Oxfordshire County Oxfordshire Number of members 1290–1832: Two 1832–1885: Three Replaced by Banbury , Woodstock and Henley
Oxfordshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885. It was represented by two Members of Parliament . In 1832 this was increased to three Members of Parliament. The constituency was abolished in 1885, being split into three single member divisions.
The bitterly contested Oxfordshire election of 1754 was the main inspiration for Hogarth's famous series of paintings and engravings, The Election .
Hogarth's painting
The Polling (1755), one of a
series depicting the Oxfordshire election of 1754
Boundaries [ ]
The constituency comprised the whole of the historic county of Oxfordshire , in the northern part of South East England . (Although Oxfordshire contained three parliamentary boroughs for part of this period – Oxford (from 1295), Woodstock (or New Woodstock) (1302–1555 and from 1571) and Banbury (from 1554) – each of which elected MPs in their own right, these were not excluded from the county constituency, and owning property within the borough could confer a vote at the county election. The Oxford University constituency was also often listed as an Oxfordshire constituency, but was non-territorial and had no effect on the right to vote in the county.)
There were minor boundary changes at the time of the Great Reform Act in 1832, when five parishes or parts of parishes were transferred to other counties while six parishes or parts of parishes were added.
In 1885 the representation of the county was changed from one three member constituency to three single member divisions. Banbury and Woodstock ceased to be parliamentary boroughs but the same names were used for two county divisions. The three new county constituencies were Banbury (or the North division) ; Woodstock (or the Mid division) and Henley (or the South division) .
Members of Parliament [ ]
MPs 1290–1640 [ ]
Parliament
First member
Second member
1316
1325
1372
1373
Sir Richard Abberbury
1377–1378
1377 (Jan)
1380
1381
Sir Thomas Blount
1382 (Oct)
1383 (Feb)
1383 (Oct)
1384 (Apr)
1384 (Nov)
1385
1386
Sir Richard Abberbury [1]
[1]
1388 (Feb)
[1]
[1]
1388 (Sep)
[1]
John Rede [1]
1390 (Jan)
[1]
[1]
1390 (Nov)
[1]
1391
[1]
John Rede [1]
1393
[1]
[1]
1394
[1]
[1]
1395
[1]
1397 (Jan)
[1]
[1]
1397 (Sep)
[1]
John Golafre [1]
1399
John Wilcotes [1]
[1]
1401
Thomas Chaucer [1]
1402
[1]
1404 (Jan)
[1]
[1]
1404 (Oct)
[1]
John Wilcotes [1]
1406
Thomas Chaucer [1]
1407
1410
[1]
1411
return lost [1]
1413 (Feb)
returns lost
1413 (May)
Thomas Chaucer
John Wilcotes [1]
1414 (Apr)
John Wilcotes [1]
1414 (Nov)
Thomas Chaucer
John Wilcotes [1]
1415
returns lost
1416 (Mar)
[1]
1416 (Oct)
returns lost
1417
John Wilcotes [1]
1419
John Wilcotes [1]
1420
John Danvers
[1]
1421 (May)
Thomas Chaucer
John Wilcotes [1]
1421 (Dec)
John Danvers
[1]
1422
Thomas Chaucer
1423
John Danvers
1425
1426
Thomas Chaucer
1427
Thomas Chaucer
1429
Thomas Chaucer
1431
Thomas Chaucer
1432
[2]
1433
[2]
1435
John Danvers [3]
1510–1523
No names known [4]
1529
[4]
1536
1539
[4]
1542
Sir John Williams
Edward __? [4]
1545
1547
Sir John Williams
[4]
1553 (Mar)
Sir Andrew Dudley
Sir John Williams [4]
1553 (Oct)
Sir John Williams
John Pollard [5] [4]
1554 (Apr)
Sir Leonard Chamberlain
John Pollard [5] [4]
1554 (Nov)
Sir Leonard Chamberlain
John Pollard [5] [4]
1555
Sir Thomas Wenman
Edmund Powell [4]
1558
George Owen
Thomas Denton [4]
1559 (Jan)
Thomas Brydges
Edmund Ashfield [6]
1562 (Dec)
Sir Francis Knollys
Sir Richard Blount, died and replaced 1566 by Edward Unton [6]
1571
Sir Francis Knollys
Henry Norris [6]
1572 (Apr)
