Philosophy, politics and economics
Philosophy, politics and economics, or politics, philosophy and economics (PPE), is an interdisciplinary undergraduate or postgraduate degree which combines study from three disciplines. The first institution to offer degrees in PPE was the University of Oxford in the 1920s. This particular course has produced a significant number of notable graduates such as Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese politician and State Counsellor of Myanmar, Nobel Peace Prize winner; Princess Haya bint Hussein daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan and wife of the ruler of Dubai; Christopher Hitchens, the British–American author and journalist;[1][2] Oscar winning writer and director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck; Philippa Foot and Michael Dummett, British philosophers; Harold Wilson, Edward Heath and David Cameron, former Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom; Hugh Gaitskell, William Hague and Ed Miliband, former Leaders of the Opposition; former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto and current Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan; and Malcolm Fraser, Bob Hawke and Tony Abbott, former Prime Ministers of Australia.[3][4] The course received fresh attention in 2017, when Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai earned a place.[5][6]
In the 1980s, the University of York went on to establish its own PPE degree based upon the Oxford model; King's College London, the University of Warwick, the University of Manchester, and other British universities later followed. According to the BBC, the Oxford PPE "dominate[s] public life" (in the UK).[7] It is now offered at several other leading colleges and universities around the world. More recently Warwick University and King’s College added a new degree under the name of PPL (Politics, Philosophy and Law) with the aim to bring an alternative to the more classical PPE degrees. In the United States, it is offered by three Ivy League universities – the University of Pennsylvania, Yale University (under the designation Ethics, Politics and Economics), and Dartmouth College.[8] In 2020, in addition to its undergraduate degree programs in PPE, Virginia Tech established a research center for PPE.[9][10] In Asia, Tsinghua University, NUS, Tel-Aviv University and Ashoka University are among those that have PPE or similar programs.[11][12][13][14]
History[]
Philosophy, politics and economics was established as a degree course at the University of Oxford in the 1920s,[15] as a modern alternative to classics (known as "literae humaniores" or "greats" at Oxford) because it was thought as a more modern alternative for those entering the civil service. It was thus initially known as "modern greats".[7][16] The first PPE students commenced their course in the autumn of 1921.[4] The regulation by which it was established is Statt. Tit. VI. Sect. 1 C; "the subject of the Honour School of Philosophy, Politics, and Economics shall be the study of the structure, and the philosophical and economic principles, of Modern Society."[17] Initially it was compulsory to study all three subjects for all three years of the course, but in 1970 this requirement was relaxed, and since then students have been able to drop one subject after the first year – most do this, but a minority continue with all three.[4]
During the 1960s some students started to critique the course from a left-wing perspective, culminating in the publication of a pamphlet, The Poverty of PPE, in 1968, written by Trevor Pateman, who argued that it "gives no training in scholarship, only refining to a high degree of perfection the ability to write short dilettantish essays on the basis of very little knowledge: ideal training for the social engineer". The pamphlet advocated incorporating the study of sociology, anthropology and art, and to take on the aim of "assist(ing) the radicalisation and mobilisation of political opinion outside the university". In response, some minor changes were made, with influential leftist writers such as Frantz Fanon and Régis Debray being added to politics reading lists, but the core of the programme remained the same.[4]
Christopher Stray has pointed to the course as one reason for the gradual decline of the study of classics, as classicists in political life began to be edged out by those who had studied the modern greats.[18]
Dario Castiglione and Iain Hampsher-Monk have described the course as being fundamental to the development of political thought in the UK, since it established a connection between politics and philosophy. Previously at Oxford, and for some time subsequently at Cambridge, politics had been taught only as a branch of modern history.[19]
Course material[]
