Peter Bergen

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Peter Bergen
Peter Bergen Future Security Conference 2019.png
Bergen speaking in 2019
Born
Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
OccupationJournalist and author
WebsitePeterBergen.com

Peter Bergen is an American journalist, author, and producer who serves as CNN's national security analyst, New America's vice president, and as a professor of practice at Arizona State University.[1] He produced the first television interview with Osama bin Laden in 1997, which aired on CNN.[2]

Bergen has written or edited nine books: Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (2001); The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader (2006); The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda (2011);[3] Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden From 9/11 to Abbottabad (2012); Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion (2013); Drone Wars: Transforming Conflict, Law, and Policy (2014); United States of Jihad: Investigating America's Homegrown Terrorists (2016); Trump and His Generals: The Cost of Chaos[4] (2019); and The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden (2021). Three of the books were New York Times bestsellers,[5] four of the books were named as among the best non-fiction books of the year by the Washington Post and they have been translated into 22 languages.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Background[]

Bergen was born in Minneapolis and grew up in London,[15] the son of Donald Thomas Bergen[16][17] and Sarah Elizabeth (née Lampert). Her grandfather, Leonard Lampert, founded the Lampert Lumber Company.[18] His family is Roman Catholic.[16][17] He attended Ampleforth College in North Yorkshire before receiving an Open Scholarship to New College, Oxford, in 1981, where he graduated with a degree in modern history. Bergen is married to the documentary director/producer Tresha Mabile. They have two children.[19]

Career[]

President Barack Obama and CNN's Peter Bergen discuss the Osama bin Laden raid

Bergen is Vice President for Global Studies and Fellows at New America, a non-partisan think tank in Washington, D.C.[20] He also serves as New America's Director of the International Security and Future of War Programs.[20] He is a Professor of Practice at the School of Politics and Global Studies at Arizona State University where he is the co-director of the Center on the Future of War,[21] a research fellow at Fordham University's Center on National Security,[22] and CNN's national security analyst.[23] He has held teaching positions at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University[24] and the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University.[25]

Bergen has worked at CNN in a variety of roles since 1990 as an analyst, correspondent, and producer. He has worked at New America in a variety of roles since 2001 as a fellow, director and vice president.

Bergen is on the editorial board of Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, the leading scholarly journal in the field, and has testified before multiple congressional committees, including the U.S. House of Representatives Homeland Security Committee and the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He is a member of the Homeland Security Experts Group.[26] Bergen is the chairman of the board of the Global Special Operations Foundation, which is a non-profit advocating for the interests of special operations forces.[27] He is the founding editor of the Coronavirus Daily Brief.[28]

He was a fellow at New York University's Center on Law & Security between 2003 and 2011,[29] and was a contributing editor at The New Republic for many years[30] and also the editor of the South Asia Channel and South Asia Daily,[31] online publications of Foreign Policy magazine from 2009 to 2016.[32]

Books[]

Holy War, Inc. (2001), a New York Times bestseller,[33] and The Osama bin Laden I Know (2006) were named among the best non-fiction books of the year by The Washington Post.[34] Documentaries based on both books were nominated for Emmys in 2001 and 2006.[35] Bergen was the recipient of the 2000 Leonard Silk Journalism Fellowship and was the Pew Journalist in Residence at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University in 2001 while writing Holy War, Inc.[36]

His third book, The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda (2011), a New York Times bestseller,[37] gave an overview of the War on Terror and was named by the Guardian[38] and Newsweek[39] as one of the key books about terrorism in the past decade. The Longest War also won the Washington Institute's Gold Prize for best book about the Middle East[40] and was named by Amazon,[41] Kirkus[42] and Foreign Policy[43] as one of the best books of 2011.

