Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (1990–91)

**Palestinian refugees from Kuwait**
Total Palestinian refugees fled from Kuwait:	150,000-200,000
Total refugees in 1991:	200,000
Regions with significant populations:	Jordan; State of Palestine
Languages:	Arabic
Religions:	Sunni Islam, Christianity

The Palestinian exodus from Kuwait took place during and after the Gulf War. There were 400,000 Palestinians living in Kuwait before the state was invaded by neighbouring Iraq in August 1990. During the subsequent Iraqi military occupation of the country, some 200,000 Palestinians left due to various reasons such as fear of persecution,^[1] food and medical care shortages, financial difficulties, and fear of arrest or mistreatment at roadblocks by Iraqi troops.^[1]^[2]^[3] After Operation Desert Storm, which saw Iraqi forces defeated and pushed out of Kuwait by a United States-led coalition, another 200,000 Palestinians fled Kuwait, partly due to economic burdens, regulations on residence and fear of abuse by Kuwaiti security forces.^[4]^[5]^[6] The policy which partly led to this exodus was a response to the alignment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in favour of the Iraqi invasion as well as PLO leader Yasser Arafat's support for Saddam Hussein, the then President of Iraq.

The Palestinians who fled Kuwait were mostly Jordanian citizens.^[7] By 2004, the political situation between the Palestinian leadership and Kuwait improved with the issuance of an official apology by Mahmud Abbas for the PLO's support of the Iraqi occupation. In 2012, the official Palestinian embassy in Kuwait was re-opened,^[8] and some 80,000 Palestinians were living in the state.^[8]

Background[]

Before the Gulf War, Palestinians comprised 400,000 of Kuwait's total population, which was approximately 2 million people at the time.^[9]

Palestinian nationals arrived in Kuwait in three different phases: 1948 (First Arab–Israeli War and Nakba), 1967 (Third Arab–Israeli War) and 1973 (Fourth Arab–Israeli War).

Events[]

During Iraqi occupation[]

The massive exodus of Palestinians from Kuwait began with the Iraqi invasion into the country in summer 1990. The exodus included both Kuwaitis and Palestinians, who were forming a large percentage of Kuwaiti residents. Out of initial 350,000 people of Palestinian descent who resided in Kuwait in mid-1990, more than 200,000 fled Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, due to harassment and intimidation by Iraqi security forces, in addition to getting fired from work by Iraqi authority figures in Kuwait.^[2] The Iraqi education ministry in Kuwait fired 3,000 Palestinians in September 1990,^[2] and the dismissals of Palestinians from other sectors continued throughout October.^[2] The Iraqis also put pressure on the PLO office in Kuwait,^[2] which had refused to organize any Palestinian demonstrations and rallies in support of Iraq.^[2] The only Palestinian demonstration in Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation was actually a pro-Kuwait demonstration, with the Palestinian inhabitants of the Hawalli district waving photos of the Emir.^[2]

March 1991 exodus[]

Kuwait's lack of support for Palestinians after the Gulf War was a response to the alignment of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and the PLO with Saddam Hussein, who had earlier invaded Kuwait. On March 14, 1991, 200,000 Palestinians were still residing in Kuwait, out of initial 400,000.^[10] Palestinians began leaving Kuwait during one week in March 1991, following Kuwait's liberation from Iraqi occupation. During a single week in March, the Palestinian population of Kuwait had almost entirely fled the country. Kuwaitis said that Palestinians leaving the country could move to Jordan, since most Palestinians held Jordanian passports.^[10] According to the New York Times, Kuwaitis said the anger against Palestinians was such that there was little chance that those who had left during the seven-month occupation could ever return and relatively few of those remaining will be able to stay.^[10]

Aftermath[]

The Palestinians who were expelled from Kuwait were generally Jordanian citizens.^[7] They were formally recognized as Jordanians of Palestinian origin.^[7]

In 2004, Kuwait allegedly put off a planned visit by Mahmoud Abbas, then the number-two PLO official after leader Yasser Arafat.^[11] Palestinian officials initially denied reports that this was due to the PLO's refusal to apologize over its support of the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.^[11] However, on 12 December 2004, Abbas, now the leader of the PLO, apologized for the Palestinian leadership's support of Iraq and Saddam Hussein during the invasion and occupation.^[12] On the first visit to Kuwait by a top Palestinian official since the 1990 invasion, Abbas stated: "I say we yes, we apologize over our stand towards Kuwait."^{[citation needed]}

In 2012, there were 80,000 Palestinians living in Kuwait.^[8]