The programme is rooted in the view that to understand social phenomena one must approach them from several complementary disciplinary directions and analytical frameworks. In this regard, the study of philosophy is considered important because it both equips students with meta-tools such as the ability to reason rigorously and logically, and facilitates ethical reflection. The study of politics is considered necessary because it acquaints students with the institutions that govern society and help solve collective action problems. Finally, studying economics is seen as vital in the modern world because political decisions often concern economic matters, and government decisions are often influenced by economic events. The vast majority of students at Oxford drop one of the three subjects for the second and third years of their course. Oxford now has more than 600 undergraduates studying the subject, admitting over 200 each year.[20]
Academic opinions[]
Oxford PPE graduate Nick Cohen and former tutor Iain McLean consider the course's breadth important to its appeal, especially "because British society values generalists over specialists". Academic and Labour peer Maurice Glasman noted that "PPE combines the status of an elite university degree – PPE is the ultimate form of being good at school – with the stamp of a vocational course. It is perfect training for cabinet membership, and it gives you a view of life". However he also noted that it had an orientation towards consensus politics and technocracy.[4]
Geoffrey Evans, an Oxford fellow in politics and a senior tutor, critiques that the Oxford course's success and consequent over-demand is a self-perpetuating feature of those in front of and behind the scenes in national administration, in stating "all in all, it's how the class system works". In the current economic system he bemoans the unavoidable inequalities besetting admissions and thereby enviable recruitment prospects of successful graduates. The argument itself intended as a paternalistic ethical reflection on how governments and peoples can perpetuate social stratification.[7]
Stewart Wood, a former adviser to Ed Miliband who studied PPE at Oxford in the 1980s and taught politics there in the 1990s and 2000s, acknowledged that the programme has been slow to catch up with contemporary political developments, saying that "it does still feel like a course for people who are going to run the Raj in 1936... In the politics part of PPE, you can go three years without discussing a single contemporary public policy issue". He also stated that the structure of the course gave it a centrist bias, due to the range of material covered: "...most students think, mistakenly, that the only way to do it justice is to take a centre position".[4]
List of offering universities[]
United Kingdom[]
- Birkbeck, University of London[21]
- Durham University[22]
- Goldsmiths, University of London[23]
- Keele University
- King's College London[24]
- Kingston University[25]
- Lancaster University[26]
- London School of Economics[27]
- The Open University[28]
- Queen's University Belfast[29]
- Royal Holloway, University of London[30]
- Swansea University[31]
- University College London[32]
- University of Aberdeen[33]
- University of Buckingham[34]
- New College of the Humanities at Northeastern[35]
- University of East Anglia[36]
- University of Edinburgh
- University of Essex[37]
- University of Exeter[38]
- University of the Highlands and Islands
- University of Hull[39]
- University of Leeds[40]
- University of Liverpool[41]
- University of Loughborough[42]
- University of Manchester[43]
- University of Nottingham
- University of Oxford[44]
- University of Reading
- University of Southampton[45]
- University of Stirling[46]
- University of Sussex[47]
- University of Warwick[48]
- University of Winchester[49]
- University of York[50]
Ireland[]
- National University of Ireland, Maynooth[51]
- UCD, National University of Ireland
- Trinity College, The University of Dublin
North America[]
Canada[]
- Mount Allison University[52]
- Queen's University[53]
- The King's University[54]
- University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus)[55]
- University of Regina[56]
- University of Western Ontario[57][58]
- Wilfrid Laurier University[59]
United States[]
- Austin College[60]
- Binghamton University[61] (under the designation of "PPL" - replacing economics with law)
- Bowling Green State University[62] (under the designation of "PPEL" - with law)
- Boyce College[63]
- Carnegie Mellon University[64] (under the designation "Ethics, History, and Public Policy", abbreviated "EHPP")
- Carroll University[65]
- Claremont McKenna College[66]
- Criswell College[67]
- Dartmouth College[68] (under the modified major of "Politics, Philosophy, and the Economy")
- Denison University[69]
- Drexel University[70]
- Duke University[71] (certificate)
- Eastern Oregon University[72][73]
- Emory & Henry College[74]
- George Mason University[75]
- Georgia State University[76]
- Juniata College[77]
- The King's College (New York)[78]
- La Salle University[79]
- Mercer University[80]
- Minnesota State University, Mankato[81]
- Mount St. Mary's University[82]