Bergen's 2012 New York Times bestseller[44] was Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden From 9/11 to Abbottabad.[45] The Washington Post named Manhunt one of the best non-fiction books of 2012,[46] and The Guardian named it one of the key books on Islamist extremism.[47] It was the 2012 Sunday Times (UK) Current Affairs Book of the Year. The book was awarded the Overseas Press Club Cornelius Ryan Award for best non-fiction book of 2012 on international affairs.[48] Manhunt was the basis of the HBO documentary film, "Manhunt",[49] which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and won the Emmy award for Outstanding Documentary in 2013.[50] Bergen was Executive Producer of the film.[49] He was awarded the Stephen Ambrose History Award in 2014.[51]

Bergen co-edited with Katherine Tiedemann Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion, a collection of essays about the Taliban that was published by Oxford University Press in 2013.[52] He co-edited with Daniel Rothenberg Drone Wars: Transforming Conflict, Law, and Policy, published by Cambridge University Press in 2014.[53]

In 2016, Bergen published United States of Jihad: Investigating America's Homegrown Terrorists.[54] It was named one of the best non-fiction books of 2016 by the Washington Post. HBO adapted the book for the documentary film Homegrown: The Counterterror Dilemma.[55]

Bergen's Trump and His Generals: The Cost of Chaos was published in 2019. The Washington Post described it as "the best single account of Trump's foreign policy to date." [56]

Documentaries[]

Bergen has worked as a correspondent and producer for the National Geographic Channel,[57] Discovery Channel, HBO, Showtime, and CNN Films.[58] He co-produced with Tresha Mabile the National Geographic Channel documentary, American War Generals (2014).[59] Bergen and Mabile also produced CNN Films' Legion of Brothers, which premiered at Sundance in January 2017.[60] It was released in theaters in June 2017. It was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Politics and Government documentary in 2018.[61] In 2020, together with the producers of Homeland, he produced the Showtime documentary, The Longest War, which documented the CIA's long involvement in Afghanistan.

On May 2, 2016, which was the five-year anniversary of the death of Osama bin Laden, CNN aired the documentary We Got Him: President Obama, Bin Laden, and the Future of the War on Terror.[62] In addition to speaking with President Barack Obama in his first sit-down interview in the Situation Room, Bergen also conducted the first in-depth interview with the architect of the bin Laden raid, Admiral William H. McRaven, as well as interviewing senior administration officials including former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.

Four of Bergen's books have been made into documentaries for CNN, HBO and National Geographic. The documentaries based on Holy War, Inc. and The Osama bin Laden I Know were nominated for Emmys in 2001 and 2006.[35] Bergen was a producer of those films. Manhunt was the basis of the HBO documentary film, "Manhunt,"[49] which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary in 2013.[50] Bergen was Executive Producer of the film.[49] HBO adapted United States of Jihad for the 2016 documentary film, "Homegrown: The Counterterror Dilemma."[55] Bergen was Executive Producer of the film.

In 1997, as a producer for CNN, Bergen produced bin Laden's first television interview, in which he declared war against the United States for the first time to a Western audience.[63] In 1994 he won the Overseas Press Club Edward R. Murrow award for best foreign affairs documentary for the CNN program "Kingdom of Cocaine,"[64] which was also nominated for an Emmy.[65]

Bergen co-produced the CNN documentary, Terror Nation, which traced the links between Afghanistan and the bombers who attacked the World Trade Center for the first time in 1993.[66] The documentary, which was shot in Afghanistan during the civil war there and aired in 1994, concluded that the country would be the source of additional anti-Western terrorism.[67] From 1998 to 1999, Bergen worked as a correspondent-producer for CNN.[68] He also produced documentaries on the Clinton administration, the Cali Cartel, the 1994 Republican takeover of Congress, and advances in AIDS research. He was program editor for CNN Impact, a news magazine co-production of CNN and TIME, from 1997 to 1998.[69]

Previously, he worked for CNN Special Assignment as a producer on a wide variety of international and U.S. national stories, including the first televised interview with white supremacist author, William Luther Pierce. From 1985 to 1990 he worked for ABC News in New York. In 1983, he traveled to Pakistan for the first time with two friends to make a documentary about the Afghan refugees fleeing the Soviet invasion of their country. The subsequent documentary, Refugees of Faith, was shown on Channel 4 (UK).