Notes[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Schulz, Helena Lindholm (2005-07-27). The Palestinian Diaspora. p. 67. ISBN 9781134496686. During autumn 1990 more than half of the Palestinians in Kuwait fled as a result of fear or persecution.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "The PLO in Kuwait". May 8, 1991. But in September and October 1990, large numbers of Palestinians began to leave. In addition to the fear of arrest, and their mistreatment at roadblocks by Iraqis, food shortages were becoming serious and medical care difficult. Kuwaitis and Palestinians alike were penniless - they were forced to sell their cars and electrical appliances at improvised markets to anyone who had cash, even to Iraqi civilians coming from Iraq to buy on the cheap. Thus, by December 1990, Kuwait's Palestinian population had dwindled from a pre-invasion strength of 350,000 to approximately 150,000.
^ Islamkotob. "History of Palestine". p. 100.
^ Mattar, Philip (2005). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. pp. 289–290. ISBN 9780816069866.
^ Schulz, Helena Lindholm (2005-07-27). The Palestinian Diaspora. p. 67. ISBN 9781134496686. Regulations on residence were considerably tightened and the general environment of insecurity triggered a continuous Palestinian exodus.
^ Hicks, Neil (1992-01-01). Kuwait: Building the Rule of Law: Human Rights in Kuwait. p. 35. ISBN 9780934143493. There was a great exodus of Palestinians from Kuwait during July and August, partly attributable to fear of abusive actions by the Kuwaiti security forces, but also brought about by economic necessity.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Yann Le Troquer and Rozenn Hommery al-Oudat (Spring 1999). "From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians' Third Exodus". Journal of Palestine Studies. 28 (3): 37–51. doi:10.2307/2538306. JSTOR 2538306.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Palestinians Open Kuwaiti Embassy". Al Monitor. 23 May 2013.
^ Journal of Palestine Studies: Palestinians in Kuwait (1991) by Anne M Lesch.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c AFTER THE WAR: Kuwait; Palestinians in Kuwait Face Suspicion and Probable Exile - New York Times
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Palestine apology to Kuwait - Telegraph
^ Abbas apology to Kuwait over Iraq, BBC News, December 12, 2004

[fra-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b Schulz, Helena Lindholm (2005-07-27). The Palestinian Diaspora. p. 67. ISBN 9781134496686. During autumn 1990 more than half of the Palestinians in Kuwait fled as a result of fear or persecution.

[ir-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "The PLO in Kuwait". May 8, 1991. But in September and October 1990, large numbers of Palestinians began to leave. In addition to the fear of arrest, and their mistreatment at roadblocks by Iraqis, food shortages were becoming serious and medical care difficult. Kuwaitis and Palestinians alike were penniless - they were forced to sell their cars and electrical appliances at improvised markets to anyone who had cash, even to Iraqi civilians coming from Iraq to buy on the cheap. Thus, by December 1990, Kuwait's Palestinian population had dwindled from a pre-invasion strength of 350,000 to approximately 150,000.

[3] Islamkotob. "History of Palestine". p. 100.

[4] Mattar, Philip (2005). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. pp. 289–290. ISBN 9780816069866.

[5] Schulz, Helena Lindholm (2005-07-27). The Palestinian Diaspora. p. 67. ISBN 9781134496686. Regulations on residence were considerably tightened and the general environment of insecurity triggered a continuous Palestinian exodus.

[6] Hicks, Neil (1992-01-01). Kuwait: Building the Rule of Law: Human Rights in Kuwait. p. 35. ISBN 9780934143493. There was a great exodus of Palestinians from Kuwait during July and August, partly attributable to fear of abusive actions by the Kuwaiti security forces, but also brought about by economic necessity.

[jor-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Yann Le Troquer and Rozenn Hommery al-Oudat (Spring 1999). "From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians' Third Exodus". Journal of Palestine Studies. 28 (3): 37–51. doi:10.2307/2538306. JSTOR 2538306.

[monitor-8] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Palestinians Open Kuwaiti Embassy". Al Monitor. 23 May 2013.

[jstor-9] Journal of Palestine Studies: Palestinians in Kuwait (1991) by Anne M Lesch.

[nyt-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c AFTER THE WAR: Kuwait; Palestinians in Kuwait Face Suspicion and Probable Exile - New York Times

[tt-11] Jump up to: ^a ^b Palestine apology to Kuwait - Telegraph

[12] Abbas apology to Kuwait over Iraq, BBC News, December 12, 2004

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