- Murphy Institute[83] (Tulane University, under the designation "Political Economy")
- Northeastern University[84]
- The Ohio State University[85]
- Pomona College[86]
- Rutgers University–New Brunswick (certificate)
- Seattle Pacific University[87]
- Suffolk University[88]
- Taylor University[89]
- Transylvania University[90]
- University of Akron[91]
- University of Alabama at Birmingham[92] (as a concentration of an Economics degree) [93]
- The University of Arizona[94] (under the designation "PPEL" - with law)
- The University at Buffalo[95]
- The University of Iowa[96] (under the designation "Ethics & Public Policy")
- The University of Maryland
- The University of Michigan[97] (honors program)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (minor)[98]
- University of Notre Dame[99] (minor)
- University of Pennsylvania[100]
- University of Pittsburgh[101]
- University of Richmond[102] (under the designation "PPEL" - with law)[103]
- University of Virginia[104] (under the designation "PPL" - replacing economics with law)
- University of Washington Bothell[105] (under the designation "Law, Economics & Public Policy", abbreviated "LEPP")
- University of Washington Tacoma[106]
- University of Wisconsin[107] Political Economy, Politics and Philosophy (certificate program)
- Virginia Tech[108] (offers both a major and a minor in PPE)
- Wabash College[109]
- Wesleyan University[110] (under the designation "College of Social Studies")
- Western Washington University[111]
- Wheeling Jesuit University[112] (under the designation "political and economic philosophy")
- Xavier University (under the designation "Philosophy, Politics, and the Public", abbreviated "PPP")[113]
- Yale University (under the designation "ethics, politics and economics", abbreviated "EP&E")[114]
Africa[]
- Stellenbosch University[115]
- Obafemi Awolowo University,[116] Nigeria
- University of Cape Town[117]
- University of KwaZulu-Natal[118]
- University of South Africa[119]
- University of Johannesburg[120]
- University of Witwatersrand[121]
- Afe Babalola University,[122] Nigeria
- University of Pretoria[123]
Oceania[]
- Australian National University[124]
- La Trobe University[125]
- University of Adelaide[126]
- University of New South Wales[127]
- University of Otago[128]
- University of Queensland[129]
- University of Technology, Sydney[130]
- University of Western Australia[131]
- University of Wollongong
- Victoria University of Wellington[132]
- Murdoch University[133] (appears as a unit in Philosophy (BA) or Ethics minor)
- Monash University[134]
Continental Europe[]
- Bifröst University, Iceland[135]
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Italy (under the designation of "Philosophy, International Studies and Economics" abbreviated "PISE", more recently “Philosophy, International and Economic Studies”)
- CEVRO Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
- Central European University, Vienna, Austria
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, BA & MA programs[136]
- Charles III University of Madrid,[137] Autonomous University of Madrid, Autonomous University of Barcelona and Pompeu Fabra University[138] (alliance of four universities), Spain
- Ankara University, Turkey (Politics and Economics, still abbreviated as PPE)[139]
- Francisco de Vitoria University, Spain[140]
- Free University of Bolzano, Italy
- Leiden University, Netherlands[141]
- Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, Rome (Italy)[142]
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany[143]
- Lund University, Sweden[144]
- National Research University – Higher School of Economics, (Masters in Politics, Economics, Philosophy), Moscow, Russia
- Sciences Po, France
- Stockholm University, Sweden
- UCLouvain, Belgium[145]
- Ukrainian Catholic University, Lviv, Ukraine (under the designation "Ethics. Politics. Economics", abbreviated "EPE")
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain [146]
- University of Navarra, Spain [147]
- University of Amsterdam, Netherlands under the designation: PPLE, Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics [148]
- University of Bayreuth, Germany[149]
- University of Bern, Switzerland (under the designation of MA "political, legal and economic philosophy" abbreviated "PLEP")[150]
- University of Deusto, Basque Country,[151]
- Ramon Llull University, Barcelona,[152]
- Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid[153] (joint degree), Spain
- University of Düsseldorf, Germany
- University of Vienna, Austria (MA Philosophy and Economics)
- University of Salzburg, Austria
- University of Graz, Austria (under the designation of MA "political, economic and legal philosophy" abbreviated "PELP")[154]
- University of Hamburg, Germany (under the designation of M.Sc. "politics, economics and philosophy" abbreviated "PEP")[155]
- University of Lucerne, Switzerland[156]
- University of Milano, Italy ( BA International Politics, Law, and Economics, MA Politics, Philosophy, and Public Affairs ) [157][158]