Journalism[]

Bergen has reported on al-Qaeda, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, ISIS and counterterrorism and homeland security for a variety of American newspapers and magazines including The New York Times,[70] the Los Angeles Times,[71] Foreign Affairs,[72] The Washington Post,[73] Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic,[74] Rolling Stone,[75] Time,[76] The Nation,[77] The National Interest,[78] Mother Jones,[79] Newsweek,[80] and Vanity Fair.[81] He is a contributing editor at Foreign Policy[82] and writes a weekly column for CNN.com.[83] His story on extraordinary rendition for Mother Jones was part of a package of stories nominated for a 2008 National Magazine Award.[84] He has also written for newspapers and magazines around the world such as The Guardian,[85] The Times,[86] The Daily Telegraph,[87] International Herald Tribune,[88] Prospect,[89] El Mundo (Spain),[90] La Repubblica,[91] The National (Abu Dhabi),[92] Die Welt,[93] and Der Spiegel.

In 2015, Seymour Hersh criticized Bergen for "view[ing] himself as the trustee of all things Bin Laden."[94] That came after Bergen wrote a piece for CNN.com about Hersh's revisionist account in the London Review of Books about the raid that killed bin Laden. Bergen wrote that Hersh's account was "a farrago of nonsense that is contravened by a multitude of eyewitness accounts, inconvenient facts and simple common sense."[95]

Bergen has appeared as a guest on The Daily Show four times.

Works[]

  • The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. 2021.
  • Trump and His Generals: The Cost of Chaos. New York, NY: Penguin Random House. 2019.
  • United States of Jihad: Investigating America's Homegrown Terrorists. New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group. 2016.
  • Drone Wars: Transforming Conflict, Law, and Policy. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 2014. (Co-editor with Daniel Rothenberg)
  • Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2013. (Co-editor with Katherine Tiedemann)
  • Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden From 9/11 to Abbottabad. New York, NY: Crown. 2012.
  • The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda. New York, NY: Free Press. 2011.
  • The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader. New York, NY: Free Press. 2006.
  • Holy War, Inc. New York, NY: Free Press. 2001.

Congressional testimony[]

Documentaries[]

  • The Longest War, Showtime, 2020. Producer.
  • Bin Laden's Hard Drive, National Geographic, 2020. Producer & Correspondent.
  • Legion of Brothers, CNN Films, 2017. Producer. Nominated for Emmy for Outstanding Politics and Government Documentary.[96]
  • Six, History, 2017 and 2018. Consulting Producer.
  • Road to 9/11, History, 2017. Consultant.
  • "We Got Him": President Obama, Bin Laden, and the Future of the War on Terror, CNN, 2016.[97] Correspondent.
  • Homegrown: The Counterterror Dilemma, HBO, 2016.[98] Executive Producer. Adapted from Bergen's book United States of Jihad.
  • American War Generals, National Geographic, 2014.[99] Executive Producer, Producer, Writer.
  • Manhunt, HBO, 2012.[100] Executive Producer. Won 2013 Emmy for Best Documentary. Based on Bergen's book of the same name.
  • The Last Days of Osama bin Laden, National Geographic, 2011.[101] Correspondent.
  • Mission Ops: Assignment IEDs, Discovery, 2007.[102] Correspondent.
  • In the Footsteps of Osama bin Laden, CNN, 2006.[103] Producer. Nominated for 2006 Emmy for Best News Documentary and named Best Documentary of 2006 by the Society of Professional Journalists.[104] Based on Bergen's book The Osama bin Laden I Know.
  • Al Qaeda 2.0, Discovery, 2003.[105] Correspondent.
  • Blinding Horizon, National Geographic, 2002.[106] Correspondent.
  • Holy War, Inc., National Geographic, 2001.[107] Producer. Nominated for 2001 Emmy for Research. Based on Bergen's book of the same name.
  • Osama bin Laden: Holy Terror? CNN, 1997.[108] Producer.