Sir Francis Knollys
Henry Knollys [6]
1584 (Nov)
Sir Francis Knollys
William Knollys [6]
1586 (Oct)
Sir Francis Knollys
Richard Fiennes [6]
1588
Sir Francis Knollys
Sir John Norreys [6]
1593
Sir Francis Knollys
Sir William Knollys [6]
1597 (Sep)
Sir William Knollys
Sir Richard Wenman [6]
1601 (Sep)
Sir William Knollys
[6]
1604
Lawrence Tanfield
1614
Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet
Sir John Croke
1621
Sir Richard Wenman
Sir William Cope
1624
Sir William Cope
Sir Henry Poole
1625
Edward Wray
Sir Richard Wenman
1626
Hon. James Fiennes
Sir Thomas Wenman
1628
Hon. James Fiennes
Sir Francis Wenman
1629–1640
No Parliament
MPs 1640–1832 [ ]
Year
First member
First party
Second member
Second party
April 1640
Hon. James Fiennes
Parliamentarian
Sir Francis Wenman
November 1640
The Viscount Wenman
Parliamentarian
December 1648
Fiennes and Wenman excluded in Pride's Purge – both seats vacant
Oxfordshire had 3 representatives in the nominated Barebones Parliament
1653
Sir Charles Wolseley , William Draper , Dr Jonathan Goddard
Oxfordshire had 5 MPs in the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate
1654
Robert Jenkinson , Charles Fleetwood , Colonel James Whitelocke , Nathaniel Fiennes , William Lenthall
1656
Robert Jenkinson , Lord Deputy Charles Fleetwood , William Lenthall , ,
Representation reverted to two MPs in the Third Protectorate Parliament
January 1659
Robert Jenkinson
The Viscount Falkland
May 1659
Not represented in the restored Rump
April 1660
The Viscount Wenman
Hon. James Fiennes
1661
The Viscount Falkland
Sir Anthony Cope
1663
1664
Sir Francis Wenman
1675
February 1679
August 1679
1681
1685
The Viscount Falkland
Thomas Tipping
1689
Sir Robert Jenkinson
1690
Lord Norreys
1699
Sir Robert Dashwood
1701
1708
Viscount Rialton
February 1710
Sir Robert Jenkinson
October 1710
Francis Clerke
1715
1717
Sir Banks Jenkinson
1721
Henry Perrot
1727
Sir William Stapleton
January 1740
Sir James Dashwood
February 1740
Viscount Quarendon
1743
Norreys Bertie
1754
Viscount Parker
Whig
Sir Edward Turner
Whig
1761
Lord Charles Spencer
Whig
Sir James Dashwood
Tory
1768
The Viscount Wenman
1790
Marquess of Blandford
Whig
1796
Lord Charles Spencer
Whig
John Fane
Tory [7]
1801
Lord Francis Spencer
Tory [7]
1815
Tory [7]
1824 by-election
John Fane
Tory [7]
1830
Lord Norreys
Tory [7]
1831
George Harcourt
Whig [7]
Richard Weyland
Whig [7]
1832
Representation increased to three members
MPs 1832–1885 [ ]
Election
First member
First party
Second member
Second party
Third member
Third party
1832
Montagu Bertie
Tory [7] [8]
George Harcourt
Whig [7]
Richard Weyland
Whig [7] [8]
1834
Conservative [7] [8]
1835
Conservative [7]
1837
Thomas Parker
Conservative [7]
1841
J. W. Henley
Conservative [7]
1852
John North
Conservative
1857
Peelite [9] [10] [11]
1859
Liberal
John Fane
Conservative
1868
William Cornwallis Cartwright
Liberal
1878 by-election
Edward Vernon Harcourt
Conservative
1885
Constituency abolished
Elections [ ]
The county franchise, from 1430, was held by the adult male owners of freehold land valued at 40 shillings or more. The bloc vote electoral system was used in two seat elections and first past the post for single member by-elections. Each elector had as many votes as there were seats to be filled. Votes had to be cast by a spoken declaration, in public, at the hustings , which took place in Oxford . The expense and difficulty of voting at only one location in the county, together with the lack of a secret ballot contributed to the corruption and intimidation of electors, which was widespread in the unreformed British political system.