- Utrecht University, Netherlands (Philosophy, Politics and Economics BSc)
- University of Tromsø, Norway [159]
- VU University Amsterdam,[160] Netherlands
- Witten/Herdecke University (bachelor and master), Germany[161]
- University of Zurich, Switzerland (under the designation of MA "economic and political philosophy")[162]
Asia[]
- Tsinghua University, China
- Peking University,[163] China
- Renmin University of China,[164] China
- Beijing Normal University, China
- Nankai University, China
- Wuhan University, China
- Shandong University, China
- Inner Mongolia University, China
- Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, China
- Seoul National University, S. Korea
- Korea University, S. Korea
- Sogang University, S. Korea
- Hanyang University[165] (under the designation "PPEL" - with law), S. Korea
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Tel Aviv University (under the designation "PPEL" - with law), Israel
- Rangsit University, Thailand
- Thammasat University, Thailand
- Waseda University,[166] Japan
- Yale-NUS, Singapore[167]
- National University of Singapore, Singapore[168]
- Lucknow University, Lucknow, India
- Amity University, Noida, India[169]
- Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, India
- Ashoka University, India
- Asian University for Women, Bangladesh
Latin America[]
- Universidad Torcuato Di Tella (under the designation "Ciencia Sociales, Orientación en Política y Economía"), Argentina
- Universidad Metropolitana (under the designation "Estudios Liberales"), Venezuela
See also[]
- Literae Humaniores
- Philosophy and economics
- List of University of Oxford people with PPE degrees
References[]
- ^ 'Hitchens, Christopher Eric', Who's Who; 2012, A & C Black, 2012; online edn, Oxford University Press, December 2012 ; online edn, January 2012 accessed 5 December 2014
- ^ "Christopher Hitchens - On C-SPAN discussing his book 'For the Sake of Argument'[1993]". C-SPAN.
- ^ Kenny, Mark (November 25, 2013). "Tony Abbott's Oxford transcript released". Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Beckett, Andy (23 February 2017). "PPE: the Oxford degree that runs Britain". theguardian.com. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ "A level results: Malala Yousafzai gets a place at Oxford". BBC News. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
- ^ "Malala Yousafzai gets into Oxford to study PPE after collecting A Level results". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Kelly, Jon (2010-08-31). "Why does PPE rule Britain?". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
- ^ "Major/Minor". Department of Government. 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
- ^ "Virginia Tech Announces Center for PPE".
- ^ "New center for philosophy, politics, and economics named for Virginia Tech alumnus". www.vtnews.vt.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
- ^ https://www.xyc.tsinghua.edu.cn/rcpy/kxkjczy.htm
- ^ https://fass.nus.edu.sg/ppe/discoverppe/
- ^ https://humanities.tau.ac.il/pakam/candidates-info/info
- ^ https://www.ashoka.edu.in/economics/ppe
- ^ [1] Archived 2009-08-30 at the Wayback Machine "Balliol was the birthplace of the modern degree of PPE in the 1920s. A. D. Lindsay, who subsequently became the master of the college, played a key role in the establishment of the degree and Balliol has long remained a major college for the study of PPE, and PPE has long been a major subject within Balliol."
- ^ "History of Philosophy at Oxford – Faculty of Philosophy". Philosophy.ox.ac.uk. 2009-11-19. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ University of Oxford (1926) The Examination Statutes. together with the regulations of the boards of studies and boards of faculties for the academical year 1926-1927. Oxford: Clarendon Press; pp. 149=54
- ^ Christopher Stray, Classics Transformed: Schools, Universities, and Society in England, 1830–1960. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. Pp. xiv, 336. ISBN 0-19-815013-X.
- ^ Dario Castiglione and Iain Hampsher-Monk, The History of Political Thought in National Context. Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-78234-1
- ^ "Why Study PPE at Oxford?". ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
- ^ "MSc. Politics, Philosophy and Economics - Birkbeck, University of London". Bbk.ac.uk. 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics - Durham University". Dur.ac.uk. 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- ^ "BA (Hons) Politics, Philosophy & Economics, Goldsmiths, University of London". gold.ac.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
- ^ "King's College London - Upcoming Programmes 2015/16". kcl.ac.uk.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, Economics MA". kingston.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics BA Hons". Lancaster University. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ "BSc Philosophy, Politics and Economics (Four Year Programme)". lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-11-02.