Awards[]

  • 2018 Emmy Nomination for Outstanding Politics and Government documentary for Legion of Brothers.[96]
  • 2014 Stephen E. Ambrose Oral History Award[109]
  • 2012 Cornelius Ryan Award, Overseas Press Club, for Manhunt. Best non-fiction book on international affairs.[110]
  • 2011 Gold Prize, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, for The Longest War. Best book on the Middle East.[111]
  • 2008 National Magazine Award nomination for a story on extraordinary rendition, which was part of the series "Torture Hits Home" by Mother Jones.
  • 2006 Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Continuing Coverage of a News Story--Long Form for CNN's In the Footsteps of Bin Laden.[112]
  • 2006 Best Documentary, Society of Professional Journalists, for CNN's In the Footsteps of Bin Laden.[113]
  • 2002 Headliner Award for Attacks on America and Their Aftermath as part of CNN's Investigation Team.[114]
  • 2001 Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft: Research for Holy War, Inc., a National Geographic Documentary.[115]
  • 2001 Leonard Silk Journalism Fellowship, Century Foundation, for Holy War, Inc..[116]
  • 2001 Pew Journalist-in-Residence, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University.[117]
  • 1997 Joan Shorenstein Barone award for Washington Reporting.[118]
  • 1997 National Headliner Award for CNN's Democracy in America series.[118]
  • 1997 Livingston Award finalist for CNN's War on the Cocaine Cartel.
  • 1994 Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft: Writers for CNN's Kingdom of Cocaine.[119]
  • 1994 Edward R. Murrow Award, Overseas Press Club, for Kingdom of Cocaine.[120]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "The last word on Bin Laden". Gulf News. 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2014-11-07.[failed verification]
  2. ^ Osama bin Laden Fast Facts. CNN[full citation needed]
  3. ^ The Longest War Amazon
  4. ^ Trump and His Generals Penguin Random House
  5. ^ Books by Peter L. Bergen. Amazon.com
  6. ^ Osama de Cerca. Amazon.com
  7. ^ Ben Laden l'Insaisissable. Amazon.com
  8. ^ Heiliger Krieg Inc. Amazon.com
  9. ^ Holy war (jihad) network. Amazon.com
  10. ^ Menneskejakten. Cappelen Damm
  11. ^ 賓拉登的聖戰工廠. ReadingTimes.com.tw
  12. ^ Holy War Inc. Osama Bin Laden e l'azienda del terrore. Amazon.com
  13. ^ Heilige Oorlog bv. de Bibliotheek Literatuurplein
  14. ^ Osama Bin Laden. Portret z bliska. Ksiegarniaorientalna.pl
  15. ^ Biography. PeterBergen.com. Retrieved 2014-11-19.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b "Donald Thomas Bergen, 78. Services in Albert Lea will be held July 11, 2009, at St. Theodore Catholic Church". Albert Lea Tribune. April 3, 2009.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b Bergen, Peter (September 20, 2015). "Eulogy for Sarah Bergen, delivered by Peter Bergen on September 15, 2015 at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown, Washington DC". peterbergen.com.
  18. ^ [1] LampertLumber.com
  19. ^ Biography & Contact Archived 2013-05-03 at the Wayback Machine, Treshamabile.com
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b Peter Bergen. New America.org
  21. ^ Peter Bergen. ASU.edu
  22. ^ About Us. Archived 2014-12-04 at the Wayback Machine Center on National Security
  23. ^ "Anti-Government Protests in Pakistan" CNNPressRoom
  24. ^ Peter Bergen. Archived 2014-12-08 at the Wayback Machine AspenInstitute.org