The expense, to candidates and their supporters, of contested elections encouraged the leading families of the county to agree on the candidates to be returned unopposed whenever possible. Contested county elections were therefore unusual. The Tory Dukes of Marlborough , dominated the county from their seat at Blenheim Palace . One seat was usually held by a Spencer, the other by a local family acceptable to the Duke. Between 1700 and 1826 there was only one contest.
Election results [ ]
Note on percentage change calculations: Where there was only one candidate of a party in successive elections, for the same number of seats, change is calculated on the party percentage vote. Where there was more than one candidate, in one or both successive elections for the same number of seats, then change is calculated on the individual percentage vote.
Note on sources: The information for the election results given below is taken from Stooks Smith 1715–1754, Namier and Brooke 1754–1790 and Stooks Smith 1790–1832. From 1832 the principal source was Craig, with additional or different information from Stooks Smith included.
Election results 1715–1800 [ ]
Elections in the 1710s [ ]
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan hold
Swing
N/A
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan hold
Swing
N/A
Elections in the 1720s [ ]
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Henry Perrot
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan hold
Swing
N/A
Elections in the 1730s [ ]
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
James Dashwood
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan hold
Swing
N/A
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
George Lee
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan hold
Swing
N/A
Elections in the 1740s [ ]
General election 1741 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
James Dashwood
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan
George Lee
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Succession of Quarendon to the peerage as The 3rd Earl of Lichfield
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan hold
Swing
N/A
General election 1747 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
James Dashwood
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Elections in the 1750s [ ]
General Election 17 April 1754 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Tory
Philip Wenman
2,033
25.88
N/A
Tory
James Dashwood
2,014
25.64
N/A
Whig
Thomas Parker
1,919
24.43
N/A
Whig
Edward Turner
1,890
24.06
N/A
Turnout
7,856
N/A
N/A
Wenman was a Peer of Ireland. There was a double return (of all four candidates) after the most hotly contested county election of the century. The disputed election was decided by the House of Commons on petition, with Parker and Turner being declared duly elected on 23 April 1755.
Elections in the 1760s [ ]
General election 8 April 1761 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Whig
Charles Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Tory
James Dashwood
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Seat vacated on Spencer being appointed Ranger of Windsor Forest.
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Whig
Charles Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Whig hold
Swing
N/A
Seat vacated on Spencer being appointed Comptroller of the Household .
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Whig
Charles Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Whig hold
Swing
N/A
Note (April 1763): By-election in Stooks Smith, but not in Namier and Brooke.
General election 30 March 1768 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Charles Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Wenman was a peer of Ireland
Elections in the 1770s [ ]
General election 19 October 1774 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Charles Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Seat vacated on the appointment of Spencer as Treasurer of the Chamber
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Charles Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan hold
Swing
N/A
Elections in the 1780s [ ]
General election 27 September 1780 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Charles Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Seat vacated on the appointment of Spencer as a Vice Treasurer of Ireland
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Charles Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan hold
Swing
N/A
General election 7 April 1784 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Charles Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Elections in the 1790s [ ]
General election 1790 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan
George Spencer-Churchill
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
General election 1796 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Charles Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan
John Fane
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Election results 1801–1885 [ ]
Elections in the 1800s [ ]
Seat vacated on the appointment of Spencer as Postmaster General
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Non Partisan
Francis Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Non Partisan hold
Swing
N/A
General election 1802 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Tory
John Fane
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Tory
Francis Spencer
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Elections in the 1810s [ ]
Creation of Spencer as 1st Baron Churchill
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Tory
William Henry Ashurst (politician)
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Tory hold
Swing
N/A
General election 1818 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Tory
John Fane
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Tory