- ^ Q45 - BA (Honours) Politics, Philosophy and Economics - Open University Degree. .open.ac.uk (2012-10-16). Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
- ^ "Queen's University Belfast | BA Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE)". Qub.ac.uk. 2010-03-03. Archived from the original on 2010-01-26. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "BA/BSc Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE)". Rhul.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
- ^ [2] Archived December 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics BSc". ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-10-05. Retrieved 2014-11-02.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics, MA". abdn.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
- ^ "BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics PPE". Retrieved 2019-11-14.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics & Economics BA (Hons) (Politics major)". Retrieved 2020-03-17.
- ^ "Course: Philosophy, Politics and Economics (U1L0V0301)" (PDF). Uea.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
- ^ "University of Essex :: Course Finder :: BA Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Essex.ac.uk. 2010-05-14. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "BA Politics, Philosophy and Economics". BA Politics, Philosophy and Economics. exeter.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ^ "BA (Hons) Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE)". University of Hull. Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
- ^ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics (3 Years) [BA]". leeds.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
- ^ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics (3 Years) [BA]". liverpool.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
- ^ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics (3 Years) [BA]". Loughborough.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
- ^ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics (3 Years) [BA]". Manchester.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2014-11-02.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics – University of Oxford". Ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "University of Southampton - BA Philosophy, Politics and Economics with Year Abroad (4 years)". Retrieved 2018-09-12.
- ^ "Study Politics, Philosophy and Economics: PPE BA Degree at University- Undergraduate Courses – Politics, Philosophy and Economics: PPE – University of Stirling". stir.ac.uk.
- ^ "Sussex PPE". sussex.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics (Full-Time)". www2.warwick.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-11-02.
- ^ Winchester, University of. "BA (Hons) Philosophy, Politics and Economics - University of Winchester". University of Winchester.
- ^ "The PEP School at York". York.ac.uk. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics". Philosophy NUIM. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
- ^ "Mount Allison University - Philosophy, Politics, and Economics". www.mta.ca. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
- ^ "PHILOSOPHY, POLITICS & ECONOMICS SPECIALIZATION - Faculty of Arts & Science". queensu.ca. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
- ^ "Politics - History - Economics". www.kingsu.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) – Bachelor of Arts Programs – Faculty of Arts and Sciences – Faculties, Schools, and Colleges – Okanagan Calendar 2010/11 – UBC Student Services". Okanagan.students.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics Program (PPE) - Faculty of Arts - University of Regina". www.uregina.ca. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
- ^ "HONORS SPECIALIZATION IN POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY AND ECONOMICS - POLITICS AND PHILOSOPHY (PPE-P)". Westerncalendar.uwo.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
- ^ "HONORS SPECIALIZATION IN POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY AND ECONOMICS - ECONOMICS (PPE-E)". Westerncalendar.uwo.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
- ^ "Wilfrid Laurier University – Student Recruitment Office – Academic Programs – Faculty of Arts – Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE)". Wlu.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics - Austin College". Austin College. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
- ^ "Binghamton University :: Philosophy, Politics, and Law :: at Binghamton University". www.binghamton.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
- ^ "Bowling Green State University :: Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and Law :: The Program". bgsu.edu. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
- ^ "Bachelor of Science in Philosophy, Politics, & Economics--Boyce College". boycecollege.com. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
- ^ "Welcome to EHPP - Ethics, History, & Public Policy - Carnegie Mellon University". cmu.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-11-22. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
- ^ "Carroll University :: Philosophy, Politics and Economics :: The Program". Carrollu.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Ppe At Cmc". Claremontmckenna.edu. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics--Criswell College". criswell.edu. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
- ^ "Major/Minor". 7 March 2014.
