Permopsocida
Permopsocida Temporal range:
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
(unranked): | Paraneoptera |
Order: | †Permopsocida Tillyard, 1926 |
Families | |
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Permopsocida.jpg/220px-Permopsocida.jpg)
Permopsocida is an extinct order of insects known from the Early Permian to the Mid-Cretaceous. It is part of Paraneoptera, alongside bark lice (including lice), bugs and thrips. Within Paraneoptera it is considered to be closer to the clade containing bugs and thrips rather than bark lice, with an estimated divergence during the Late Carboniferous. The group was first named as a suborder by Robert John Tillyard in 1926, and was raised to a full order by Huang et al. in 2016.[1] It is currently divided up into three families, Psocidiidae which is known from the Permian to Liassic. Permopsocidae which is only known from the Permian, and Archipsyllidae, which is known from the Late Triassic[2] to mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian). While most members of the group are known from compression fossils, several members of Archipsyllidae are 3 dimensionally preserved in Burmese amber, which has helped clarify the morphology and phylogenetic position of the group.[1][3][4][5] The morphology of the mouthparts suggests that they were capable of suction feeding and chewing, with preserved angiosperm pollen grains in the gut of suggesting that at least some members of the group were pollenivorous.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/41598_2016_Article_BFsrep23004_Fig2_HTML.jpg/220px-41598_2016_Article_BFsrep23004_Fig2_HTML.jpg)
Taxonomy[]
From Huang et al 2016 and subsequent literature
- †Psocidiidae Tillyard, 1926
- † Tillyard, 1926 , Russia, Kungurian, Bursum Formation, New Mexico, Asselian, Wellington Formation, Kansas, Oklahoma, Artinskian
- † Prokop, Garrouste & Nel, 2016 , Australia, Changhsingian
- † Ansorge, 1996 "Green Series", Germany, Toarcian
- † Tillyard 1935 Croudace Bay Formation, Australia, Changhsingian
- † Tillyard 1935 Croudace Bay Formation, Australia, Changhsingian
- †Permopsocidae Tillyard, 1926
- † Tillyard, 1926 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
- † Carpenter 1932 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
- † Carpenter 1932 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
- † Tillyard 1926 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
- †Archipsyllidae Handlirsch, 1906
- † Vishnyakova 1976 , Russia, Roadian
- † Handlirsch, 1908 "Green Series", Germany, Toarcian Daohugou, China, Callovian, Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Oxfordian
- † Vishniakova, 1976 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
- † Vishniakova, 1976 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
- † Beutel et al. 2019 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- † Liang, Zhang & Liu, 2016 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- † Lambkin, 2018 Blackstone Formation, Australia, Norian
- † Yoshizawa & Lienhard, 2016 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- † Huang et al. 2016 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
References[]
- ^ a b c Huang, Di-Ying; Bechly, Günter; Nel, Patricia; Engel, Michael S.; Prokop, Jakub; Azar, Dany; Cai, Chen-Yang; van de Kamp, Thomas; Staniczek, Arnold H.; Garrouste, Romain; Krogmann, Lars (March 2016). "New fossil insect order Permopsocida elucidates major radiation and evolution of suction feeding in hemimetabolous insects (Hexapoda: Acercaria)". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 23004. Bibcode:2016NatSR...623004H. doi:10.1038/srep23004. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4785345. PMID 26961785.
- ^ Lambkin, Kevin J. (2018-02-20). "A new genus and species of the family Archipsyllidae (Insecta: Paraneoptera: Permopsocida) from the Late Triassic of Queensland". Zootaxa. 4382 (1): 192–194. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.9. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 29689945.
- ^ Yoshizawa, K.; Lienhard, C. (2016). "Bridging the gap between chewing and sucking in the hemipteroid insects:new insights from Cretaceous amber". Zootaxa. 4079 (2): 229–45. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.5. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27396002.
- ^ Liang, F.; Zhang, W.; Liu, X. (2016). "A new genus and species of the paraneopteran family Archipsyllidae in mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar". Zootaxa. 4105 (5): 483–90. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4105.5.4. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27394792.
- ^ Beutel, R. G.; Prokop, J.; Müller, P.; Pohl, H. (2019). "†Bittacopsocus—a new bizarre genus of †Permopsocida (Insecta) from Burmese Cretaceous amber". Zootaxa. 4576 (2): 357–366. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4576.2.9. PMID 31715767.
- Extinct insect orders