Philip the Good

Philip the Good
Philip, wearing the collar of firesteels of the Order of the Golden Fleece he instituted, copy of a Rogier van der Weyden of c. 1450
Duke of Burgundy
Reign	10 September 1419 – 15 June 1467
Predecessor	John the Fearless
Successor	Charles the Bold
Born	31 July 1396 Dijon, Duchy of Burgundy
Died	15 June 1467(1467-06-15) (aged 70) Bruges, Flanders, Burgundian Netherlands
Burial	Dijon, Burgundy
Spouse	Michelle of Valois ​ ​ (m. 1409; died 1422)​ Bonne of Artois ​ ​ (m. 1424; died 1425)​ Isabella of Portugal ​ ​ (m. 1430)​
Issue among others	Anthony, bastard of Burgundy David of Burgundy Charles the Bold Anne of Burgundy
House	Valois-Burgundy
Father	John the Fearless
Mother	Margaret of Bavaria
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Philip the Good (French: Philippe le Bon; Dutch: Filips de Goede; 31 July 1396 – 15 June 1467) was Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until his death. He was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty, to which all 15th-century kings of France belonged. During his reign, the Burgundian State reached the apex of its prosperity and prestige, and became a leading centre of the arts. Philip is known in history for his administrative reforms, his patronage of Flemish artists such as van Eyck and Franco-Flemish composers such as Guillaume Du Fay, and the capture of Joan of Arc and turning her over to the English, who tried and executed her. In political affairs, he alternated between alliances with the English and the French in an attempt to improve his dynasty's powerbase. Additionally, as ruler of Flanders, Brabant, Limburg, Artois, Hainaut, Holland, Luxembourg, Zeeland, Friesland and Namur, he played an important role in the history of the Low Countries.

Family[]

Born in 1396 in Dijon, Philip was the son of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria.^[1] His father succeeded Philip's grandfather Philip the Bold as Duke of Burgundy in 1404.^[2] On 28 January 1405, Philip was named Count of Charolais in appanage of the duke and probably became engaged on the same day, at the age of 8, to Michelle of Valois, a daughter of King Charles VI of France. They were married in June 1409.^[3]

After Michelle's death in 1422, Philip married Bonne of Artois,^[3] a daughter of Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, and also the widow of his uncle, Philip II, Count of Nevers, in Moulins-les-Engelbert on 30 November 1424. Bonne of Artois is sometimes confused with Philip's biological aunt, also named Bonne (a sister of John the Fearless who lived from 1379 to 1399), in part due to the papal dispensation required for the marriage, which made no distinction between a marital aunt and a biological aunt. Bonne of Artois lived only a year after Philip married her.

Philip was married for a third time to Isabella of Portugal, a daughter of John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster, in Bruges on 7 January 1430,^[4] after a proxy marriage the year before. This marriage produced three sons:^[5]

• Anthony (30 September 1430, Brussels – 5 February 1432, Brussels), Count of Charolais;
• Josse (24 April 1432 – aft. 6 May 1432), Count of Charolais;
• Charles (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), Philip's successor as Duke of Burgundy, known as "Charles the Bold". ^[4]

Philip also had at least eighteen illegitimate children by 24 documented mistresses, of whom these are the best known:

• Corneille of Burgundy (c. 1420 – 1452), captain-general/governor of Luxembourg,^[6] killed in the Battle of Bazel (1452);
• Anthony, bastard of Burgundy (1421–1504), lord of La Roche, Sainte-Menehould, Guînes, Lord of Crèvecoeur and Beveren;
• David of Burgundy (c. 1427 – 1496),^[7] bishop of Therouanne and bishop of Utrecht,^[8] a fine amateur artist, and the subject of a biography in 1529;
• Anne of Burgundy (c. 1435 – 1508), governess of Mary of Burgundy, married Adrian of Borssele and later Adolph of Cleves, Lord of Ravenstein;
• Raphaël of Burgundy, also called Raphaël de Marcatellis (c. 1437 – 1508), abbot of the Saint-Bavo Abbey in Ghent and the Saint-Peter Abbey in Oudenburg;
• Baldwin of Burgundy (c. 1446 – 1508), Lord of Fallais, Peer, Boudour, Sint-Annaland, Lovendegem, Zomergem en Fromont;
• Philip of Burgundy (1464–1524), Bishop of Utrecht.