- ^ "About Philosophy, Politics and Economics – Denison University". Denison.edu. 2008-06-09. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "CoAS to Offer New Interdisciplinary Major in Philosophy, Politics & Economics". drexel.edu. 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
- ^ "Political Science: PPE Certificate". Polisci.duke.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
- ^ "EOU's General Catalog". Eou.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Eastern Oregon University". Eou.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Welcome to one of the best small, private liberal arts colleges :: Emory & Henry College". ehc.edu.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics". gmu.edu.
- ^ "GSU Philosophy".
- ^ "Juniata College Catalog". Juniata.edu. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "The King's College - Politics, Philosophy and Economics". Retrieved 2019-03-27.
- ^ "Political Science, Philosophy, and Economics - La Salle University %7c Philadelphia, Pa". www.lasalle.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- ^ "College of Liberal Arts: Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Mercer University. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
- ^ "Department of Philosophy – Minnesota State University, Mankato". Mnsu.edu. 2006-10-11. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE)". msmary.edu. 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
- ^ "Undergraduate Program in Political Economy %7c The Murphy Institute". Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- ^ "Politics, Philosophy, and Economics". Northeastern University College of Social Sciences and Humanities.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics - The Ohio State University". undergrad.osu.edu. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^ [3] Archived August 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Politics, Philosophy, & Economics Major | Seattle Pacific University".
- ^ "Politics, Philosophy & Economics Major - Suffolk University".
- ^ "PPE Degree - Taylor University". taylor.edu.
- ^ "Transylvania University - Program Overview". Transy.edu. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
- ^ "Philosophy, Political Science, Economy Curriculum" (PDF). Academic Advising Center, University of Akron. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
- ^ "The PPE Concentration". Dept. of Philosophy, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2011-06-24.
- ^ "https://www.uab.edu/business/home/undergraduate/economics-major"
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and Law". U.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics". buffalo.edu.
- ^ "Ethics & Public Policy: Path to Your Future %7c Ethics & Public Policy". uiowa.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- ^ "College of Literature, Science, and the Arts: Students :: PPE Concentration". lsa.umich.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ Philosophy, Politics & Economics. Ppe.unc.edu. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
- ^ "Department of Philosophy // University of Notre Dame". Philosophy.nd.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "PPE at The University of Pennsylvania". Sas.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Politics and Philosophy Major". honorscollege.pitt.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and Law - University of Richmond School of Arts & Sciences". richmond.edu. 4 March 2015.
- ^ "https://ppel.richmond.edu/"
- ^ "Political Philosophy, Policy, and Law - University of Virginia". virginia.edu.
- ^ "Law, Economics & Public Policy (LEPP) - UW Bothell". uwb.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- ^ [4] Archived December 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Political Economy, Philosophy, and Politics, Certificate < University of Wisconsin-Madison".
- ^ "Kellogg Center for Philosophy, Politics, and Economics". Kellogg Center. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
- ^ "Wabash College: Philosophy, Politics, and Economics Crawfordsville, Indiana". wabash.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
- ^ "Wesleyan University – College of Social Studies". Wesleyan.edu. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ "Politics/Philosophy/Economics, BA". Wwu.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-06-25.
- ^ "Political & Economic Philosophy Major - Wheeling Jesuit University". Wju.edu. Archived from the original on 2007-05-19. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, and the Public; Xavier University". xavier.edu. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
- ^ "Program in Ethics, Politics and Economics | Yale University". Yale.edu. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Error". sun.ac.za. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22.
- ^ "Department of Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife". Oauife.edu.ng. Archived from the original on 2010-09-26. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics & Economics (PPE) Programme". School of Economics, University of Cape Town. Archived from the original on 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ "University of KwaZulu-Natal – Faculties – Humanities, Development and Social Sciences". Ukzn.ac.za. Archived from the original on April 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ Qualification stream: Philosophy, Politics and Economics, unisa.ac.za. Accessed 2014-06-19.
- ^ "uj.ac.za. Accessed 2015-09-12".[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Accessed 2015-11-10". Archived from the original on 2012-05-14.
- ^ abuad.edu.ng. "Department of Political Science, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti". abuad.edu.ng. Retrieved 2010-06-01.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Higher Education - University of Pretoria". www.up.ac.za.