  25. ^ Strategic Studies Faculty. Archived 2014-12-27 at the Wayback Machine SAIS-JHU.edu
  26. ^ Aspen Homeland Security Group Members. AspenInstitute.org
  27. ^ Global SOF Foundation Executive Team. GlobalSOFFoundation.org
  28. ^ [2] NewAmerica.org
  29. ^ Al Qaeda Now: Networks, Strategies, Goals. The Center on Law and Security
  30. ^ Peter Bergen. NewRepublic.com
  31. ^ South Asia. Archived 2014-05-30 at the Wayback Machine ForeignPolicy.com
  32. ^ "About Peter Bergen | The AfPak Channel". Afpak.foreignpolicy.com. 2013-03-18. Archived from the original on 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  33. ^ "Books of the Times; How bin Laden Became a Global Celebrity." NYTimes.Com
  34. ^ Book World Holiday Issue. WashingtonPost.com
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b Holiday Guide: Books of the Year, The Washington Post
  36. ^ Journalists-in-Residence. International Reporting Project at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
  37. ^ February 06, 2011. Hardcover Nonfiction. NYT.com
  38. ^ "The Longest War By Peter Bergen - review." TheGuardian.com
  39. ^ The Essential War on Terror Books. Newsweek.com
  40. ^ Book Prize. WashingtonInstitute.org
  41. ^ The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda. Amazon.com
  42. ^ 2011 Best of Nonfiction: Current Affairs. KirkusReviews.com
  43. ^ FP's Favorite Reads of 2011. ForeignPolicy.com
  44. ^ May 20, 2012 Hardcover Non-Fiction. NYTimes.com
  45. ^ Bin Laden's End, From the Beginning. The New York Times
  46. ^ Best of 2012: 50 notable works of nonfiction. WashingtonPost.com
  47. ^ Jason Burke: the key books on Muslim extremism. The Guardian
  48. ^ Cornelius Ryan Award. OPCofAmerica.org
  49. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Manhunt. HBO Documentaries
  50. ^ Jump up to: a b Manhunt: The Inside Story of the Hunt for bin Laden. Emmys.com
  51. ^ "Rutgers' Stephen E. Ambrose Oral History Award Goes to Peter L. Bergen, Journalist Who Produced Famous CNN Interview with Osama bin Laden." Rutgers.edu
  52. ^ Talibanistan. Global.OUP.com
  53. ^ Drone Wars. Cambridge.org
  54. ^ Bergen, Peter (2 February 2016). United States of Jihad: Investigating America's Homegrown Terrorists. Crown. ISBN 978-0804139540.
  55. ^ Jump up to: a b Homegrown. HBO Documentaries
  56. ^ An Inside Look at Trump's Foreign Policy: 'This is literally insane' The Washington Post
  57. ^ Q&A With Peter Bergen. NationalGeographic.com
  58. ^ Anti-Government Protests in Pakistan. CNN.com
  59. ^ "Filmmaker Peter Bergen to Discuss National Geographic Documentary on War." Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication. 2014-08-28. Retrieved 2014-11-19.
  60. ^ Harvey, Dennis (25 January 2017). "Sundance Film Review: 'Legion of Brothers'". variety.com.
  61. ^ "Nominees for the 39th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards"
  62. ^ "ANDERSON COOPER 360° SPECIAL WE GOT HIM: PRESIDENT OBAMA, BIN LADEN AND THE FUTURE OF THE WAR ON TERROR" CNN.com
  63. ^ Osama bin Laden Fast Facts. CNN.com
  64. ^ OPC Awards Current Recipients. OPCofAmerica.org
  65. ^ "HBO Leads the Pack with 89 CableACE Nominations..." LATimes.com
  66. ^ CNN Presents: Terror Nation? U.S. Creation? IMDB.com
  67. ^ TV REVIEWS: Did U.S. Create Terror Monster. LATimes.com
  68. ^ "Osama bin Laden's 'holy war' began years ago." CNN.com
  69. ^ "Impact: CNN & TIME on Special Assignment." CNN.com