William Henry Ashurst (politician)
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Elections in the 1820s [ ]
General election 1820 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Tory
John Fane
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Tory
William Henry Ashurst (politician)
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
: Oxfordshire
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Tory
John Fane
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Tory hold
Swing
N/A
General election 1826 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Tory
William Henry Ashurst (politician)
1,329
36.36
N/A
Tory
John Fane
1,268
34.69
N/A
Whig
George Frederick Stratton
1,058
28.95
New
Majority
210
5.74
N/A
Turnout
3,655 (2,295 voted)
N/A
N/A
Tory hold
Swing
Tory hold
Swing
Note (1826): Stooks Smith records that the polls were open for three days
Elections in the 1830s [ ]
General election 1830 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)[7] [12]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Tory
John Fane
1,904
39.9
+3.5
Tory
Montagu Bertie
1,618
33.9
-0.8
Whig
George Dashwood
1,246
26.1
-2.8
Majority
372
7.8
+2.1
Turnout
2,762
c. 78.9
Registered electors
c. 3,500
Tory hold
Swing
Tory hold
Swing
General election 1831 : Oxfordshire (2 seats)[7] [12]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Whig
George Harcourt
1,782
37.2
+24.1
Whig
Richard Weyland
1,688
35.3
+22.2
Tory
Montagu Bertie
1,316
27.5
−46.3
Majority
372
7.8
±0.0
Turnout
2,934
c. 83.8
c. +4.9
Registered electors
c. 3,500
Whig gain from Tory
Swing
+23.6
Whig gain from Tory
Swing
+22.7
Note (1831): Stooks Smith records that the polls were open for three days
Representation increased to three seats under the Reform Act 1832
General election 1832 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13] [7]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Whig
George Harcourt
Unopposed
Whig
Richard Weyland
Unopposed
Tory
Montagu Bertie
Unopposed
Registered electors
4,721
Whig hold
Whig hold
Tory win (new seat)
General election 1835 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13] [7]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Whig
Richard Weyland
Unopposed
Conservative
George Harcourt
Unopposed
Conservative
Montagu Bertie
Unopposed
Registered electors
4,716
Whig hold
Conservative hold
Conservative gain from Whig
Note (1835): For this election Stooks Smith records the number of registered electors as 5,164 instead of the number given by Craig used above.
General election 1837 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13] [7]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
Montagu Bertie
3,002
29.7
Conservative
George Harcourt
2,885
28.5
Conservative
Thomas Parker
2,767
27.4
Whig
Thomas Stonor
1,458
14.4
Majority
1,309
13.0
Turnout
4,125
78.5
Registered electors
5,253
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Conservative gain from Whig
Elections in the 1840s [ ]
General election 1841 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
George Harcourt
Unopposed
Conservative
J. W. Henley
Unopposed
Conservative
Montagu Bertie
Unopposed
Registered electors
5,809
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Note (1841): Stooks Smith records the number of registered electors as 5,721 instead of the number given by Craig used above.
General election 1847 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
George Harcourt
Unopposed
Conservative
J. W. Henley
Unopposed
Conservative
Montagu Bertie
Unopposed
Registered electors
5,384
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Elections in the 1850s [ ]
Seat vacated on the appointment of Henley as President of the Board of Trade
: Oxfordshire[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
J. W. Henley
Unopposed
Conservative hold
General election 1852 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
J. W. Henley
2,328
35.6
N/A
Conservative
John North
2,218
33.9
N/A
Conservative
George Harcourt
1,313
20.1
N/A
Conservative
Montagu Bertie
681
10.4
N/A
Majority
632
9.7
N/A
Turnout
2,180 (est)
41.9 (est)
N/A
Registered electors
5,198
Conservative hold
Swing
N/A
Conservative hold
Swing
N/A
Conservative hold
Swing
N/A
Note (1852): The minimum possible turnout is estimated by dividing the number of votes cast by three. To the extent that electors did not use all their three possible votes the figure given will be an underestimate of the true turnout
General election 1857 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Peelite
George Harcourt
Unopposed
Conservative
J. W. Henley
Unopposed
Conservative
John North
Unopposed
Registered electors
5,119
Peelite gain from Conservative
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Seat vacated on the appointment of Henley as President of the Board of Trade
: Oxfordshire[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
J. W. Henley
Unopposed
Conservative hold
General election 1859 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Liberal
George Harcourt
Unopposed
Conservative
J. W. Henley
Unopposed
Conservative
John North
Unopposed
Registered electors
5,123
Liberal hold
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Elections in the 1860s [ ]
: Oxfordshire[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
John Fane
1,909
52.6
N/A
Liberal
Henry Dashwood, 5th Baronet
1,722
47.4
N/A
Majority
187
5.2
N/A
Turnout
3,631
72.5
N/A
Registered electors
5,010
Conservative gain from Liberal
Swing
N/A
General election 1865 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
John Fane
Unopposed
Conservative
J. W. Henley
Unopposed
Conservative
John North
Unopposed
Registered electors
5,798
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Conservative gain from Liberal
The Reform Act 1867 expanded the electorate and introduced the limited vote for three seat constituencies (reducing the maximum number of votes per elector from three to two).