Corneille and Anthony were his favourite bastard sons and successively bore the title Grand bâtard de Bourgogne (first Corneille and after his death, Anthony).

Early rule and alliance with England[]

Philip became duke of Burgundy and count of Flanders, Artois and Franche-Comté upon the assassination of John the Fearless, his father, in 1419.^[9] Philip accused Charles, the Dauphin of France and Philip's brother-in-law, of planning the murder, which took place during a meeting between John and Charles at Montereau. Because of this, he continued to prosecute the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, which in turn became entangled in the larger Hundred Years' War. In 1420, Philip allied himself with Henry V of England under the Treaty of Troyes. In 1423, the marriage of Philip's sister Anne to John, Duke of Bedford, regent for Henry VI of England, strengthened the English alliance.^{[citation needed]}

On 23 May 1430, Philip's troops under the Count of Ligny captured Joan of Arc at Compiègne^[10] and later sold her to the English,^[11] who orchestrated a heresy trial against her conducted by pro-Burgundian clerics. Despite this action against Joan of Arc, Philip's alliance with England was broken in 1435 when he signed the Treaty of Arras, which completely revoked the Treaty of Troyes and recognised Charles VII as king of France. Philip signed the treaty for a variety of reasons, one of which may have been a desire to be recognised as the preeminent duke in France.

This action would prove a poor decision in the long term; Charles VII and his successors saw the Burgundian State as a serious impediment to the expansion of royal authority in France, and for this reason they would permanently try to undermine Burgundy, so as to subordinate it to French sovereignty.^[12] Philip's defection to the French would prove not only catastrophic to the dual monarchy of England and France, but to his own domains as well, subordinating them to a powerful centralised Valois monarchy.

He then attacked Calais, a strategic possession of the English, but the alliance with Charles was broken in 1439. Philip supported the revolt of the French nobles the following year (an event known as the Praguerie) and offered shelter to the Dauphin Louis, who had rebelled against his father Charles VII.^{[citation needed]}

Geographic expansion[]

Philip was generally preoccupied with matters in his own territories and was seldom involved directly in the Hundred Years' War between England and France, although he did play a role during a number of periods, such as the campaign against Compiègne during which his troops captured Joan of Arc. He incorporated Namur into Burgundian territory in 1429 (by purchase, from John III, Marquis of Namur) and Hainault and Holland, Friesland and Zeeland in 1432 with the defeat of Jacqueline, Countess of Hainault, in the last episode of the Hook and Cod wars. He inherited the Duchies of Brabant and Limburg and the Margraviate of Antwerp in 1430 on the death of his cousin Philip of Saint-Pol and purchased Luxembourg in 1443 from Elisabeth of Bohemia, Duchess of Luxembourg.

In 1456, Philip also managed to ensure his illegitimate son David was elected Bishop of Utrecht and his nephew Louis de Bourbon elected Prince-Bishop of Liège. It is not surprising that in 1435 Philip began to style himself the "Grand Duke of the West".

In 1463, Philip gave up some of his territory to Louis XI of France. That year he also created an Estates-General for the Netherlands based on the French model. The first meeting of the Estates-General was to obtain a loan for a war against France and to ensure support for the succession of his son Charles I to his now vast dominions. In 1465 and 1467, Philip crushed two rebellions in Liège before dying a few weeks later after the latter insurrection.

Court life and patron of the arts[]

Rogier van der Weyden miniature 1447–48. Philip dresses his best, in an extravagant chaperon, to be presented with a History of Hainault by the author, Jean Wauquelin, flanked by his son Charles and his chancellor Nicolas Rolin.

Philip's court can only be described as extravagant. Despite the flourishing bourgeois culture of Burgundy, with which the ducal court kept in close touch, he and the aristocrats who formed most of his inner circle retained a world-view dominated by the ideas and traditions of chivalry. He declined membership in the Order of the Garter in 1422, which would have been considered an act of treason against the king of France, his feudal overlord. Instead, he created his own Order of the Golden Fleece, based on the Knights of the Round Table and the myth of Jason, in 1430. In time his order would become the most prestigious and historic of all knightly orders of chivalry in all of Europe.