  70. ^ Warrior in Chief. NYTimes.com
  71. ^ The war on poppies. LATimes.com
  72. ^ Washington's Phantom War. ForeignAffairs.com
  73. ^ Al Qaeda, Still in Business. WashingtonPost.com
  74. ^ The Drone Wars. TheAtlantic.com
  75. ^ The Shadow Warrior: Jack Idema. RollingStone.com
  76. ^ The Last Days of Osama bin Laden. Time.com
  77. ^ Beware the Holy War. TheNation.com
  78. ^ Could it Happen Again? NationalInterest.org
  79. ^ Exclusive: I Was Kidnapped by the CIA. MotherJones.com
  80. ^ Why Osama bin Laden Still Matters. Newsweek.com
  81. ^ Bin Laden's Lonely Crusade. VanityFair.com
  82. ^ Peter Bergen. ForeignPolicy.com
  83. ^ Peter Bergen: Commentaries. CNN.com
  84. ^ Exclusive: I Was Kidnapped By The CIA, Mother Jones
  85. ^ This link between Islamist zealot and secular fascist just doesn't add up. The Guardian.
  86. ^ We've found Bin Laden - now how are we going to kill him? TheSundayTimes.co.uk
  87. ^ Osama bin Laden: Softly-spoken but focused, he railed against the 'tyranny of America'. Telegraph.co.uk
  88. ^ What Osama wants - Opinion - International Herald Tribune NYTimes.com
  89. ^ Mowing the lawn. ProspectMagazine.co.uk
  90. ^ Osama bin Laden, el fugitivo mas buscado del mundo, celebra su 50 cumpleanos. ElMundo.es
  91. ^ La sfida a Bin Laden si sposta sul web. Repubblica.it
  92. ^ Survey says: Stop backing Musharraf. TheNational.ae
  93. ^ Al-Qaida hat bei Gotteskriegern ein Imageproblem. Welt.de
  94. ^ Chotiner, Isaac (13 May 2015). "'I am not backing off anything I said': an interview with Seymour Hersh". Slate. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  95. ^ "Was there a cover-up in bin Laden killing?" CNN.com
  96. ^ Jump up to: a b Nominations for 39th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards
  97. ^ [3] CNN
  98. ^ Homegrown: The Counter-Terror Dilemma HBO Documentaries
  99. ^ 'American War Generals' a sobering reflection on U.S. failures in Iraq MilitaryTimes.com
  100. ^ A Sisterhood Against Terror NYTimes.com
  101. ^ The Last Days of Osama bin Laden NatGeoTV.com
  102. ^ Simple, deadly terror of IEDs LATimes.com
  103. ^ A Mastermind of Terror And a Master of Allure NYTimes.com
  104. ^ "SPJ Announces the 2006 Sigma Delta Chi Award Winners" Society of Professional Journalists
  105. ^ How a Nightmare Began and Might Continue NYTimes.com
  106. ^ Blinding Horizon Australian Broadcasting Corporation
  107. ^ Holy War, Inc. Turner Classic Movies
  108. ^ [4] CNN
  109. ^ [5] Rutgers University Press Release[not specific enough to verify]
  110. ^ [6] GoodReads.com
  111. ^ [7] WINEP Press Release
  112. ^ [8][permanent dead link] 28th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Award nominations
  113. ^ [9] Society of Professional Journalists Award Winners for 2006
  114. ^ [10] 2002 TV/Radio Headliner Awards
  115. ^ [11] 23rd Annual News & Documentary Emmy Award nominations
  116. ^ "Transcript - Osama Bin Laden - International Politics". Scribd.
  117. ^ "Washingtonpost.com: Live Online". www.washingtonpost.com.
  118. ^ Jump up to: a b "Bergen, Peter L. 1962- (Peter Lampert Bergen) - Dictionary definition of Bergen, Peter L. 1962- (Peter Lampert Bergen) - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com.
  119. ^ [12] 16th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Award nominations
  120. ^ [13] CNN Bio

External links[]

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