Palaeonisciformes

Palaeonisciformes Temporal range: Late Silurian–Late Cretaceous PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Palaeoniscum freieslebeni fossil
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Subclass:	Chondrostei
Order:	†Palaeonisciformes Hay 1902
Families
Palaeoniscidae Vogt 1852

The Palaeonisciformes are an extinct order of early ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) which began in the Late Silurian and ended in the Late Cretaceous. The name of the order is derived from the Greek words paleo (ancient) and ὀνίσκος (oniskos or woodlouse), probably pertaining to the organization of the fishes' scales, similar to the exoskeletal plating of woodlice.^{[dubious – discuss]}

Classification[]

Acropholis stensioei fossil at the Geological Museum in Copenhagen

It is not a natural group but is instead a paraphyletic assemblage of the early members of several ray-finned fish lineages. It has traditionally encompassed most Paleozoic actinopterygians, except those that exhibit strange body forms (such as the deep-bodied , or those assigned definitively to any of the living groups of ray-finned fishes.^[1]

Andreolepis hedei has proven so far to be the earliest-known actinopterygiian, living around 420 million years ago (Late Silurian in Russia, Sweden, Estonia, and Latvia. Actinopterygians underwent an extensive diversification during the Carboniferous, after the end-Devonian Hangenberg extinction.

Taxonomy[]

• Order †Palaeonisciformes Hay, 1902 sensu stricto [Palaeoniscida Moy-Thomas & Miles, 1971]^[2][3][4]
  • Family †Palaeoniscidae Vogt, 1852
    • Genus ?†Agecephalichthys Wade, 1935
      • Species † Wade, 1935
    • Genus ?† Traquair, 1881
      • Species † Traquair, 1881
    • Genus ?† Poplin & Su, 1992
      • Species † Poplin & Su, 1992
    • Genus ?† Liu et al., 1990
      • Species † Liu et al., 1990
    • Genus ?† Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999
      • Species † Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999
    • Genus ?† Su, 1983
      • Species † Su, 1983
    • Genus ?† Minich, 2001
      • Species † Minich, 2001
    • Genus ?†Trachelacanthus Fischer De Waldheim, 1850
      • Species † Fischer De Waldheim, 1850
    • Genus ?† Su, 1984
      • Species † Su, 1984
    • Genus ?† Liu & Martínez, 1973
      • Species †T. taoshuyuanensis Liu & Martínez, 1973
      • Species †T. varta Wang, 1979
    • Genus ?† Jakovlev, 1968
      • Species † Jakovlev, 1968
    • Genus ?† Liu, 1988
      • Species † Liu, 1988
    • Genus ?† Poplin et al., 1991
      • Species † Poplin et al., 1991
    • Genus †Gyrolepis Agassiz, 1833 non Kade, 1858
      • Species †G. albertii Agassiz, 1833
      • Species †G. gigantea Agassiz, 1833
      • Species †G. maxima Agassiz, 1833
      • Species †G. quenstedti Dames, 1888
      • Species †G. tenuistriata Agassiz, 1833
    • Genus †Gyrolepidoides Cabrera, 1944
      • Species †G. creyanus Schaeffer, 1955
      • Species †G. cuyanus Cabrera, 1944
      • Species †G. multistriatus Rusconi, 1948
    • Genus †Palaeothrissum de Blainville, 1818
      • Species †P. elegans Sedgwick, 1829
      • Species †P. macrocephalum de Blainville, 1818
      • Species †P. magnum de Blainville, 1818
    • Genus †Westollia White & MoyThomas, 1940 [ Pohlig, 1892 non Agassiz, 1846]
    • Genus †Palaeoniscum de Blainville, 1818 [Palaeoniscus Agassiz, 1833 non Von Meyer, 1858; Rzchak, 1881; Rzchak, 1881; Weigelt, 1930; Sauvage, 1888]
      • Species †P. angustum (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas angustus Rzehak, 1881]
      • Species †P. antipodeum (Egerton, 1864) [Palaeoniscus antipodeus Egerton, 1864]
      • Species †P. antiquum Williams, 1886
      • Species †P. arenaceum Berger, 1832
      • Species †P. capense (Bloom, 1913) [Palaeoniscus capensis Bloom, 1913]
      • Species †P. comtum (Agassiz, 1833) [Palaeoniscus comtus Agassiz, 1833]
      • Species †P. daedalium Yankevich & Minich, 1998
      • Species †P. devonicum Clarke, 1885
      • Species †P. elegans (Sedgwick, 1829) [Palaeoniscus elegans Sedgwick, 1829]
      • Species †P. freieslebeni de Blainville, 1818 [Eupalaeoniscus freieslebeni (de Brainville, 1818); Palaeoniscus freieslebeni (de Brainville, 1818)]
      • Species †P. hassiae (Jaekel, 1898) [Galeocerdo contortus hassiae Jaekel, 1898; Palaeomyzon hassiae (Jaekel, 1898)]
      • Species †P. kasanense Geinitz & Vetter, 1880
      • Species †P. katholitzkianum (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas katholitzkianus Rzehak, 1881]
      • Species †P. landrioti (le Sauvage, 1890) [Palaeoniscus landrioti le Sauvage, 1890]
      • Species †P. longissimum (Agassiz, 1833) [Palaeoniscus longissimus Agassiz, 1833]
      • Species †P. macrophthalmum (McCoy, 1855) [Palaeoniscus macrophthalmus McCoy, 1855]
      • Species †P. magnum (Woodward, 1937) [Palaeoniscus magnus Woodward, 1937]
      • Species †P. moravicum (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas moravicus Rzehak, 1881]
      • Species †P. promtu (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas promtus Rzehak, 1881]
      • Species †P. reticulatum Williams, 1886
      • Species †P. scutigerum Newberry, 1868
      • Species †P. vratislavensis (Agassiz, 1833) [Palaeoniscus vratislavensis Agassiz, 1833]

Incertae sedis[]

Families that at one time or another were placed in the Palaeonisciformes:

• † Kazantseva-Selezneva, 1977
• † Gardiner, 1969
• † Cox & Hutchinson, 1991
• † Gardier, 1960
• †Coccolepididae Berg, 1940 corrig.
• † Gardiner, 1963
• † MoyThomas, 1939 corrig.
• † Gardiner, 1969
• † Moy-Thomas, 1939
• † Heyler, 1977
• † Beltan, 1978
• † Beltan, 1989
• † Kazantseva, 1971
• † Gardiner, 1963
• † Gardiner, 1963
• † Berg, 1955
• † Lu & Chen, 2010
• † Bock, 1959 corrig.
• † Jin, 1996
• † Woodward, 1931

Timeline of genera[]

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palaeonisciformes.

• Märss, Tiiu (2001). "Andreolepis (Actinopterygii) in the Upper Silurian of northern Eurasia" (PDF, 1.4 MB). Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology. 50 (3): 174–189. ISSN 1736-6046.
• Gardiner, Brian; ; (August 2005). "A review of lower actinopterygian phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 144 (4): 511–525. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00181.x.
• Sallan, Lauren Cole; Coates, Michael I. (1 June 2010). "End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates". PNAS. 107 (22): 10131–10135. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10710131S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914000107. PMC 2890420. PMID 20479258.
• Palaeonisciformes at University of Bristol
• Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. ISBN 978-0-87710-450-6. ISSN 0007-5779. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2012-03-06.