Philip had no fixed capital (seat of government) and moved the court between various palaces, the main urban ones being in Brussels, Bruges, and Lille. He held grand feasts and other festivities, and the knights of his Order frequently travelled throughout his territory to participate in tournaments. In 1454, Philip planned a crusade against the Ottoman Empire, launching it at the Feast of the Pheasant, but this plan never materialized. In a period from 1444 to 1446, he is estimated to have spent a sum equivalent to 2% of Burgundy's main income in the recette génerale, with a single Italian supplier of silk and cloth of gold, Giovanni di Arrigo Arnolfini.^[13]

Portrait of Isabella of Portugal from the workshop of Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1445–1450

Philip's court was regarded as the most splendid in Europe by his contemporaries, and it became the accepted leader of taste and fashion, which probably helped the Burgundian economy considerably, as Burgundian (usually Flemish) luxury products became sought by the elites across Europe. During his reign, for example, the richest English commissioners of illuminated manuscripts moved away from English and Parisian products to those of the Netherlands, as did other foreign buyers. Philip himself is estimated to have added six hundred manuscripts to the ducal collection, making him by a considerable margin the most important literary patron of the period.^[14] Jean Miélot, one of his secretaries, translated into French such works as Giovanni Boccaccio's Genealogia Deorum Gentilium which is good example of the sophistication of Philip's court.

Philip was also a considerable patron of other arts, aside from literature. He commissioned many tapestries (which he tended to prefer over oil paintings), pieces from goldsmiths, jewellery, and other works of art, including numerous mechanical automata and fountains at the Chauteau of Hesdin.^[15]It was also during his reign that the Burgundian chapel became the musical centre of Europe, with the activity of the Burgundian School of composers and singers. Esteemed composers such as Gilles Binchois, Robert Morton, and later Guillaume Dufay were all part of Philip's court chapel.

In 1428, van Eyck travelled to Portugal to paint a portrait of the daughter of King John I, the Infanta Isabella, personally for Philip in advance of their marriage. With help from more experienced Portuguese shipbuilders, Philip established a shipyard in Bruges, which helped commerce flourish.

Rogier van der Weyden painted his portrait twice on panel, of which only copies survive, wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The only original van der Weyden of Philip to survive is a superb miniature from a manuscript (above right).^[14] The painter Hugo van der Goes of the Early Netherlandish school is credited with creating paintings for the church where Philip's funeral was held.

Honours[]

•  Burgundian State : 1st Grand Master and Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece
•  Kingdom of France – Duchy of Orléans : Knight of the Order of the Porcupine

Refused honours[]

•  Kingdom of England : Order of the Garter

See also[]

• Dukes of Burgundy family tree

References[]

Sources[]

• Blockmans, W.; Prevenier, W. (1999). Edward Peters (ed.). The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530. Translated by Elizabeth Fackelman. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1382-9.
• Campbell, Lorne (1998). National Gallery Catalogues: The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Schools. National Gallery company. ISBN 978-1-85709-171-7.
• Gillespie, Alexander (24 August 2017). The Causes of War, Volume 3: 1400 CE to 1650 CE. Hart Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84946-646-2.
• Kren, Thomas; McKendrick, Scot, eds. (2003). Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe. J. Paul Getty Museum; Royal Academy of Arts. ISBN 978-1-903973-28-8.
• Putnam, Ruth (1908). Charles the Bold, last Duke of Burgundy, 1433–1477. G. P. Putnam's Sons. LCCN 08006627. OCLC 671311.
• Vale, M. (1 October 1974). Charles VII. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02787-9.
• Vaughan, Richard (2004). Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-917-1.
• Vaughan, Richard (2005). John the Fearless: The Growth of Burgundian Power. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-916-4.

Further reading[]

• Kurth, Godefroid (1908). "Burgundy" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 03. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Poupardin, René (1911). "Philip the Good" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 387–388.
• Vaughan, R. (20 July 1998). "Philip III, duke of Burgundy". Britannica.com.
• Wagner, J. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War (PDF). Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32736-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2018.

External links[]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Burgundy.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philip III Duke of Burgundy.

• Brief Profile – Contains a short biography of Philip, from "The Best of Dijon".
• "Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, (The Good)", eHistory, archived from the original on 17 July 2012 – Short sketch of the Duke's life.
• Joan of Arc's First Letter to Philip – Mention of a letter dictated by Joan of Arc to Duke Philip in June 1429, translated by Allen Williamson.
• Joan of Arc's Second Letter to Philip – Translation by Allen Williamson of a letter dictated by Joan of Arc to Duke Philip on 17 July 1429.
• Philip III – Article from the Web Gallery of Art.