- ^ "ANU - STUDY 2012 - Bachelor of Philosophy, Politics and Economics". ANU. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ^ "Bachelor of Politics, Philosophy and Economics - La Trobe University". La Trobe University. 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ "Bachelor of Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Retrieved 2018-04-30.
- ^ "Bachelor of Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics programme Home". www.otago.ac.nz. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
- ^ "Bachelor of Politics, Philosophy and Economics (Honours) - Future Students - University of Queensland". future-students.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^ Sydney, University of Technology. "University of Technology, Sydney". handbook.uts.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-04-24.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics & Economics". Retrieved 30 December 2018.
- ^ "Victoria University of Wellington". www.victoria.ac.nz. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
- ^ "Murdoch University: Handbook | Unit Details | PHL204 Philosophy, Politics, Economics". handbook.murdoch.edu.au. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
- ^ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics - A2010".
- ^ "Háskólinn á Bifröst – BA in PPE". Bifrost.is. Archived from the original on 2010-10-03. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "MA in IEPS and BA in PPE". Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences.
- ^ "Bachelor's Degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Charles III University of Madrid.
- ^ "Bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Pompeu Fabra University.
- ^ "Ankara Üniversitesi, Politika ve Ekonomi lisans bölümü".
- ^ "Filosofía,Po lítica y Economía y Gestión en Políticas Públicas".
- ^ "MA programme in Philosophy, specialisation Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Masters in Leiden. Leiden University, Faculty of Humanities. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- ^ "Il nostro mondo ti piacerà". LUISS Guido Carli. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
- ^ "Executive-Masterstudiengang Philosophie, Politik, Wirtschaft". lmu.de. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
- ^ "Kandidatprogram". lu.se. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
- ^ "Bachelier en sciences philosophique, politique et économique - PPE". uclouvain.be. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
- ^ "Grado en Filosofía Política y Economía - Unidad de Coordinación Académica de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales (UPF)". www.upf.edu.
- ^ "Grado en Filosofía, Política y Economía". unav.edu. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ^ Universiteit van Amsterdam. "PPLE (in English)". uva.nl. Archived from the original on 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
- ^ "Philosophy & Economics – Bachelor and Master programmes". Faculty of Law, Business Administration and Economics, University of Bayreuth. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ "Master Political, Legal and Economic Philosophy (PLEP)". Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bern. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
- ^ "BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". University of Deusto.
- ^ "Bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Ramon Llull University.
- ^ "Bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Comillas Pontifical University.
- ^ "Master Political, Economic and Legal Philosophy (PELP)". Department of Philosophy, University of Graz. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
- ^ "Master Program Politics, Economics and Philosophy (M.Sc.)". University of Hamburg. Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-02-01.
- ^ "Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". University of Lucerne. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
- ^ "IPLE". www.unimi.it. 2020-04-21. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ "PPPA". www.unimi.it. 2020-04-21. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ [5][dead link]
- ^ "Home John Stuart Mill College - John Stuart Mill College". John Stuart Mill College.
- ^ Witten/Herdecke, Uni (11 December 2017). "PPÖ - Philosophie, Politik und Ökonomik (B.A.)".
- ^ "Politische Ökonomie und Philosophie". Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zurich. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
- ^ 北京大学元培学院 Archived 2012-03-22 at the Wayback Machine. Yuanpei.pku.edu.cn (2009-11-10). Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
- ^ 中国人民大学PPE. Ppe.ruc.edu.cn Retrieved on 2016-08-18.
- ^ Hanyang University. Hanyang.ac.kr. Retrieved on 2016-02-01.
- ^ "School of Political Science and Economics | WASEDA University". Waseda.jp. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ [6] Archived December 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [7]"National University of Singapore". Retrieved 2018-07-26.
- ^ "AMITY SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS". Retrieved 2012-08-17.
External links[]
- PPE, Oxford University – Official Website
- 100 years of PPE at Oxford University
- International PPE Conference
- Beckett, Andy (23 February 2017). "PPE: the Oxford degree that runs Britain". The Guardian.
- Academic courses at the University of Oxford
- Political economy
- Economics education
- Philosophy education
- Political science education
- Subfields of political science