption cathedral

City districts[]

Administratively, the city is divided into 4 districts:

• Severny (Северный) — population: 65 815 (2021)
• Sovetsky (Советский) — population: 74 315 (2021)
• Zheleznodorozhny (Железнодорожный) — population: 60 278 (2021)
• Zavodskoy (Заводской) — population: 103 288 (2021) — the biggest, old and most populous

Politics[]

In February 2012, the city duma abolished the direct election of mayor. In December 2013, a referendum was held and 71% of the people supported the return of direct mayoral election.^[13]

Mayors[]

• 1991–1997: Alexander Kislyakov
• 1997–2002: Yefim Velkovsky
• 2002–2006: Vasily Uvarov
• 2006–2009: Alexander Kasyanov
• 2009–2010: Vasily Eremin
• 2010–2012: Viktor Safianov
• 2012–2015: Sergey Stupin
• 2015–2020: Vasily Novikov
• 2020–present: Yuri Parakhin

City-managers:

• 2012–2015: Mikhail Bernikov
• 2015–2017: Andrey Usikov
• 2017–2020: Alexander Muromsky

Demographics[]

According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019.

Largest ethnic groups in 2010:

• Russians (96,8%)
• Ukrainians (1,1%)
• Armenians (0,4%)
• Belarusians (0,3%)
• Azerbaijanis (0,2%)
• Tatars (0,1%)
• Jews (0,1%)

Transportation[]

The formation of the Oryol as an important transportation hub is due to the favorable geographical position of the city on the borders of the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions.

The city has trolley, tram and bus systems. These kinds of public transport cover the entire territory of the city. Each bus, tram and trolley is equipped with route indicators that inform about the route through the city, designated stops. There are also taxis and rental cars.

In past years, in the summer on the Oka River waterbus operated as a form of transport excursion and walking orientation.

Automotive[]

In the Oryol converge important highways of federal and regional values:

• E 105 / M 2 "Crimea"
• 
• 
• 
• 54А-1
• 54К-16

The main intercity terminal: Oryol Bus Station

Trolleybus[]

ZiU-682 trolleybus

On 29 October 1968, a regular movement was opened. Length of the contact network 76.51 km (47.54 mi). There are 4 routes for 2019.

Railway[]

Since 1868, there has been a railway connection between Oryol and Moscow.^[14] Here converge 5 railway lines: on Yelets, Moscow, Kursk, Bryansk, Mikhailovsky mine.

The main terminals: Oryol Station, Station Luzhki-Oryol.

Tram[]

Tatra T3SU tram

Tram map of Oryol (2020)

On November 3, 1898 Oryol inaugurated an electric tram. The draft was prepared by the Belgian entrepreneur FF Gilon and firm «Compagnie mutuelle de tramways», which won the right to build not only a tram, but also lighting in the city. Oryol tram is one of the oldest electric tram systems in Russia. It is 1 year older than Moscow and 9 years — St. Petersburg. In 2017, the length of the lines in double-track calculation was 18.3 km (11.4 mi). For 2019, there are 3 routes, which are operated: Tatra T3 (74 units), Tatra T6B5 (13 units), 71-403 (1 unit), 71-405 (1 unit).

Aerial[]

Monument (MiG-17) to Soviet pilots who fought for the liberation of Oryol land from Nazi invaders (photo 2018)

The city is served by the Oryol Yuzhny Airport, which is currently not working.

International cooperation[]

Twin towns – sister cities[]

Oryol State Academic Theater

Oryol is twinned with:^[15]

Partner cities[]

Notable people[]

Art Museum (photo 2016)

• Leonid Andreyev, writer
• Mikhail Bakhtin, literary critic^[17]
• Fedor Baranov, fisheries scientist
• Denis Boytsov, boxer
• Felix Dzerzhinsky, security chief
• Afanasy Fet, poet
• Nikolai Getman, painter and Gulag survivor
• Timofey Granovsky, historian
• Vasily Kalinnikov (1866-1901), composer
• Yakov Kasman, pianist
• Anna Petrovna Kern, socialite
• Stanislav Lebamba, association football player
• Nikolai Leskov, novelist
• Denis Menchov, cyclist
• Artem Mikoyan, founder of the MiG aircraft manufacturer
• Fritz Noether, mathematician
• Nikolai Polikarpov, aviation designer
• Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, statesman
• Vladimir Karlovich Roth, neuropathologist
• Valerian Safonovich, statesman
• Aleksandr Selikhov, footballer
• Alexey Stakhanov, celebrated miner/engineer
• Pyotr Stolypin, statesman
• Yakov Sverdlov, Bolshevik revolutionary
• Ivan Turgenev, novelist and playwright
• Aleksey Yermolov, military general
• Gennady Zyuganov, politician
• , composer and pianist
• Yulia Bravikova, rhythmic gymnast
• Maksymilian Stratanowski, painter

References[]

Notes[]

Sources[]

• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №522-ОЗ от 6 июля 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1187-ОЗ от 1 апреля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в законодательные акты Орловской области». Вступил в силу с момента официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Орловская правда", №116, 13 июля 2005 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People's Deputies. Law #522-OZ of July 6, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1187-OZ of April 1, 2011 On Amending the Legislative Acts of Oryol Oblast. Effective as of the moment of the official publication.).
• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №467-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе и границе города Орла как муниципального образования Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1059-ОЗ от 11 мая 2010 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области "О статусе и границе города Орла Орловской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Орловская правда", №233, 30 декабря 2004 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People's Deputies. Law #467-OZ of December 28, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the City of Oryol as a Municipal Formation of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1059-OZ of May 11, 2010 On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast "On the Status and Borders of the City of Oryol of Oryol Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №466-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1327-ОЗ от 2 марта 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области "О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области" и признании утратившими силу отдельных положений Закона Орловской области "О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области "О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Орловская правда", №233, 30 декабря 2004 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People's Deputies. Law #466-OZ of December 28, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1327-OZ of March 2, 2012 On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast "On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast" and on Rescinding Parts of the Law of Oryol Oblast "On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast "On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).

External links[]

• Official website of Oryol (in Russian)
• Unofficial website of Oryol (in Russian)
• The murder of the Jews of Oryol during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.