Personal preference kit
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PPK_of_Micheal_Collins.jpg/220px-PPK_of_Micheal_Collins.jpg)
The Personal Preference Kit (PPK) is a container used to carry the personal items of astronauts during the Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle, and International Space Station programs. Items that astronauts choose to carry into space are approved by NASA management and stored in PPKs. Information on the contents of kits are usually kept private by the astronaut, although some contents have been put on display or given as awards to contributors to space programs.
Purpose[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Michael_Collins%27_razor_and_shaving_cream.jpg/220px-Michael_Collins%27_razor_and_shaving_cream.jpg)
Federal Aviation Regulations as of 2021 define the purpose of Personal Preference Kits as allowing "persons on particular mission to carry personal items for use as mementos";[1] mementos are defined as "flags, patches, insignia, medallions, minor graphics, and similar items of little commercial value".[2] Astronauts were required to submit a manifest listing the items to be held in their PPKs,[3] as well as who was to receive the items, sixty days prior to their launch date.[4]
Information on the items taken by astronauts is usually kept private.[5] Some personal items have been put on display or given as awards to shuttle workers and VIPs.[6]
Usage[]
Gemini program[]
Project Gemini astronauts were authorized to taken personal items on missions in a 6 in × 7 in (15 cm × 18 cm) nylon drawstring bag. Astronaut Wally Schirra disclosed the contents of the kit he took on the Gemini 6A mission, which contained his Navy wings, hunting license, and many medals, flags, and patches.[5]
Apollo program[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/430-L1-S1_640_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Continuing the usage of PPKs in the Gemini program, crew on Apollo spaceflights were also assigned PPKs in which they could store personal items and souvenirs.[7] The PPKs were made from Beta cloth, a type of fireproof cloth added to Apollo/Skylab A7L space suits and used in other specialized applications.[8][9] A sphere of aluminum taken by Frank Borman during Apollo 8 was later used to strike 200,000 space-flown medallions distributed to people who contributed to the Apollo program.[5]
In a special arrangement with the United States Air Force Museum, Neil Armstrong brought wood from the propeller and fabric from the wing of the 1903 Wright Flyer, the first plane to achieve powered flight, in his PPK taken to the Moon on Apollo 11.[6][10][11] On the same mission, Michael Collins brought the flag of the United States, the flag of Washington, D.C., and the flag of the Air Force, along with other items in his kit.[5]
During Apollo 12, astronauts were given four aluminum copies of the mission plaque that was left on the Moon. When the copies were returned to Earth, one copy was given to NASA engineer Jack Kinzler, who created the copies, while the remaining copies were given to crew members Pete Conrad, Richard F. Gordon Jr., and Alan Bean.[5]
As part of a joint project with the United States Forest Service, about 400 to 500 seeds of Douglas fir, loblolly pine, redwood, American sycamore, and sweetgum trees were stored in small containers in Stuart Roosa's PPK during the Apollo 14 mission. Upon his return to Earth, many of the seeds were germinated. Their seedlings were planted throughout the United States, Japan, Brazil, and Switzerland and grew to be the "Moon trees".[12][13]
Space Shuttle program[]
During the era of the Space Shuttle program, astronauts were limited to bringing a maximum of 20 personal items that weighed a total of 3.3 pounds (1.5 kg) and fit into a 5 in × 8 in × 2 in (12.7 cm × 20.3 cm × 5.1 cm) bag.[5] An (OFK) is also used to carry items on the request of professional organizations or foreign governments.[5][14] OFKs have carried larger items such as patches, flags of various countries, and awards that are later presented by an organization to its honorees.[14]
Items taken on space shuttle flights by astronaut Rhea Seddon include a pennant from her university, a sorority pin, a baseball cap for a sports team, and a roll of calculator tape marked with the signatures of students from her hometown.[5] Israeli astronaut Ilan Ramon brought a copy of the Moon Landscape pencil drawing by Petr Ginz, a boy killed in the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1944, onto Space Shuttle Columbia during the fatal STS-107 mission.[15][16]
International Space Station program[]
Within the International Space Station program, missions utilizing Soyuz and SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft both allow 3.3 pounds (1.5 kg) for personal items.[5] A Flight Equipment Processing Associate (FEPA), an employee of the United Space Alliance, assists in organizing crew members' clothing, preferences, hygiene and personal items, including the contents of their OFK, for final review by the crew prior to launch.[17]
Astronauts have frequently taken musical instruments and cameras to the ISS.[5][18]
References[]
Notes[]
- ^ 14 CFR 1214.604
- ^ 14 CFR 1214.601
- ^ Kluger, Jeffrey (October 12, 2018). "What Neil Armstrong Biopic First Man Gets Right and Wrong About the Moon Landing". Time. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- ^ Stewart, Chris (May 7, 2019). "New batch of Neil Armstrong lunar landing artifacts up for auction". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Patrinos, Thalia, ed. (November 12, 2020). "The Personal Preference Kit: What Astronauts Take With Them To Space". NASA. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
- ^ a b Siceloff, Steven (October 24, 2007). "Items Taken into Space Reflect Accomplishments on Earth". NASA. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- ^ "Kit, Personal Preference, Apollo 11". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
- ^ Worden & French 2012, p. 139.
- ^ Jurek 2019, p. 183.
- ^ Waxman, Olivia B. "When Neil Armstrong Went to the Moon, He Brought Souvenirs of the Wright Brothers' Flight. Now They're for Sale". Time. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- ^ Hansen 2005, p. 527: "He is most clear about, and most proud of, the pieces of the historic Wright Flyer that he took to the moon. Under a special arrangement with the U.S. Air Force Museum in Dayton, he took in his LM PPK a piece of wood from the Wright brothers' 1903 airplane's left propeller and a piece of muslin fabric (8x13 inches) from its upper left wing.".
- ^ Lehman, Eben (February 17, 2011). "Houston, We Have Moon Trees". Forest History Society. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- ^ Williams, David R. "The Moon Trees". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- ^ a b Seedhouse 2010, pp. 218.
- ^ Borowski, Susan (February 8, 2013). "Ilan Ramon took tragic reminders, hope into space". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
- ^ Goldberg, Ari Ben (November 25, 2002). "Celebrating the Sabbath - in space". Jerusalem: BBC News. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
- ^ Seedhouse 2010, pp. 217–218.
- ^ Uri, John (May 11, 2020). Mars, Kelli (ed.). "Space Station 20th: Music on ISS". NASA. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
Bibliography[]
- Hansen, James R. (2005). First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5631-X.
- Jurek, Richard (2019). "Post-Apollo". The Ultimate Engineer: The Remarkable Life of NASA's Visionary Leader George M. Low. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 149–198. ISBN 9780803299559.
- Seedhouse, Erik (2010). "Ten weeks and counting". Prepare for Launch (First ed.). Praxis Publishing. pp. 213–224. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1350-0_10. ISBN 978-1-4419-1350-0.
- Worden, Al; French, Francis (2012). Sajewski, Lise (ed.). Falling to Earth: An Apollo 15 Astronaut's Journey to the Moon (1st ed.). Smithsonian Books. ISBN 9781588343338.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
- Apollo program hardware
- International Space Station
- Project Gemini
- Space Shuttle program
- Spacecraft components