General election 1868 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Liberal
William Cornwallis Cartwright
Unopposed
Conservative
J. W. Henley
Unopposed
Conservative
John North
Unopposed
Registered electors
7,663
Liberal gain from Conservative
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Elections in the 1870s [ ]
General election 1874 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Liberal
William Cornwallis Cartwright
Unopposed
Conservative
J. W. Henley
Unopposed
Conservative
John North
Unopposed
Registered electors
7,554
Liberal hold
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Seat vacated on the resignation of Henley
By-Election 5 February 1878 : Oxfordshire[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
Edward Vernon Harcourt
Unopposed
Conservative hold
Elections in the 1880s [ ]
General election 1880 : Oxfordshire (3 seats)[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Liberal
William Cornwallis Cartwright
Unopposed
Conservative
Edward Vernon Harcourt
Unopposed
Conservative
John North
Unopposed
Registered electors
7,495
Liberal hold
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Electorate expanded by the Representation of the People Act 1884 and constituency split into single member divisions by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 , with effect from the 1885 United Kingdom general election .
See also [ ]
List of former United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies
Sources [ ]
References [ ]
Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885–1972 , compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Parliamentary Reference Publications 1972)
British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 , compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Macmillan Press 1977)
The House of Commons 1754–1790 , by Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke (HMSO 1964)
The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)) out of copyright
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832–1885 , edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume II 1886–1918 , edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1978)
Concise Dictionary of National Biography (1930)
List of members nominated for Parliament of 1653 at British History Online
D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
John Cannon, Parliamentary Reform 1640–1832 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972)
Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) [1]
Maija Jansson (ed.), Proceedings in Parliament, 1614 (House of Commons) (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1988) [2]
J. E. Neale , The Elizabethan House of Commons (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949)
Notes [ ]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Woodger, L. S. (1993). "Oxfordshire" . In Clark, Linda; Rawcliffe, Carole; Roskell, J. S. (eds.). The House of Commons 1386-1421 . The History of Parliament Trust.
^ Jump up to: a b "A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 7: Dorchester and Thame hundreds" . British History Online. Retrieved 11 November 2012 .
^ HoP biog
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "History of Parliament" . Retrieved 10 September 2011 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pollard, John" . Dictionary of National Biography . London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "History of Parliament" . Retrieved 10 September 2011 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive . London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 27 May 2019 – via Google Books .
^ Jump up to: a b c Mosse, Richard Bartholomew (1836). The Parliamentary Guide: a concise history of the Members of both Houses, etc . pp. 129, 181. Retrieved 27 May 2019 – via Google Books .
^ "Election Intelligence" . Wells Journal . 28 March 1857. p. 2. Retrieved 12 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive .
^ Gardiner, A. G. (1923). The Life of Sir William Harcourt: Volume I (1827–1886) . London: Constable & Company. p. 12 . Retrieved 12 August 2018 .
^ "Constituencies and Candidates" . Liverpool Mercury . 25 March 1857. p. 3. Retrieved 12 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive .
^ Jump up to: a b Fisher, David R. "Oxfordshire" . The History of Parliament . Retrieved 2 May 2020 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Craig, F. W. S. , ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. pp. 442–443. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3 .
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