Paphies ventricosa
| Paphies ventricosa | |
|---|---|
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| Toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) at Oreti Beach, Southland, New Zealand | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Venerida |
| Family: | Mesodesmatidae |
| Genus: | Paphies |
| Species: | P. ventricosa
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| Binomial name | |
| Paphies ventricosa (Gmelin, 1790)
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Paphies ventricosa, or toheroa (a Māori word meaning "long tongue"),[1] is a large bivalve mollusc of the family Mesodesmatidae, endemic to New Zealand.
Distribution[]
It is found in both the North and South Islands, but the main habitat is the west coast of the North Island. The best grounds are wide fine-sand beaches where there are extensive sand-dunes, enclosing freshwater, which percolates to the sea, there promoting the growth of diatoms and plankton.[2]
Description[]
The toheroa is a very large shellfish with a solid white, elongated shell with the apex at the middle. Maximum length is 117 mm, height 81 mm, and thickness 38 mm.
Human use[]
The toheroa has long been a popular seafood, often made into a greenish soup,[3] for which it has an international reputation.
Toheroa were translocated across New Zealand by Māori using pōhā (kelp bags) made from southern bull kelp (Durvillaea poha).[4]
It was over-exploited in the 1950s and 1960s, and there has been a ban on harvesting (except for limited customary purposes) since 1979. However, numbers have not recovered since 1979, due to illegal poaching, poorly policed customary harvesting, vehicle driving on beaches, pollution, reduction in fresh water coming onto beaches, and gas bubble disease.[5]
References[]
- ^ Edward Samuel. "The Toheroa — New Zealand's Exclusive Shell-fish". The New Zealand Railways Magazine, Volume 11, Issue 4 (July 1, 1936).
- ^ Stace, Glenys (1991). "The elusive toheroa". New Zealand Geographic. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
- ^ "Toheroa Soup" (PDF).
- ^ "Maori shellfish project wins scholarship". SunLive. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- ^ Harvie, Will (4 March 2019). "Decades of fishing bans have not rescued seafood delicacy toheroa". Stuff. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- Checklist of New Zealand Mollusca
- Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
Commercial mollusks | ||
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| Marine gastropods |  | |
| Land and freshwater gastropods |
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| Free-swimming marine bivalves | ||
| Infaunal bivalves |
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| Sessile bivalves |
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| Freshwater bivalves | ||
| Cephalopods |
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| Techniques |
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List of fishing topics by subject | ||
| Fisheries |  | |
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| Fishing | ||
| Industry |
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| Recreation | ||
| Techniques | ||
| Tackle | ||
| Locations |
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- Commercial molluscs
- Bivalves of New Zealand
- Mesodesmatidae
- Bivalves described in 1790
- Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin